Concept Analysis of Mindfulness Based on Islam Religion

Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan (2019) 6:2 ISSN: 2338-6371, e-ISSN 2550-018X

Meidiana Dwidiyanti1, Reza Indra Wiguna2, Ahmad YanuarFahmi Pamungkas3, Hasanah Eka Wahyu Ningsih4, Muhamad Ibnu Hasan5 1Head of Postgraduate Program, Nursing Department, Medicine Faculty Diponegoro University 2Lecturer of STIKES Yarsi Mataram, Nursing Department, Medicine Faculty Diponegoro University 3Lecturer of STIKES Banyuwangi, 4,5Postgraduate Student, Nursing Department, Medicine Faculty Diponegoro University

Abstract

Mindfulness practice is one part of the holistic nursing has a concept that can be changed according to the needs, culture and customs of a society. It's been a lot of development of the concept of mindfulness which is adapted to the cornerstones of a religion like Buddhism, Christian and Hinduism however mindfulness based on Islam religion still very lack of concept development. The aim of this study were to expand the understanding and clarify the concept of mindfulness based on Islam Religion. Walker and Avant’s concept analysis procedure was used as method in this concept analysis consisted of nine steps. A literature review was conducted using online database such as Proquest, PubMed, Science Direct, and EBSCO (MEDLINE & CINAHL). Inclusion criteria included article written in English, with no limitation on publication date. The concept of mindfulness based on Islam Religion has a lack definitional identifying and clarification related to mindfulness for moslem people which often face confusion with how to apply mindfulness in accordance with the religion of Islam. Defining attributes to mindfulness based on Islam Religion were awareness, God and human relationship, and healing process. Antecedents to mindfulness based on Islam Religion included Islamic culture of praying characterized by God and human relationship derived from the strength of faith, shalat and belief to God. This review identified awareness, God and human relationship, and healing process as the defining attributes of Mindfulness based on Islam Religion. The closeness of relationship between God and human was expanded by implementing mindfulness with Islamic culture. Future research should explore the effect of mindfulness based on Islam Religion on psychiatric and mental disorder problems among moslem people especially Indonesian society.

Keyword: Concept Analysis, Islam Religion, Mindfulness

Korespondensi:

* Meidiana Dwidiyanti, Head of Postgraduate Program, Nursing Department, Medicine Faculty Diponegoro University, Email: [email protected]

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INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY

Spiritual is a part of the critical components We used concept analysis methodology beside physical, emotional and social in because its stated purposes to expand the health term which defined as a holistic understanding and clarify the concept of (Vaineta, 2016). Currently, health service mindfulness based on Islam Religion. The system rarely considers spiritual aspect and Walker and Avant’s concept analysis was become controversy over the precise usage employed as it is clearly explain the of the term spirituality (Koenig, et al. 2001). clarification, identification, and meaning of Mindfulness offers a method cultivating the concepts. The Walker and Avant spirituality, interconnectedness between methodology includes of nine steps: (1) individual and the sacred, God (Kornfield, select the concept for analysis; (2) determine 1993). Mindfulness also used by Buddhist as the aims of the analysis; (3) identify all uses an effort to increase spirituality along with of the concept; (4) determine defining faith, concentration and wisdom (Goldstein attributes based on the literature review; (5) and Kornfield 1987). Kabat-Zinn (1999) and construct or identify a model case; (6) Kristeller (2007) stated psychological identify contrary, borderline, related, perspective about an awakening process as invented, and/or illegitimate cases; (7) developmental process realizing identify antecedents and consequences interconnection between all dimensions of related to the concept; (8) define empirical experience, include spiritual, which occurred referents; and (9) create a final definition of when individuals practice mindfulness in the the concept. A literature review was daily life. Mindfulness practice is one part of conducted using online database such as the holistic nursing which has a concept that Proquest, PubMed, Science Direct, and can be changed according to the needs, EBSCO (MEDLINE & CINAHL). Inclusion culture and customs of a society. It's been a criteria included article written in English, lot of development of the concept of with no limitation on publication date. mindfulness adapted to the cornerstones of This study had approved ethically by ethical a religion like Buddhism, Christian and commission of Medicine Faculty, Hinduism, however mindfulness based on Diponegoro University (269/EC/FK- Islam religion still very lack of concept RSDK/V/2018). development. The aim of this article is to describe of a rigorous methodology, concept USE OF THE CONCEPT analysis, to clarify the meaning of Mindfulness was originally an activity in the mindfulness based on Islam religion. religious and secular traditions of Hinduism teachings, Buddhism to yoga and non- religious meditation. Mindfulness has been

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studied for thousands years either used self- was established at 1910 when it had become training or as part of a larger tradition. The settled translation of Sati. Mindfulness term mindfulness is derived from the word concept was popularized through the work "Sati" from the Pali language which means of Nyanaponika Thera (1901–1994) one of awareness, attention and memory (Monier- German scholar monk who was a student of Williams, 1872; Rhys Davids & Stede, 1999). the Burmese meditation master Sati is a technical term for the mapping MahāsīSayādaw (Houtman, 1999). process, developing a healthy mind that Nyanaponika Thera used the context of the comes from the Buddha. T. W. Rhys Davids modern Burmese insight movement to in 1881 for the first time gave the word restoredthe function of meditation practice "Attention" as an English translation of Sati from monasteries. He spread meditation and accepted by the community in 1910 practice through the general population, (Gethin, 2011). Initially, the term include Burma. This movement began mindfulness is a term derived from the around the mid-nineteenth century and teachings of Theravāda Buddhism, but in the developed throughout the twentieth following century, the term gradually century. There is a member of the absorbed into the vocabulary of the English international Buddhist meditation project language, and then developed throughout include The Heart of Buddhist meditation the world including the broader secular book which was published in English 1954. group. The adoption of the word Sati the Nyanaponika Thera presented mindfulness Buddha in Western culture led to the and practice as the essence of the Buddha's evolution of the word Sati into mindfulness path to liberation, as already existed among which characterized as a contemporary Buddhists. Nyanaponika Thera describes the awareness-based intervention (MBIs) in the purpose of mindfulness as an attempt at field of psychology and other related fields present mindfulness in its role as right (Hwang & Kearney, 2015). mindfulness and serves as an inseparable Mindfulness is the work of ancient traditions aspect of the broader system which is a using the first person phenomenological Buddhist virtue in the Buddha's noble approach, systematic analysis of human eightfold path. Thus, mindfulness must be development and the cultivation of various accompanied and supported by seven other levels of consciousness that have normally noble eightfold path components so that in been used as a consideration by Western practical terms means that when all these psychology (Grossman, 2010). The concept components can be practiced correctly, it will provide a work plan concept that allows will produce a calm, acceptance and to provide a clear view of the relationship kindness (Houtman, 1999). between the classic Sati concept and its evolution in modern periodic as mindfulness. Mindfulness as modern views

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Mindfulness Concept Based Islam Religion understanding the beautiful names (asmaul husna) which show the mighty power of Islam views aspects of religiosity and God. Muraqabah always includes spirituality as an exclusive entity and we mindfulness towards one's intentions, cannot have one aspect without another thoughts, emotions and inner states. aspect. The concept of Islam aids in one's Muraqabah is manifested in four aspects of medication adherence by encouraging a life which include knowledge of Allah, Muslim to maintain their health by seeking knowledge of the enemies of Allah, namely medical advice and receiving treatment, devils and demons, knowledge of the because health is a gift from God, which capacity of the soul to do evil and knowledge must be appreciated. Prophet Muhammad of actions to be done for Allah's sake PBUH said that "“There are two blessings (Azeemi, 2005). which many people do not appreciate: Health and leisure (Niazi, Assad, & Assad, Shaykh 'Abd al-Qadr al-Jilani. The aspect of 2013). knowledge about the capacity of the soul to do evil is a form of awareness of the heart Mindfulness in Islam is a value of muraqabah and mind of someone who is always trained (watching, observing, paying attention in the framework of Islam to help a Muslim attentively). The etymological and linguistic knowing the character of himself, his desires, closeness between mindfulness and his requests and obligations. This exercise muroqobah is evident. Muroqobah is a trains the identification, way of thinking and constant knowledge of one's servants and feeling of a Muslim in behaving according to beliefs in the supervision of truth and glory himself, which aims to increase control over for God. A Muslim who is in a state of themselves and enrich their mental and muraqabah has continuous full knowledge spiritual health (Niazi et al., 2013). that Allah is the Knower of him, both inside and outside. This condition is a state of full Non-religious mindfulness training based on self-awareness and awareness, especially in psychological therapy has the same focus as one's relationship with God both in heart, the muraqabah concept, namely awareness mind and deed (Parrott, Studies, Studies, & of one's heart and mind. The concept of non- Dhabi, n.d.). religious mindfulness provides a broader appeal to the diversity of populations and Allah always supervises at all times and the diversity of society in general. The consequently a Muslim will have great concept of non-religious mindfulness attention to the actions, thoughts, feelings, sometimes implements practices originating and inner state of the Muslim himself. from Buddhist or Hindu traditions, but "Remember that God knows what is in your ontologically secular from their own religion. soul, so be careful of Him". Muraqabah is the This non-religious mindfulness approach true effort of worshiping God by produces health and benefits the lives of

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people, because there is no doubt that the Mindfulness Based on Islam Religion has the mind is a power that can be used for good concept of consciousness as a condition that and evil. is continuously maintained and believed to be a basic concept as a creature of Allah.

God and human relationship DEFINING ATTRIBUTES OF MINDFULNESS ON ISLAM RELIGION Every human being has the right to a decent life with dignity and honor as a human being, Awareness regardless of race, religion, gender, ability, Awareness is the output of the interaction of age or economic status. Islam the nervous system (including the sensory unambiguously declares in the Qur'an: (al- system) with the surrounding environment Isra, 17:70) which will produce an ability to respond to "We have the bestowed dignity on the stimuli from the environment. Awareness is progeny of Adam [...] and conferred on them largely determined by feelings, perceptions, special favors, above a great part of Our feelings and cognitions Awareness is the creation." interaction of the association area in the brain, such as the parieto-temporal cortex, Islam explains that human dignity is given by limbic system and refers to a person's God so that humans have a special place and capacity to interpret their own personalities rank among other God's creatures. Human as a person who experiences periodic dignity is not obtained in line with one's moment of the past, present and future, status, but it is a message from God. The including reflection as environmentally Quran declares: (Al Baqarah 2: 30) conscious beings around it (Smart, 2004). "And [mention, O Muhammad], when your Awareness is a knowledge of what is and is Lord said to the angels," Indeed, I will happening now (here and now). Sensory withyou?" Allah said, "Indeed, I know that stimuli are well received by the body in the which you do not know." absence of a process of thinking or analysis, God gives trust to humans to be a caliph as a discrimination or using the conscious mind's form of very high appreciation given to efforts first or can also be described as an humans with all the incredible trust and effort when we see, we only see, when we responsibility. This concept makes humans hear, we only hear. Bahiya Sutra. as creatures have a close relationship with Mindfulness is a term used to refer to the God as something very special. condition of physicologic awareness, the The word Islam means "surrender," and moment by moment awareness through the Muslims are people who are involved in information process and the characteristics Islam. Everything that happens to a Muslim of a person's character (Katz, 2014).

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is the will of God as expressed in the Qur'anic nutrition, blood supply, innervation and text. Everyone must believe and have an individual health status (McCarthy & Ouimet attitude of obedience and surrender to the ME, 1991) power and majesty of God. Obedience in Non-physical healing is a healing process worship such as prayer, fasting, pilgrimage that is labeled as spiritual, religious or or avoiding all that is forbidden is the most psychic and is able to explain identical events common concept understood as an as mysterious or magical. This healing expression of one's servant status on the will process has long been closely linked to being of Allah. Humans are also given authority part of religion. Just as in the religion of over all that God has created. The concept Islam, which the value of Islam will influence explains briefly that humans are the practice of prevention and governance simultaneously servants and representatives of Islamic healing. Islamic healing is based on of God on earth. Humans are commanded to aspects of knowledge and common sense surrender completely to the will of God but structures that are manifested about the on the other hand humans are also God's nature of the body. These conditions will representatives in the world as khalifa. create a spiritual connection to God, a (Press & Johnston, 2013) humoral balance in the body and a Healing process harmonious social relationship as a goal to be achieved (MacPhee, 2003) Healing is a form of holistic description as a process of facilitating health and restoring MODEL CASE harmony and balance of mind and body. A nurse working in a maintenance room at a Healing is also interpreted as an ability or hospital to handle a patient woman who strength, energy and effort to eliminate suffered complications and pain. She was a sadness, problems and diseases that occur strong faith of the religion. The patient's both physically and non-physically(McGlone, condition was quite critical. When the nurse 1990). examined the patient, the nurse tried to Conventional models of physical healing are examine the spiritual condition of the done as well as in the case of wound healing. patient using the stages of spiritual based on This condition is a special action, the mindfulness of the Islam Religion. sequence of actions regularly restores The first phase, patient was taught to soothe network integrity. When recovery is not themselves with the technique of deep possible to occur, the body will adapt and try breathing and asked to focus on breathing, to create a balance against the effects of feeling the air flow coming in, as well as that adverse damage. Physical healing process the air was given by God's favor. Then, the begins with or without treatment which is nurse guided the patient, asked her to do a influenced by factors of cleanliness, rest, deep breath until feeling relaxes while

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closed her eyes. Dhikr could be performed process, her pain or uneasy feeling was while feeling the breathing. After it was done gone, only happiness. Unexpectedly, an hour some time, patient was asked whether later she died in a state of forgiveness and already feeling the pulse that is on hand, if it repentance to Allah. May Allah forgive her is, then the patient could open her eyes. The and accept all of her deeds in dunya. second phase is body scan, in this phase The borderline of this case is she had patient was asked to do deep breathing complicates diseases, she had strong faith in again then identifying the areas in her body God on her religion. She cried and wanted to that feeling uneasy or pain. apologize to her family and repent to Allah. The patient then continuing the third phase, Then the negative case was seen when she she was asked to touch the pain area and admitted that she had so many mistakes, said istighfar. In this phase, the nurse done many sins and often got angry to her brought the patient to be aware with all the family. sins and mistake that had been done in the ANTECEDENTS OF MINDFULNESS SPIRITUAL past. The patient reaction was crying and BASED ON ISLAM RELIGION told the nurse that she had so many mistakes and done many sins, she also told that she Islamic culture of praying characterized with often got angry with her children, husband God-human relationship derived from the and family. She wanted to apologize to all of strength of faith (imaan), shalat and belief to people that she had been hurt. She also God. Faith have been defined as “believe wanted to apologize to God for all of sins with heart and proclaim with the tongue, act that she had been always done. The patients with the body”. ‘ubayd al-Qasim ibn Salam said istighfar numerous times. said that faith is to have sincere devotion to God with the heart, to testify this with the The nurse soothed the patient, asked her to tongue, and to act on it with the body. Islam take deep breath and relax. The nurse said taught every souls to have faith in God that all her uneasy feeling could be the Almighty, the angels, the revealed source of her disease right now, because she scriptures, the messengers and prophets, couldn’t control her emotions, easy to get the resurrection and the Last day and angry. Allah, the Almighty, will forgive her if Providance, the good of it and the evil of it she admitted her sins, beg Allah for (Al-Jifri, 2012). Strong faith bring people forgiveness, and fix herself in front of God. become more aware that Allah sees She then said that she will do it. everything they do and done. This make All the families said that they had forgiven them always present good deeds and repent her whole-hearted, her children and to Allah for the sins. Good deeds include do husband hugged her and they looked so everything God has been instructed and happy. This condition referred as a healing avoid all the bad actions. Shalat is one of

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