Roxana PREDOIU TU Wien 2017 a Sustainable Approach for Managing the End-Of-Life Phase of Photovoltaic Systems
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Die approbierte Originalversion dieser Diplom-/ Masterarbeit ist in der Hauptbibliothek der Tech- nischen Universität Wien aufgestellt und zugänglich. http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at MSc Program The approvedRenewable original version Energyof this diploma Systems or master thesis is available at the main library of the Vienna University of Technology. http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at/eng A Sustainable Approach For Managing The End-of-Life Phase Of Photovoltaic Systems A Master’s Thesis submitted for the degree of “Master of Science” Dipl.-Ing. Hubert Fechner MAS, MSc Roxana L. Predoiu 01528205 Vienna, October 24, 2017 Affidavit I, ROXANA L. PREDOIU, hereby declare 1. that I am the sole author of the present Master’s Thesis, "A Sustainable Approach For Managing The End-of-Life Phase Of Photovoltaic Systems", 107 pages, bound, and that I have not used any source or tool other than those referenced or any other illicit aid or tool, and 2. that I have not prior to this date submitted this Master’s Thesis as an examination paper in any form in Austria or abroad. Vienna, 24.10.2017 Signature Acknowledgements I would like to thank my Supervisor, Dipl.-Ing. Hubert Fechner MAS, MSc, from FH Technikum Wien, for accepting to supervise my work, and for his careful reviews, as well as practical guidance throughout the development of my Master’s Thesis. His insights and expertise were very valuable to me during this process. I would also like to thank the TU Wien Program Managers, Andrea Würz and Elisabeth Haslinger, for the great administrative support they have provided to me during the last two years, and particularly during the last few months, of intensive work on this thesis. Last, but not least, I would like to thank my spouse Radu, for his critical yet supportive reasoning, and for always encouraging me to stay focused and to continuously improve my work. Abstract The Paris Agreement on Climate Change was adopted (2015) by more than 190 countries and it focuses on limiting the increase in global average temperature well below 2°C above the pre-industrial levels. Essentially, this represents an unprecedented, global agreement to meaningful action in order to gradually transform the world’s energy sector, and to mitigate anthropogenic climate change, by implementing clean, low-carbon energy sources. Also in 2015, countries adopted a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all as part of a new United Nations sustainable development agenda. Despite certain challenges, it is generally considered that clean energy technologies are capable of meeting the global energy demands, supporting the world to transition towards decarbonized energy systems and to mitigate climate change issues. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) technology has been one of the fastest growing clean energy industries over the last two decades, reaching 300 GW installed capacity by 2016. Assuming an average PV Panel lifetime of 30 years, IEA PVPS and IRENA have estimated in 2016 that considerable amounts of PV Panel Waste will start occurring within the next decade, and will continue to upsurge up until 2050 (and after). Quickly growing amounts of PV Panel Waste could pose serious environmental challenges, due to their expected amounts, and also due to their chemical composition, which includes certain hazardous elements. This thesis presents the current status of the PV technologies, future PV technology trends, the evolution of global PV electricity production, and the expected streams of PV Panel Waste. It also applies a Systems Thinking, integrative approach, to identify and discuss concrete options in order to manage, in a sustainable manner, the overall PV life cycle, focusing primarily on the end-of-life phase. Adopting the Reduce-Reuse-Recycle paradigm and implementing Industry 4.0 concepts will fortify and accelerate the world’s transition towards a circular economy, fostering resource use efficiency and increased productivity. Moreover, it will contribute to achieving several of the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals, by generating economic growth and creating new job opportunities while safeguarding the environment. A linear programming model has been developed for this thesis, in order to support the optimal decision process, concerning the allocation of PV Panel Waste amounts to PV Recycling Centers, in a manner that minimizes environmental costs due to transport and logistics associated with the PV end-of-life management, while fostering a competitive business environment. Key Words: PV Recycling; Systems Thinking; Linear Optimization Model; SDG; Industry 4.0; Reduce-Reuse-Recycle; Blockchain; IoT; Preventive Maintenance; Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. 0 Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 0 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 2 General Methodology ................................................................................................... 4 3 Photovoltaic Technologies Review ............................................................................. 5 3.1 First Generation Solar Cells ..................................................................................................... 7 3.2 Second Generation Solar Cells ................................................................................................ 9 3.3 Third Generation Solar Cells .................................................................................................. 11 3.4 Future Trends For PV Panel Material Composition ............................................................... 13 3.5 PV Panel Waste Classification ............................................................................................... 14 3.6 PV Panel Waste Projections .................................................................................................. 16 3.7 Evolution Of Installed Solar Power Capacity ......................................................................... 16 3.8 Solar PV Panel Waste Projections ......................................................................................... 20 3.9 Economic Value Creation From PV End-Of-Life Phase ........................................................ 26 4 Case Study: LP Model For Environmentally Sustainable PV Recycling ................. 28 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 28 4.2 Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 30 4.3 Results And Analysis ............................................................................................................. 39 5 Discussion: Practical Options For The Sustainable PV Life Cycle ......................... 45 5.1 Photovoltaics Ecosystem Map ............................................................................................... 45 5.2 The Reduce-Reuse-Recycle Paradigm ................................................................................. 47 5.3 Business Models And Financing Mechanisms ....................................................................... 50 5.4 Current National Approaches For PV End-Of-Life Management ........................................... 62 5.4.1 Germany ............................................................................................................................. 62 5.4.2 United Kingdom .................................................................................................................. 66 5.4.3 Japan .................................................................................................................................. 67 5.4.4 The United States Of America ........................................................................................... 69 5.4.5 China .................................................................................................................................. 70 5.5 Industry 4.0 Emerging Paradigm............................................................................................ 72 5.6 Predictive PV Maintenance And Fault Detection ................................................................... 73 5.7 Blockchain-Based PV Secondary Markets ............................................................................ 77 5.8 E-Waste Tagging, Mobile PV Recycling, PV Data Collection ................................................ 79 6 Conclusions And Next Steps ..................................................................................... 81 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................... 86 Glossary And Abbreviations ............................................................................................. 90 List Of Figures And Tables ............................................................................................... 91 List of Appendices ............................................................................................................. 92 Appendix 1 Fifty Largest Bavaria/Germany Solar Power Plants ................................... 93 Appendix 2 Sample Report Of Freight Environmental