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Sofia Nădejde. a Nineteenth-Century Romanian Socialist Feminist

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Sofia Nădejde. a Nineteenth-Century Romanian Socialist Feminist Sofia Nădejde. A nineteenth-century Romanian Socialist Feminist By Anamaria Devesel Submitted to Central European University Department of Gender Studies In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Supervisor: Professor Francisca de Haan CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2012 Abstract The topic of my thesis is socialist feminism in late nineteenth- century Romania and the way in which it has been acknowledged (or not) and presented in the Romanian scholarly literature. As a case study I focused on Sofia Nădejde’s (1856-1946) writings and activity. I became interested in this topic when I realized that Sofia Nădejde is not studied in the current Romanian feminist historiography. Romanian feminist history has developed since 1989 but there seems to be no interest in the topic of socialist feminism and Sofia Nădejde has been almost entirely neglected. I studied Sofia Nădejde’s work and activity in the socialist circle and the Social Democratic Workers Party of Romania and her articles in different Romanian socialist journals. My research questions were: how can we characterize Sofia Nădejde’s social and political ideas? Second, how are Sofia Nădejde’s writings and activity described in the Romanian historiography of the communist period and in recent feminist Romanian historiography? Regarding the first question, my analysis of some of Sofia Nădejde’s journalistic work has shown that Sofia Nădejde was not just a feminist who supported women’s emancipation and equal status with men, but also a socialist thinker. Regarding the second question, I have shown the partial and in my view biased ways in which the various bodies of scholarly literature treat Sofia Nădejde. The communist historiography limited itself to identifying her as a socialist, an “activist” who promoted working-class and peasants’ rights, without acknowledgment of the feminist dimensions of her work, whereas the feminist CEU eTD Collection historiography neglected the socialist aspects of her work and life and presented her as a (gender or liberal) feminist only. By contrast, my thesis emphasized the importance of regarding Sofia Nădeje in her historical context, which was that of socialist feminism. Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Introducing the topic ................................................................................................................... 1 Arguments and Research Questions ............................................................................................ 2 Main nineteenth century socialist feminists in Europe ............................................................... 3 Brief Definitions .......................................................................................................................... 8 Methods and Research Design .................................................................................................. 12 Thesis Structure ......................................................................................................................... 13 Chapter I ...................................................................................................................................... 14 The general historical context of nineteenth- century Romania ................................................... 14 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 14 The Adrianople Treaty (1829) - Wallachia and Moldavia are placed under Russian military rule ............................................................................................................................................. 15 The 1848 Revolution and Cultural Change ............................................................................... 17 Unification of Wallachia and Moldavia. New economic and social reforms ........................... 20 A foreign prince and a new Constitution .................................................................................. 22 Romania becomes an independent kingdom. The development of industry............................. 23 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 25 Chapter II .................................................................................................................................... 27 A Short History of socialism in Romania (1879-1900). The Social Democratic Workers Party of Romania (SDWPR) ....................................................................................................................... 27 CEU eTD Collection Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 27 Socialist ideology in nineteenth-century Romania. The socialist circle in Iaşi (Iassy)............ 28 Contemporanul (The Contemporary) 1881-1981 ..................................................................... 31 i A manifesto for peasants ........................................................................................................... 32 The Social Democratic Workers Party of Romania (1893-1899) ............................................. 35 Sofia Nădejde as a member of SDWPR .................................................................................... 36 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 38 Chapter III ................................................................................................................................... 39 A short history of Romanian feminism/s in the nineteenth century ............................................. 39 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 39 First Women’s Organizations and Demands for Emancipation (1815-1850) ........................... 40 Women supporting the nation and the struggles for unity (1855-1878) ................................... 42 The “Woman Question” (1878-1900) ....................................................................................... 44 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 47 Chapter IV ................................................................................................................................... 48 Sofia Nădejde. A Short Biography .............................................................................................. 48 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 48 Early years ................................................................................................................................. 49 Contact with socialist ideas. Journalistic and literary activity .................................................. 50 Bucharest ................................................................................................................................... 53 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 57 Chapter V .................................................................................................................................... 58 Sofia Nădejde as a journalist......................................................................................................... 58 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 58 Romania in the Late-nineteenth Century: Social and Economic Context ................................. 60 CEU eTD Collection Sofia Nădejde’s journalistic activity in Femeia Română (1879), Contemporanul (1881-1886), Drepturile Omului (1885), and Lumea Nouă Literară şi Ştiinț ifică (1895) ............................ 61 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 72 ii Chapter VI ................................................................................................................................... 73 Communist and Feminist Romanian historiography about Sofia Nădejde ................................... 73 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 73 Communist Romanian Historiography...................................................................................... 75 Feminist Romanian Historiography .......................................................................................... 80 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 84 “History tends to bury what it seeks to reject” ...................................................................... 84 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 86 Bibiography..................................................................................................................................
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