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Listing of major bactericide and fungicide uses at European level

Pierre HUCORNE, Centre Wallon de Recherches Agronomiques, 5030 Gembloux, BE

Introduction

The regulation 1107/2009 provides that “Member States shall establish and regularly update a list of minor uses”. However, the definition of the minor/major uses at national and European level is particularly confused and the cause of uncertainty in the evaluation of the dossiers.

This document is a proposal to list the major crops (by administrative EU zone) and the major bacterial and fungal diseases (at EU global level) for biological efficacy purpose. This classification is based on objective criteria: the acreage of the crops in each administrative zone, a covering of the main taxonomic crops and pathogens. The originality of the proposal is to focus on a closed listing of major uses (a combination of a major crop and a major target ), assuming that the uses that are not mentioned in this document are deemed minor at European level.

A compromise is proposed between an “industry view” which would promote the development of pesticide solutions only for crop/ target combinations where the revenues from the expected sales may justify the investment and a “regulatory view” which would request that pesticide solutions are developed for all possible crop/ target combinations.

Fungicide market share by crop

The information on fungicide market share by crop is generally not readily available. According to the official European statistics covering the consumption of pesticides in the EU-25 for the years 1992-2003 (Nadin P., 2007), the most important pesticide use categories for the arable crops are the cereals, , oil seeds, , sugar beet; the most important fruit and vegetable crops are the , grapes, fruit trees, , cucurbits, tomatoes and other vegetables. Fungicides were representing 49% of the pesticides consumption in 2003 in the EU-25.

The most recent results (2003) are illustrative of the fungicides consumption in the EU-25. However, they should be considered with caution when extrapolating to present day situation: - This study reveals the rapid evolution of the fungicide market between 1992 and 2003, with the appearance of new chemical families (carbamates, dinitroanilines, quinolines, strobilurines, phenylpyrroles) and the regression of others (morpholines, oxazoles, coppers, benzimidazoles). It can be assumed that further important evolutions occurred between 2003 and 2016. - A classification which is based on the volumes of active substances is not sufficient to illustrate the evolution of the uses of the pesticides. The application rate/ha of the various substances should also be taken into account when comparing fungicides consumption figures, especially when new active substances are used at a lower rate per ha. - Inorganic sulphur has a huge impact on the statistical outcome due to its high individual application rate, its high number of applications/crop and the fact that this a.s. is authorized in numerous crops. “France, Italy and Spain accounted for 64% of the total use of pesticides. This situation can be explained by the predominance of these countries in grape production. In 2003, sulphur still accounted for 76% of all fungicides used on this crop.”

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Consumption of fungicides in the EU-25 in 2003 (in tons of a.s.)

Vegetables; Maize; 97 5339 Fruit trees; 9606 Oilseeds; 1047 Cereals; 9969 Potato; Sugar beet; 10719 1404 Citrus; 538

Grapes; 68773

Consumption of fungicides in the EU-25 in 2003 (in tons of a.s.) – inorganic sulphur excluded

Vegetables; 3896

Cereals; 8996 Maize; 97 Fruit trees; 6200 Oilseeds; 946

Potato; 10699 Grapes; 16436

Sugar beet; 636 Citrus; 537

Methodology

1- Definition of the major crops

The crop entries in the Regulation on maximum residue levels of pesticides have been crossed with the relevant information on crop acreage in the 3 administrative European zones in order to propose a classification of the major crops in Europe. The relevant statistical information on average acreages had been compiled and assessed previously (Hucorne P., 2012). It is not deemed necessary for this exercise to modify the listing depending on minute changes of the crop extension that occur with time.

Major at administrative zone level 3

The status of the crops at European administrative zone level has been determined according to the following criteria: Very minor: crop which is not mentioned in the European agricultural statistics, Minor: crop with an acreage <20 000 ha in one administrative zone, Major: crop with an acreage > 100 000 ha in one administrative zone.

For crops with acreage of 20 000 – 100 000 ha in one administrative zone, their status has been determined by expert judgment, applying the following principles (crop status marked with an asterisk in Appendix 2) :

When the crop acreage is > 100 000 ha at global EU level, the crop is proposed as major in the zone(s) where it is the most represented.

Main vegetable crops that are the basis of extrapolation for several minor or very minor crops have been classified as major. A lower acreage trigger can be justified for vegetables because the importance of these high value crops that are also grown under protection is under-estimated in a classification system which is only based on the global acreage. Extrapolation options to main botanical families and types of vegetables are represented by at least one major crop : - Potato to , tuber vegetables - Carrot to Apiaceae, root vegetables - to Alliaceae, bulb vegetables - to Solanaceae, fruit vegetables - Cucurbit to Cucurbitaceae with edible peel, fruit vegetables - Melon to Cucurbitaceae with non-edible peel, fruit vegetables - Cauliflower to , flowering brassicas - Head cabbages to Brassicaceae - to Asteraceae, leafy vegetables - Beans to , fresh legume vegetables and pulses - to Fabaceae, fresh legume vegetables and pulses

Top fruits are high value crops that are characterized by a high pesticide use. Their individual acreage is generally above 100 000 ha at European level. Oranges and mandarins are proposed as representative species of the Citrus fruit group. It is proposed to include satsumas and clementines in the mandarins entry which is the representative “small fruit” citrus in the residue regulation. Pome fruit is a major fungicide market. and pear are proposed as representative species in the Central and Southern zones. Cherry and plum are proposed as major stone fruit crops in the Central zone while apricot, cherry, and plum are proposed as major stone fruit crops in the Southern zone. Almond is the main tree nut species. It belongs to the Prunus and exhibits the same diseases as the stone fruit crops. has been chosen as representative “berries and small fruit” with cultivation in open field and under various protection types.

For the most important crops, one botanical species can be subdivided in winter/spring types (cereals, oilseeds), or according to the produced commodity (grape, , maize, peas, beans). Bridging or extrapolation for some parts of the efficacy dossier could be envisaged between major crops hosting the same pathogens (i.e. between spring and winter types of the same crop; between table and wine grape, between table and oil olive, between Citrus, or Cucumis species,…). However, a detailed evaluation is needed for each type or each produced commodity for some aspects such as selectivity to a range of cultivars, processing, taint testing, quality,… Timing of the applications and protection level can differ between both crop types. The bridging rules between closely related major crops will not be further discussed in this document.

Major at global European level Although the acreage of 100 000 ha at administrative zone level is triggering the inclusion in the major crop status, most of the selected crops are actually exceeding 200 000 ha at European level, except pears (140 000 ha), apricot (107 000 ha), cherry (185 000 ha), strawberry (108 000 ha), carrot (127 000 ha). For some representative crops, the extrapolation to a crop group representing around 200 000 ha is easily feasible : 4

(235 000 ha), Cucurbitaceae (274 000 ha), cabbages (272 000 ha), Phaseolus bean (204 000 ha) and lettuce and leafy vegetables (188 000 ha).

It could be envisaged to define major crops (or major uses) at global European level. For these less important crops (apricot, carrots,…), a full dossier with reduced databases in the Central zone and in the Southern zone would be requested (in short, 4 + 4 efficacy trials).

Major at national level Several crops that are predominantly grown in a few Member States have been considered as minor at administrative zone level. The authorization process would be performed more efficiently at local level for those crops. It is up to the Member States to define these crops as major at national level:

- in Spain, Portugal and Greece, - Walnut in France, Poland and Greece, - Hazelnut in Italy and Spain, - Berry crops (Ribes and Rubus) in Poland, - Figs in Spain, - Kiwi in Italy, - Witloof chicory in Italy and France, - Asparagus in Germany, Spain and Italy, - Artichoke in Italy and Spain, - in Spain and Italy, - Hops in Germany and Czech Republic, - Flax in France, the United Kingdom and Belgium, - Ornamental crops (around 50% of the acreage in the Netherlands, very diverse species assortment), - Tobacco in Italy, Bulgaria, Greece, Poland, - Sorghum in France and Italy.

Major crops for « Residue » purposes A listing of major crops in the Northern and Central Europe (NEU) and Southern Europe and the Mediterranean (SEU) zones has already been established in the guidance on data requirements for setting MRLs. The NEU zone is equivalent to the Northern and Central European administrative zones while the SEU zone is similar to the Southern European administrative zone.

Although the 2 listings have been established independently on the basis of different agricultural statistics and for different purposes, their discrepancies are minor. They can be explained by the different aims of both documents. The residue guidance document is driven by coverage of the various commodities for consumption. The morphology of the commodities influences the expected residue level. Less importance is given to commodities for consumption. In a listing that is driven by efficacy issues, the taxonomic closeness of the crops (and their related pathogens) plays an important role in terms of extrapolation and bridging. For example, winter/spring types in cereals have a huge impact on the timing of the treatments, on varietal selectivity,…

The following differences have been observed: , Beetroot, peppers, courgette, watermelon, leek, fodder beet, kiwi are considered as major in the « Residue » guidance document. Table olive is combined with olive for oil in the « Residue » guidance document. Lucerne and temporary grass are not considered as major in the « Residue » guidance document. Cherry is not considered as major in the SEU zone; winter is considered as major in the SEU zone; Phaseolus pulses are considered as major in the « Residue » guidance document, in replacement of faba. In the « Residue » guidance document, almond is considered as major in a few Member States but not at zone level.

2- Definition of the major bacterial and fungal diseases

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The major diseases have been determined by expertS judgement (I hope to obtain some support of the efficacy experts and the fungicides/insecticides panel,… ). The following documents have been considered: the EPPO standards on good protection practices, the FRAC website, the official websites on PPP authorizations and the local websites of main PPP companies.

The major/minor use status for each pathogen has been determined at EU level. A determination of this status at EU administrative zone seems unfeasible: - The pathogens are generally not restricted to one administrative zone, - They are generally ubiquitous (most of the time at global level), - The definition of strict rules for the allocation of trials in a particular zone is not desirable. The efficacy trials are performed under practical conditions. In order to produce valuable results for regulatory or technical purposes, the trials need to be installed in regions/conditions of high pressure (frequency across years, severity).

The listing must not be considered as an exhaustive inventory of all possible crop/diseases combinations. The following criteria have been followed to include a pathogen in the listing.

Characteristics of a major pathogen/use Characteristics of a minor pathogen/use - “A major pest is one which would - “A minor pest is one that does not occur normally be expected to occur each year routinely, its incidence would normally be at levels that cause significant economic localized and significant damage on high damage in the absence of treatment to a proportion of the crop would not normally be large proportion of the crop area.” PP expected.” PP 1/226(1) 1/226(1) - Seed treatments (EU is one zone) - wood/root treatments - Foliar treatments - “pruning” treatments - Post-harvest treatments - high number of treatments/year and/or - sporadic treatments and/or reduced percentage of high percentage of fields requiring the fields requiring the treatment treatment - Secondary pathogens that are controlled by the - In the conventional “pesticide toolbox” PPP targeted on a major pathogen. (VENTIN, SEPTTR, PHYTIN,…) - that are generally controlled by the agronomical practices or through the genetic resistance of the cultivars. - lead pathogens (PLASVI, ERYSGR,...) - Quarantine organisms (by definition, rare; not - polyphagous pathogens (RHIZSO, subject to a regular PPP authorization) BOTRC, SCLESC, 1PYTHG...) on their most typical hosts - geographically ubiquitous pathogens - pathogens with limited control options (PLADBR, ERWIAM)

Implementation of the listings at EU level

As general rule, the status of a use (minor/major) in an administrative zone is applied by each MS in that zone unless otherwise specified by this MS in the EUMUDA database.

In some particular cases, a major crop in the zone has a very limited distribution in a Member State of that zone. We would encourage the MS in this situation to authorize the product at local level after evaluation of the full zonal dossier or by mutual recognition on the basis of the full zonal dossier which has been submitted in another MS of the zone where the crop is major. Example: A product against Uncinula necator in grapevine would be authorized in the United Kingdom or Belgium by mutual recognition of the full zonal dossier that has been submitted in Germany, without any additional data/assessment.

A minor use in one MS should not be extended to MS where it is major. 6

Example: It is reasonable that an authorization granted in Belgium for a minor use against Uncinula necator in grapevine (around 200 ha) should not be extended to Germany which is a main grapevine producer.

Some recommendations are made to implement these listings in the European evaluation process, for example, via the EUMUDA database.

1) We would propose to implement this listing of the major uses at zone level on EUMUDA. Consequently, it would not be necessary that each MS defines the status of its uses that are already established in its administrative zone.

2) We would propose that each Member State defines a listing of its supplementary major uses at local level and publish them on EUMUDA. Fungal uses on the crops that are predominantly grown in a few Member States (see above) could be considered as candidates of major uses at national level. (A plausible example could be the use against Pseudoperonospora humuli in hops in Germany and The Czech Republic)

Conclusions

A listing of major crops at European level (northern EU zone, central EU zone and southern EU zone) has been built, based on the actual acreage of the crops. It also covers the main taxonomic crop and pathogen groups in order to allow bridging to minor or very minor uses.

A total of 46 crops (considering winter/spring types and commodity types) have been identified as major at European level. This listing is directly applicable to bactericide, fungicide, insecticide, acaricide, growth rate regulator uses. The “non-agricultural” and “fallow” situations need to be included in the listing to take into account the herbicide uses.

Bridging or extrapolation for some parts of the efficacy dossier could be envisaged between major crops hosting the same pathogens (i.e. between spring and winter types of the same crop; between table and wine grape, between table and oil olive, between Citrus, Brassica or Cucumis species,…) with a detailed evaluation for aspects such as selectivity assessment, effects on processing, taint testing,…. In this case, 11 fruit crops, 10 vegetable crops (including potato), 6 cereal crops, 5 industrial crops and 2 forage crops have been identified as major in Europe. Around 120 bacterial and fungal pathogens are taken into account.

The major field crops (combined with glasshouse crops) are representing around 83%, 84% and 77% of the total arable land, respectively in the Northern, Central and Southern zones. The major fruit crops are representing around 0%, 79% and 95% of the total fruit crop acreage, respectively in the Northern, Central and Southern zones. (Fruit crops are minor in the Northern zone).

An assessment at European level exclusively of these uses would guarantee that a vast majority of the possible risk scenarios (operator/ bystander/ resident, consumer, environment/non target organisms) as well as biological efficacy issues are properly covered. This listing could be used for a future authorization of the major uses at EU or at administrative zone level.

It is expected that this document could bring more predictability in the treatment of the biological efficacy dossiers for the applicants and for the regulatory authorities.

References

REGULATION (EC) NO 396/2005 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 23 February 2005 on maximum residue levels of pesticides in or on food and feed of plant and animal origin and amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC

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Guidance Document - Guidelines on comparability, extrapolation, group tolerances and data requirements for setting MRLs (European Commission, Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety, Safety of the Food Chain, Pesticides and Biocides, SANCO 7525/VI/95, Rev. 10.1, 01 December 2015)

Hucorne P. (2012) The actual distribution of crops in Europe (https://www.eppo.int/.../12- 18159_Distribution_of_crops_in_Europe.doc)

Nadin P. (2007) The use of plant protection products in the European Union - Data 1992-2003 (Office for Official Publications of the European Communities) (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3217494/5611788/KS-76-06-669-EN.PDF/36c156f1-9fa9-4243-9bd3- f4c7c3c8286a?version=1.0)

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Appendix 1 - Major crops in the Northern, Central and Southern zones – Major bacterial and fungal diseases

English name of the crop, Scientific name, EPPO code, Commodity code in the Residue directive, Proposed major/minor status in the Northern, Central and Southern zones, Acreages in thousands of hectares in the Northern, Central and Southern zones

Proposed major bacterial and fungal diseases

Oranges bacterial canker syringae PSDMSX Citrus sinensis green mould, blue mould , P.italicum PENIDI, PENIIT CIDSI gummosis, root rot citrophthora, PHYTCO, 0110020 Phytophthora nicotianae var PHYTNP, minor-minor-MAJOR parasitica, PHYTNN 0 - 0 - 301 Phytophthora nicotianae var nicotianae Mandarins anthracnose of citrus and Glomerella cingulata GLOMCI Citrus reticulata olive CIDRE dieback of citrus, mal secco Phoma tracheiphila DEUTTR minor-minor-MAJOR 0 - 0 - 642

Almonds blossom blight (flowers and Monilinia fructigena, M. laxa MONIFG, Prunus dulcis stems), brown rot (fruit) MONILA PRNDU shoot blight Stigmina carpophila (Coryneum STIGCA 0120010 beijerinckii) minor-minor-MAJOR 0 - 0 - 696

Apples fireblight Erwinia amylovora ERWIAM sylvestris storage diseases Gloeosporium, Botrytis cinerea, GLOESP, MABSD Penicillium expansum BOTRCI, 0130010 PENIEX Minor-MAJOR-MAJOR eye rot, European canker Nectria galligena NECTGA 23-360-181 powdery mildew Podosphaera leucotricha PODOLE scab Venturia inaequalis VENTIN

Pears fireblight Erwinia amylovora ERWIAM Pyrus communis bacterial die-back of flower Pseudomonas syringae PSDMMP PYUCO buds 0130020 storage diseases Gloeosporium, Botrytis cinerea, GLOESP, Minor-MAJOR-MAJOR Penicillium expansum BOTRCI, 2-42-96 PENIEX pear brown spot Stemphylium vesicarium PLEOAL scab Venturia pirina VENTPI

Apricots blossom blight (flowers and Monilinia fructigena, M. laxa MONIFG, Prunus armeniaca stems), brown rot (fruit) MONILA PRNAR powdery mildew Podosphaera spp. PODOSP 0140010 minor-minor-MAJOR shoot blight Stigmina carpophila (Coryneum STIGCA 0-13-94 beijerinckii)

Sweet and sour cherry bacterial canker Pseudomonas syringae pv. mors- PSDMMP et P. cerasus prunorum 9

PRNAV, PRNCE blossom blight (flowers and Monilinia fructigena, M. laxa MONIFG, 0140020 stems), brown rot (fruit) MONILA Minor-MAJOR-MAJOR anthracnose Blumeriella jaapii (Cylindrosporium BLUMJA 4-86-95 padi) powdery mildew Podosphaera spp. PODOSP shoot blight Stigmina carpophila (Coryneum STIGCA beijerinckii)

Peaches blossom blight (flowers and Monilinia fructigena, M. laxa MONIFG, Prunus persica stems), brown rot (fruit) MONILA PRNPS powdery mildew Podosphaera pannosa SPHRPA 0140030 shoot blight Stigmina carpophila (Coryneum STIGCA minor-minor-MAJOR beijerinckii) 0-15-238 leaf curl Taphrina deformans TAPHDE rust of stone fruit Tranzschelia spp. 1TRANG scab Venturia carpophila VENTCA

Plums blossom blight (flowers and Monilinia fructigena, M. laxa MONIFG, Prunus domestica subsp. stems), brown rot (fruit) MONILA domestica powdery mildew Podosphaera spp. PODOSP PRNDO shoot blight Stigmina carpophila (Coryneum STIGCA 0140040 beijerinckii) Minor-MAJOR-MAJOR rust of stone fruit Tranzschelia spp. 1TRANG 2-114-70

Table grape grey mould Botrytis cinerea BOTRCI black rot Guignardia bidwellii GUIGBI VITVI black rot Phomopsis viticola PHOPVI 0151010 downy mildew Plasmopara viticola PLASVI minor-minor-MAJOR red fire disease Pseudopeziza tracheiphila PSPZTR 0-11-117 powdery mildew Uncinula necator UNCINE

Wine grape Vitis vinifera VITVI 0151020 Minor-MAJOR-MAJOR 0-426-2982

Strawberries leaf blight Alternaria alternata ALTEAL Fragaria ananassa grey mould Botrytis cinerea BOTRCI FRAAN anthracnose Colletotrichum acutatum COLLAC 152000 leaf scorch Diplocarpon earlianum DIPCEA Minor-MAJOR-MAJOR fruit rot Gnomonia fructicola GNOMFR 8-80-20 leaf spot Mycosphaerella fragariae MYCOFR downy mildew Phytophthora cactorum PHYTCC red core Phytophthora fragariae PHYTFR powdery mildew Podosphaera aphanis PODOAP verticillium wilt Verticillium VERTSP

Table peacock spot of olive Spilocaea oleagina CYCLOL Olea europaea OLVEU anthracnose of olive Glomerella cingulata GLOMCI 0161030 minor-minor-MAJOR 0-0-297

Olives for oil production Olea europaea 10

OLVEU 0402010 minor-minor-MAJOR 0-0-4556

Potatoes early blight Alternaria solani ALTESO Solanum tuberosum downy mildew Phytophthora infestans PHYTIN SOLTU black scurf Rhizoctonia solani RHIZSO 0211000 MAJOR-MAJOR-MAJOR dry rot solani var. coeruleum FUSASC 185-1537-408 silver scurf Helminthosporium solani HELMSO gangrene Phoma exigua var. foveata PHOMEF

Carrots leaf blight Alternaria dauci ALTEDA powdery mildew Erysiphe heraclei ERYSHE DAUCA 0213020 Minor-MAJOR-MAJOR 10-78-39

Onions downy mildew Peronospora destructor PERODE Allium cepa PUCCPO, rust Puccinia porri, P. allii ALLCE PUCCAL 0220020 Sclerotinia squamosa (Botrytis Minor-MAJOR-MAJOR neck rot SCLESQ 7-107-55 squamosa) white rot Sclerotium cepivorum SCLOCE

Tomatoes early blight Alternaria solani ALTESO Lycopersicum esculentum grey mould Botrytis cinerea BOTRCI LYPES leaf mould Fulvia fulva (Cladosporium fulvum) FULVFU 0231010 Minor-MAJOR-MAJOR powdery mildew Leveillula taurica LEVETA 1-47-225 downy mildew Phytophthora infestans PHYTIN pythium wilt Pythium 1PYTHG black scurf Rhizoctonia solani RHIZSO

Cucumbers grey mould Botrytis cinerea BOTRCI Cucumis sativus leaf mould Cladosporium cucumerinum CLADCU CUMSA anthracnose Colletotrichum lagenarium (C. COLLLA 0232010 orbiculare) Minor-MAJOR-minor 2-21-13 stem-end rot Didymella bryoniae (Mycosphaerella DIDYBR citrullina) powdery mildew Erysiphe polyphaga ( E. oronti), ERYSPP, Melons Sphaerotheca fuliginea (E. fuliginea) SPHRFU Cucumis melo fusarium Fusarium spp. 1FUSAG CUMME 0233010 downy mildew Pseudoperonospora cubensis PSPECU Minor- Minor-MAJOR pythium wilt Pythium 1PYTHG 0-5-90 sclerotinia Sclerotinia sclerotiorum SCLESC

Cauliflower white rust Albugo candida ALBUCA var. leaf blight Alternaria brassicae ALTEBA botrytis grey mould Botrytis cinerea BOTRCI BRSOB 0241020 powdery mildew Erysiphe cruciferarum ERYSCR Minor-MAJOR-MAJOR ring spot Mycosphaerella brassicicola MYCOBR 11

2-53-87 downy mildew Peronospora brassicae (Peronospora PEROBR parasitica) Head cabbage club root of crucifers Plasmidiophora brassicae PLADBR Brassica oleracea convar. Capitata BRSOL 0242020 Minor-MAJOR-minor 8-83-21

Lettuce grey mould Botrytis cinerea BOTRCI Lactuca sativa downy mildew Bremia lactucae BREMLA LACSS powdery mildew Erysiphe cichoracearum ERYSCI 0251020 Minor-MAJOR-MAJOR ring spot Microdochium panattonianum MARSPA 2-22-76 pythium wilt Pythium 1PYTHG black scurf Rhizoctonia solani RHIZSO sclerotinia Sclerotinia sclerotiorum SCLESC leaf spot Septoria lactucae SEPTLA

Beans (with pods) grey mould Botrytis fabae BOTRFA anthracnose Colletotrichum lindemuthianum COLLLD PHSVX rust Uromyces appendiculatus UROMAP 0260010 Minor-MAJOR-MAJOR 0-40-74

Peas (without pods) blight Ascochyta pisi, A. pinodes ASCOPI, Pisum sativum MYCOPI PIBSX downy mildew Peronospora viciae PEROVI 0260040 Minor-MAJOR-MAJOR rust Uromyces pisi UROMPS 6-85-56

Peas Pisum sativum PIBST 0300030 Minor-MAJOR-MAJOR 43-191-333

Broad and field beans blight of broad bean Ascochyta fabae ASCOFA Vicia faba grey mould Botrytis fabae BOTRFA VICFX Minor-MAJOR-MAJOR rust Uromyces viciae-fabae UROMVF 15-241-198

Sunflower grey mould Botrytis cinerea BOTRCI annuus powdery mildew Erysiphe cichoracearum ERYSCI HELAN stalk rot Phomopsis helianthi DIAPHE 0401050 Minor-MAJOR-MAJOR downy mildew Plasmopara helianthi PLASHA 0-1539-2229 sclerotinia Sclerotinia sclerotiorum SCLESC

Winter rape leaf blight Alternaria brassicae ALTEBA Brassica napus black leg, canker of crucifers Leptosphaeria maculans LEPTMA 12

BRSNW sclerotinia Sclerotinia sclerotiorum SCLESC 0401060 MAJOR-MAJOR-MAJOR 347-3904-1586

Spring rape Brassica napus BRSNS 0401060 MAJOR-MAJOR-minor 263-97-5

Soya bean downy mildew Peronospora manshurica PEROMA Glycine max GLXMA 0401070 Minor-MAJOR-MAJOR 0-172-182

Cotton none none none Gossypium spp. 1GOSG 0401090 Minor-minor-MAJOR 0-0-371

Winter leaf spot Cochliobolus sativus COCHSA Hordeum vulgare powdery mildew Blumeria graminis (Erysiphe ERYSGR HORVW graminis) 0500010 fusarium Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum 1FUSAG MAJOR-MAJOR-MAJOR 788-2753-2512 white-heads Gaeumannomyces (Ophiobolus) GAEUGG graminis Spring barley foot-rot, eye spot Oculimacula yallundae PSDCHE Hordeum vulgare (Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoïdes) HORVS dwarf rust Puccinia hordeï PUCCHD 0500010 MAJOR-MAJOR-MAJOR stripe rust Puccinia striiformis PUCCST 1924-3185-3060 leaf stripe graminea PYRNGR net blotch PYRNTE ramularia Ramularia collo-cygni RAMUCC leaf blotch Rhynchosporium secalis RHYNSE loose smut Ustilago nuda f.sp. hordei USTINH

Grain maize fusarium Fusarium spp. 1FUSAG mays leaf blight of maize and Helminthosporium turcicum SETOTU ZEAMX sorghum 0500030 eye spot Kabatiella zeae KABAZE minor-MAJOR-MAJOR rust Puccinia sorghi PUCSSO 12-4830-3618

Green maize Zea mays ZEAMX - MAJOR-MAJOR-MAJOR 196-3040-1893

Oats powdery mildew Blumeria graminis (Erysiphe ERYSGR 13

Avena fatua graminis) AVESA crown rust of grasses Puccinia coronata PUCCCO 0500050 loose smut Ustilago segetum var. avenae USTIAV MAJOR-MAJOR-MAJOR 753-1233-923

Rice fusarium Fusarium spp. 1FUSAG leaf blight Helminthosporium horizae COCHMI ORYSA blast of rice Magnaporthe oryzae (Pyricularia PYRIOR 0500060 Minor-minor-MAJOR oryzae) 0-12-425

Winter rye powdery mildew Blumeria graminis (Erysiphe ERYSGR Secale cereale graminis) SECCW fusarium Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum 1FUSAG 0500070 MAJOR-MAJOR-minor pink snow mould Monographella nivalis (Microdochium MONGNI 214-2266-73 nivale) foot-rot, eye spot Oculimacula yallundae PSDCHE Winter triticale (Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoïdes) Triticum X Secale rust Puccinia recondita PUCCRE TTLWI leaf blotch Rhynchosporium secalis RHYNSE MAJOR-MAJOR-MAJOR dwarf bunt Tilletia controversa TILLCO 196-1839-292 flag smut Urocystis occulta UROCOC

Common winter powdery mildew Blumeria graminis (Erysiphe ERYSGR Triticum aestivum graminis) TRZAW fusarium Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum 1FUSAG 0500090 MAJOR-MAJOR-MAJOR white-heads Gaeumannomyces (Ophiobolus) GAEUGG 1577-11753-8164 graminis pink snow mould Monographella nivalis (Microdochium MONGNI Common spring wheat nivale) Triticum aestivum foot-rot, eye spot Oculimacula yallundae PSDCHE TRZAS (Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoïdes) 0500090 MAJOR-MAJOR-minor black rust Puccinia graminis PUCCGT 492-622-9 rust, brown Puccinia recondita PUCCRE stripe rust Puccinia striiformis PUCCST Winter durum wheat yellow leaf blotch Pyrenophora tritici-repentis PYRNTR Triticum durum glume blotch Septoria nodorum LEPTNO TRZDU 0500090 leaf blotch Mycosphaerella graminicola (Septoria SEPTTR minor-minor-MAJOR tritici) 0-21-2377 rough-spored bunt Tilletia caries TILLCA loose smut Ustilago nuda f. sp. tritici USTINT

Sugar beet root rot Aphanomyces cochlioides APHACO Beta vulgaris leaf spot Cercospora beticola CERCBE BEAVA powdery mildew Erysiphe betae, E. polygoni ERYSBE 0900010 MAJOR-MAJOR-MAJOR downy mildew Peronospora farinosa f.sp. Betae PEROFB 114-1029-537 black leg, damping-off Phoma betae PLEOBJ leaf spot Ramularia beticola RAMUBE rust Uromyces betae UROMBE

14

Lucerne none none none Medicago sativa MEDSA Minor-MAJOR-MAJOR 21-677-1392

Temporary grasses and none none none grazings - - MAJOR-MAJOR-MAJOR 2541-2369-4366

15

Appendix 2 – Major/minor crop status in the Northern, Central and Southern administrative zones

Acreages in thousands of hectares in Status of the crops in the the EU administrative zones EU administrative zones Code English name Scientific name EPPO code Northern Central Southern Northern Central Southern residue dir. 100000 1.FRUIT FRESH OR FROZEN; NUTS 110000 Citrus fruit 110010 Citrus paradisi CIDPA, 0 0 12 minor minor minor CIDGR 110020 Oranges Citrus sinensis CIDSI 0 0 301 minor minor MAJOR 110030 Lemons Citrus limon CIDLI, 0 0 79 minor minor minor (*) CIDAF 110040 Limes Citrus aurantifolia very minor very minor very minor 110050 Mandarins Citrus reticulata CIDNO 0 0 140 minor minor MAJOR Satsumas C. unshiu CIDUN 0 0 68 minor minor minor (*) Clementines C. tangerina, C. CIDTG, 0 0 434 minor minor minor (*) clementina CIDDE 120000 Tree nuts (shelled or unshelled) 120010 Almonds Prunus dulcis PRNDU 0 0 696 minor minor MAJOR 120020 Brazil nuts Bertholletia excelsa very minor very minor very minor 120030 Cashew nuts Anacardium occidentale very minor very minor very minor 120040 CSNSA 0 1 77 minor minor minor (*) 120050 Cocos nucifera very minor very minor very minor 120060 Hazelnuts Corylus avellana CYLAV 0 3 92 minor minor minor (*) 120070 Macadamia Macadamia ternifolia very minor very minor very minor 120080 Pecans Carya illinoensis very minor very minor very minor 120090 nuts Pinus pinea very minor very minor very minor 120100 Pistachios Pistachia vera very minor very minor very minor 120110 Walnuts Juglans regia IUGRE 0 23 48 minor minor (*) minor (*) 130000 Pome fruit 130010 Malus domesticus MABSD 23 360 181 minor (*) MAJOR MAJOR 130020 Pears Pyrus communis PYUCO 2 42 96 minor MAJOR (*) MAJOR (*) 130030 Quinces Cydonia oblonga CYDOB 0 1 3 minor minor minor 130040 Medlar Mespilus germanica very minor very minor very minor 130050 Loquat Eriobotrya japonica very minor very minor very minor 140000 Stone fruit 140010 Apricots Prunus armeniaca PRNAR 0 13 94 minor minor MAJOR (*) 140020 Cherries Prunus cerasus, Prunus PRNAV, 4 86 95 minor MAJOR (*) MAJOR (*) avium PRNCE 140030 and nectarines Prunus persica PRNPS 0 15 238 minor minor MAJOR 140040 Plums Prunus domestica PRNDO 2 114 70 minor MAJOR MAJOR (*) 150000 Berries & small fruit 151000 Table and wine grapes Vitis euvitis 151010 Table grapes Vitis euvitis VITVI 0 11 117 minor minor MAJOR Raisins Vitis euvitis VITVI 0 0 34 minor minor minor (*) 151020 Wine grapes Vitis euvitis VITVI 0 426 2982 minor MAJOR MAJOR 152000 Fragaria × ananassa FRAAN 8 80 20 minor MAJOR (*) MAJOR (*) 153000 Cane fruit 153010 Blackberries Rubus fruticosus very minor very minor very minor 153020 Dewberries Rubus ceasius very minor very minor very minor 153030 Raspberries Rubus idaeus RUBID 2 24 3 minor minor (*) minor 154000 Other small fruit & berries 154010 Blueberries Vaccinium corymbosum very minor very minor very minor 154020 Cranberries Vaccinium macrocarpon very minor very minor very minor 154030 Black and redcurrants Ribes nigrum, Ribes RIBNI, 11 52 3 minor minor (*) minor rubrum RIBRU 16

Acreages in thousands of hectares in Status of the crops in the the EU administrative zones EU administrative zones Code English name Scientific name EPPO code Northern Central Southern Northern Central Southern residue dir. 154040 Gooseberries Ribes uva-crispa RIBUC 0 4 0 minor minor minor 154050 hips Rosa canina very minor very minor very minor 154060 Mulberries Morus spp. very minor very minor very minor 154070 Azarole azarolus very minor very minor very minor 154080 Elderberries Sambucus nigra very minor very minor very minor 160000 Miscellaneous fruit 161000 Edible peel 161010 Dates Phoenix dactylifera very minor very minor very minor 161020 Figs carica FIUCA 0 0 30 minor minor minor (*) 161030 Table olives Olea europaea OLVEU 0 0 297 minor minor major 161040 Kumquats Fortunella species very minor very minor very minor 161050 Carambola Averrhoa carambola very minor very minor very minor 161060 Persimmon Diospyros kaki very minor very minor very minor 161070 Jambolan Syzygium cumini very minor very minor very minor 162000 Inedible peel, small 162010 Kiwi Actinidia deliciosa syn. ATICH 0 0 36 minor minor minor (*) A. chinensis 162020 Lychee Litchi chinensis very minor very minor very minor 162030 Passion fruit edulis very minor very minor very minor 162040 Prickly pear ficus-indica very minor very minor very minor 162050 Star apple Chrysophyllum cainito very minor very minor very minor 162060 American persimmon Diospyros virginiana very minor very minor very minor 163000 Inedible peel, large 163010 Persea americana PEBAM 0 0 16 minor minor minor 163020 Bananas × paradisica very minor very minor very minor 163030 Mangoes Mangifera indica very minor very minor very minor 163040 Papaya Carica papaya very minor very minor very minor 163050 Punica granatum very minor very minor very minor 163060 Cherimoya Annona cherimola very minor very minor very minor 163070 Guava Psidium guajava very minor very minor very minor 163080 Pineapples Ananas comosus very minor very minor very minor 163090 Artocarpus altilis very minor very minor very minor 163100 very minor very minor very minor 163110 Soursop Annona muricata very minor very minor very minor 200000 2.VEGETABLES FRESH OR FROZEN 210000 Root and tuber vegetables 211000 Potatoes Solanum tuberosum SOLTU 185 1537 408 MAJOR MAJOR MAJOR 212000 Tropical root and tuber vegetables 212010 Manihot esculenta very minor very minor very minor 212020 Sweet potatoes batatas very minor very minor very minor 212030 Yams Dioscorea sp. very minor very minor very minor 212040 Arrowroot Maranta arundinacea very minor very minor very minor 213000 Other root and tuber vegetables except sugar beet 213010 Beetroot Beta vulgaris subsp. BEAVD 5 17 4 minor minor minor Vulgaris 213020 Carrots Daucus carota DAUCA 10 78 39 minor MAJOR (*) MAJOR (*) 213030 Celeriac Apium graveolens var. very minor very minor very minor rapaceum 213040 Horseradish Armoracia rusticana very minor very minor very minor 213050 Jerusalem artichokes Helianthus tuberosus very minor very minor very minor 213060 Parsnips Pastinaca sativa very minor very minor very minor 17

Acreages in thousands of hectares in Status of the crops in the the EU administrative zones EU administrative zones Code English name Scientific name EPPO code Northern Central Southern Northern Central Southern residue dir. 213070 Parsley root Petroselinum crispum very minor very minor very minor 213080 Radishes Raphanus sativus var. RAPSR 0 4 5 minor minor minor sativus 213090 Salsify Tragopogon porrifolius SCVHI 0 2 1 minor minor minor 213100 Swedes Brassica napus var. very minor very minor very minor napobrassica 213110 Turnips Brassica rapa BRSRR 1 6 13 minor minor minor 220000 Bulb vegetables 220010 Allium sativum ALLSA 1 10 24 minor minor minor (*) 220020 Allium cepa ALLCE 7 107 55 minor MAJOR MAJOR (*) 220030 Shallots Allium ascalonicum ALLAS 0 0 2 minor minor minor 220040 Spring onions Allium cepa very minor very minor very minor 230000 Fruiting vegetables minor minor minor 231000 Solanaceae 231010 Tomatoes Lycopersicum LYPES 1 47 225 minor MAJOR (*) MAJOR esculentum 231020 Peppers annuum, var CPSAN 0 21 46 minor minor (*) minor (*) gossum et var. longum 231030 Aubergines Solanum melongena SOLME 0 6 18 minor minor minor 231040 Okra, lady's fingers Hibiscus esculentus very minor very minor very minor 232000 Cucurbits — edible peel 232010 Cucumis sativus CUMSA 2 21 13 minor MAJOR (*) minor 232020 Gherkins Cucumis sativus CUMSA 1 12 1 minor minor minor 232030 Courgettes pepo var. CUUPG 0 2 30 minor minor minor (*) melopepo 233000 Cucurbits — inedible peel 233010 Melons Cucumis melo CUMME 0 5 90 minor minor MAJOR (*) 233020 Pumpkins Cucurbita maxima CUUMA 0 9 4 minor minor minor 233030 Watermelons Citrullus lanatus CITLA 0 36 48 minor minor (*) minor (*) 234000 Sweetcorn Zea mays var. very minor very minor very minor saccharata 240000 Brassica vegetables 241000 Flowering brassica 241010 Broccoli Brassica oleracea var. italica 241020 Cauliflower Brassica oleracea var. BRSOB 2 53 87 minor MAJOR (*) MAJOR (*) botrytis 242000 Head brassica 242010 Brussels sprouts Brassica oleracea var. BRSOK 0 12 2 minor minor minor gemmifera 242020 Head cabbage Brassica oleracea BRSOL 8 83 21 minor MAJOR (*) minor convar. Capitata 243000 Leafy brassica 243010 Chinese cabbage Brassica pekinensis very minor very minor very minor 243020 Kale, collards) Brassica oleracea very minor very minor very minor convar. Acephalea 244000 Kohlrabi Brassica oleracea BRSOU 0 4 0 minor minor minor convar. Gongylodes 250000 Leaf vegetables & fresh herbs 251000 Lettuce and other salad including Brassicaceae 251010 Lamb's lettuce Valerianella locusta very minor very minor very minor 251020 Lettuce Lactuca sativa LACSS 2 22 76 minor MAJOR (*) MAJOR (*) 251030 Scarole Cichorium endiva CICEL 0 2 18 minor minor minor 251040 Cress Lepidium sativum very minor very minor very minor 251050 Land cress Barbarea verna very minor very minor very minor 251060 Rocket, Rucola Eruca sativa (Diplotaxis very minor very minor very minor spec.) 18

Acreages in thousands of hectares in Status of the crops in the the EU administrative zones EU administrative zones Code English name Scientific name EPPO code Northern Central Southern Northern Central Southern residue dir. 251070 Red mustard Brassica juncea var. very minor very minor very minor rugosa 251080 Leaves and sprouts of Brassica spp. very minor very minor very minor Brassica spp. 252000 Spinach & similar (leaves) 252010 Spinach Spinacia oleracea SPQOL 0 11 21 minor minor minor (*) 252020 Purslane Portulaca oleracea very minor very minor very minor 252030 Beet leaves Beta vulgaris very minor very minor very minor 253000 Vine leaves Vitis euvitis very minor very minor very minor 254000 Watercress Nasturtium officinale very minor very minor very minor 255000 Witloof Cichorium intybus. var. CICIF 0 7 29 minor minor minor (*) foliosum 256000 Herbs 256010 Chervil Anthriscus cerefolium very minor very minor very minor 256020 Chives Allium schoenoprasum very minor very minor very minor 256030 Celery leaves Apium graveolens var. very minor very minor very minor secalinum 256040 Parsley Petroselinum crispum very minor very minor very minor 256050 Sage officinalis very minor very minor very minor 256060 Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis very minor very minor very minor 256070 Thyme Thymus spp. very minor very minor very minor 256080 Basil Ocimum basilicum very minor very minor very minor 256090 Bay leaves Laurus nobilis very minor very minor very minor 256100 Tarragon Artemisia dracunculus very minor very minor very minor 260000 Legume vegetables (fresh) 260010 Beans (with pods) Phaseolus vulgaris PHSVX 0 40 74 minor MAJOR (*) MAJOR (*) 260020 Beans (without pods) Phaseolus vulgaris 260030 Peas (with pods) Pisum sativum 260040 Peas (without pods) Pisum sativum PIBSX 6 85 56 minor MAJOR (*) MAJOR (*) 260050 Lentils Lens culinaris syn. L. very minor very minor very minor esculenta 270000 Stem vegetables (fresh) 270010 Asparagus Asparagus officinalis ASPOF 0 25 27 minor minor (*) minor (*) 270020 Cardoons Cynara cardunculus very minor very minor very minor 270030 Celery Apium graveolens var. APUGD 0 2 7 minor minor minor dulce 270040 Foeniculum vulgare very minor very minor very minor 270050 Globe artichokes Cynara scolymus CYUSC 0 0 78 minor minor minor (*) 270060 Leek Allium porrum ALLPO 1 17 11 minor minor minor 270070 Rhubarb Rheum × hybridum very minor very minor very minor 270080 Bamboo shoots Bambusa vulgaris very minor very minor very minor 270090 Palm hearts Euterpa oleracea, Cocos very minor very minor very minor nucifera, , daemonorops schmidtiana 280000 Fungi 280010 Cultivated very minor very minor very minor 280020 Wild very minor very minor very minor 290000 Seaweeds very minor very minor very minor 300000 3.PULSES, DRY 300010 Beans Phaseolus vulgaris PHSVX 1 56 33 minor minor (*) minor (*) broad and field beans Vicia faba VICFX 15 241 198 minor MAJOR MAJOR 300020 Lentils Lens culinaris syn. L. LENCU 0 1 34 minor minor minor (*) esculenta 300030 Peas Pisum sativum PIBST 43 191 333 minor (*) MAJOR MAJOR 19

Acreages in thousands of hectares in Status of the crops in the the EU administrative zones EU administrative zones Code English name Scientific name EPPO code Northern Central Southern Northern Central Southern residue dir. 300040 Lupins spp. LUPSS 10 56 12 minor minor (*) minor Vetches Vicia sativa , Vicia VICSA, 1 3 44 minor minor minor (*) pannonica or Vicia VICPA varia 400000 4.OILSEEDS AND OILFRUITS 401000 Oilseeds 401010 Linseed Linum usitatissimum LIUUT 12 53 14 minor minor (*) minor Flax (straw) Linum usitatissimum LIUUT 1 19 64 minor minor minor (*) 401020 Arachis hypogaea very minor very minor very minor 401030 Poppy seed somniferum very minor very minor very minor 401040 Sesame seed Sesamum indicum syn. very minor very minor very minor S. orientale 401050 Sunflower seed HELAN 0 1539 2229 minor MAJOR MAJOR 401060 winter rape Brassica napus BRSNW 347 3904 1586 MAJOR MAJOR MAJOR Spring rape Brassica napus BRSNS 263 97 5 MAJOR MAJOR (*) minor Turnip rape Brassica rapa var. BRSSP 95 2 0 minor (*) minor minor sylvestris 401070 Soya bean Glycine max GLXMA 0 172 182 minor MAJOR MAJOR 401080 Mustard seed Brassica nigra very minor very minor very minor 401090 Cotton seed Gossypium spp. 1GOSG 0 0 371 minor minor MAJOR 401100 Pumpkin seeds Cucurbita pepo var. very minor very minor very minor oleifera 401110 Safflower Carthamus tinctorius very minor very minor very minor 401120 Borage Borago officinalis very minor very minor very minor 401130 Gold of pleasure very minor very minor very minor 401140 Hempseed sativa CNISA 0 2 8 minor minor minor 401150 Castor bean Ricinus communis very minor very minor very minor 402000 Oilfruits 402010 Olives for oil production Olea europaea OLVEU 0 0 4556 minor minor MAJOR 402020 Palm nuts Elaeis guineensis very minor very minor very minor 402030 Palmfruit Elaeis guineensis very minor very minor very minor 402040 Kapok Ceiba pentandra very minor very minor very minor 500000 5.CEREALS 500010 Winter barley Hordeum vulgare HORVW 788 2753 2512 MAJOR MAJOR MAJOR Spring barley Hordeum vulgare HORVS 1924 3185 3060 MAJOR MAJOR MAJOR 500020 Buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum very minor very minor very minor 500030 Grain maize Zea mays ZEAMX 12 4830 3618 minor MAJOR MAJOR Green maize Zea mays ZEAMX 196 3040 1893 MAJOR MAJOR MAJOR 500040 Millet Panicum spp. very minor very minor very minor 500050 Avena fatua AVESA 753 1233 923 MAJOR MAJOR MAJOR 500060 Rice Oryza sativa ORYSA 0 12 425 minor minor MAJOR 500070 Winter rye Secale cereale SECCW 214 2266 73 MAJOR MAJOR minor (*) Spring rye Secale cereale SECCS 6 1 0 minor minor minor Winter triticale Triticum X Secale TTLWI 196 1839 292 MAJOR MAJOR MAJOR 500080 Sorghum Sorghum bicolor SORVU 0 9 97 minor minor minor (*) 500090 Common winter wheat Triticum aestivum TRZAW 1577 11753 8164 MAJOR MAJOR MAJOR Common spring wheat Triticum aestivum TRZAS 492 622 9 MAJOR MAJOR minor Winter durum wheat Triticum durum TRZDU 0 21 2377 minor minor (*) MAJOR Spring durum wheat Triticum durum TRZDU 0 12 8 minor minor minor 600000 6.TEA, COFFEE, HERBAL INFUSIONS AND COCOA 610000 Tea (dried leaves and sinensis very minor very minor very minor stalks, fermented or otherwise of ) 20

Acreages in thousands of hectares in Status of the crops in the the EU administrative zones EU administrative zones Code English name Scientific name EPPO code Northern Central Southern Northern Central Southern residue dir. 620000 Coffee beans very minor very minor very minor 630000 Herbal infusions (dried) 22 49 92 minor (*) minor (*) minor (*) 631000 Flowers 631010 Camomille flowers Matricaria recutita very minor very minor very minor 631020 Hybiscus flowers Hibiscus sabdariffa very minor very minor very minor 631030 Rose petals Rosa spec. very minor very minor very minor 631040 Jasmine flowers very minor very minor very minor 631050 Lime Tillia cordata very minor very minor very minor 632000 Leaves 632010 Strawberry leaves Fragaria × ananassa very minor very minor very minor 632020 Rooibos leaves Aspalathus spp. very minor very minor very minor 632030 Maté Ilex paraguariensis very minor very minor very minor 633000 Roots very minor very minor very minor 633010 Valerian root Valeriana officinalis very minor very minor very minor 633020 Ginseng root Panax ginseng very minor very minor very minor 640000 Cocoa (fermented very minor very minor very minor beans) 650000 (St Johns bread) Ceratonia siliqua CEQSI 0 0 55 minor minor minor (*) 700000 7.HOPS (DRIED), HUMLU 0 30 1 minor minor (*) minor INCLUDING HOP PELLETS AND UNCONCENTRATED POWDER 800000 8.SPICES 810000 Seeds 810010 Anise Pimpinella anisum very minor very minor very minor 810020 Black caraway Nigella sativa very minor very minor very minor 810030 Celery seed Apium graveolens very minor very minor very minor 810040 Coriander seed Coriandrum sativum very minor very minor very minor 810050 Cumin seed Cuminum cyminum very minor very minor very minor 810060 Dill seed Anethum graveolens very minor very minor very minor 810070 Fennel seed Foeniculum vulgare very minor very minor very minor 810080 Fenugreek Trigonella very minor very minor very minor foenumgraecum 810090 Nutmeg Myristica fragans very minor very minor very minor 820000 Fruits and berries 820010 Allspice Pimenta dioica very minor very minor very minor 820020 Anise pepper Zanthooxylum piperitum very minor very minor very minor 820030 Caraway Carum carvi very minor very minor very minor 820040 Cardamom Elettaria cardamomum very minor very minor very minor 820050 Juniper berries very minor very minor very minor 820060 Pepper, black and white nigrum very minor very minor very minor 820070 Vanilla pods Vanilla fragrans syn. very minor very minor very minor Vanilla planifolia 820080 Tamarind Tamarindus indica very minor very minor very minor 830000 Bark 830010 Cinnamon Cinnamonum verum syn. very minor very minor very minor C. zeylanicum 840000 Roots or rhizome very minor very minor very minor 840010 Liquorice Glycyrrhiza glabra very minor very minor very minor 840020 Ginger Zingiber officinale very minor very minor very minor 840030 Turmeric Curcuma domestica syn. very minor very minor very minor C. longa 840040 Horseradish Armoracia rusticana very minor very minor very minor 21

Acreages in thousands of hectares in Status of the crops in the the EU administrative zones EU administrative zones Code English name Scientific name EPPO code Northern Central Southern Northern Central Southern residue dir. 850000 Buds very minor very minor very minor 850010 Cloves Syzygium aromaticum very minor very minor very minor 850020 Capers Capparis spinosa very minor very minor very minor 860000 Flower stigma very minor very minor very minor 860010 Saffron very minor very minor very minor 870000 Aril very minor very minor very minor 870010 Mace Myristica fragrans very minor very minor very minor 900000 9.SUGAR PLANTS 900010 Sugar beet Beta vulgaris BEAVA 114 1029 537 MAJOR MAJOR MAJOR 900020 Sugar cane very minor very minor very minor 900030 Chicory roots Cichorium intybus CICIS 0 12 0 minor minor minor Chicorey Cichorium intybus CICIS 0 2 3 minor minor minor Tobacco raw (including seedlings enclosures) NIOTA 0 27 88 minor minor (*) minor (*) FORAGE CROPS Fodder beet BEAVC 11 69 10 minor minor (*) minor Lucerne MEDSA 21 677 1392 minor (*) MAJOR MAJOR Fodder kale BRSOM 0 3 27 minor minor minor (*) Turnips for stockfeeding BRSNA 0 2 2 minor minor minor Temporary grasses and grazings 2541 2369 4366 MAJOR MAJOR MAJOR ORNAMENTAL CROPS Flowers and ornamental plants (including seeds) 2 48 21 minor minor (*) minor (*) Flowers and ornamental plants (under glass) 0 12 11 minor minor minor