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Downloads/Weedlist2006.Pdf (/Isc/Abstract/20077202810) Citation information Page 1 of 2 (/ISC/) Invasive Species Compendium Detailed coverage of invasive species threatening livelihoods and the environment worldwide Filter by type Search Citation Please cite the Compendium as follows: For the compilation as a whole CABI, current year. Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/isc (http://www.cabi.org/isc). For an individual datasheet where authors are attributed in the Contributor section CABI, current year. Fallopia japonica [original text by AN Author]. In: Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/isc (http://www.cabi.org/isc). For an individual datasheet where no author is attributed CABI, current year. Fallopia japonica. In: Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/isc (http://www.cabi.org/isc). Contact Us (/ISC/contactus) Feedback (https://www.cabi.org/feedback/) Accessibility (https://www.cabi.org/accessibility/ ) Cookies (https://www.cabi.org/cookie-information/ ) Privacy Policy (https://www.cabi.org/privacy-policy/) Terms and conditions (https://www.cabi.org/terms-and-conditions/ ) https://www.cabi.org/ISC/citation 1/27/2019 Citation information Page 2 of 2 © Copyright 2019 CAB International. CABI is a registered EU trademark. https://www.cabi.org/ISC/citation 1/27/2019 4/6/2018 Datasheet report for Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed) Invasive Species Compendium Datasheet report for Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed) Top of page Pictures Picture Title Caption Copyright Leaves and A. philoxeroides is characterized by dark-green waxy leaves, lance-shaped, Bill inflorescence opposite, 12-14 x 1.5-2.5 cm. Inflorescence white, ball-shaped, papery, 1.5 cm in Parsons diameter. Growth habit A. philoxeroides is a perennial herb which grows as an emerged, aquatic plant, Bill rooted in the soil or in the substrate below shallow water. Parsons Growth and The plant usually roots in a solid substrate and spreads in a tangled mat over the Bill spread in water surface. Parsons water Alligator Excessive growth of A. philoxeroides covers waterways affecting navigation, Bill weed preventing access, disrupting flow and adversely affecting the aquatic flora and Parsons infesting fauna, as in this river at Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA. river https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheetreport?dsid=4403 1/39 4/6/2018 Datasheet report for Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed) Top of page Identity Preferred Scientific Name Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. Preferred Common Name alligator weed Other Scientific Names Achyrantes philoxeroides (Mart.) Achyranthes paludosa Bunbury Alternanthera philoxerina Suess. Bucholzia philoxeroides Mart. Celosia amphibia Salzm. ex Moq. Mogiphanes philorexoides D. Parodi Telanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Telanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Moq. International Common Names English: alligator grass; pig weed Spanish: hierba caiman; hierba lagarto; lagunilla; yerba lagarto Chinese: xi han lian zi cao Portuguese: erva jacare; periquito-saracura; piriquito Local Common Names Argentina: lagunilla Australia: mukuna-menna; pannankarni Brazil: erva de jacare Ecuador: hierba lagarto India: phackchet Mexico: hierba caimán; hierba del Caiman Sri Lanka: kimbul-wenna Uruguay: raiz colorado USA: alligatorweed EPPO code ALRPH (Alternanthera philoxeroides) https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheetreport?dsid=4403 2/39 4/6/2018 Datasheet report for Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed) Top of page Summary of Invasiveness A. philoxeroides is one of the worst weeds in the world because it invades both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. The aquatic form of the plant has the potential to become a serious threat to rivers, waterways, wetlands and irrigation systems. The terrestrial form grows forming dense mats with a massive underground rhizomatous root system (ISSG, 2016). This weed is extremely difficult to control, is able to reproduce from plant fragments and grows in a wide range of climates and habitats, including terrestrial areas. In aquatic habitats it has deleterious effects on other plants and animals, water quality, aesthetics, vector populations, water flow, flooding and sedimentation. In terrestrial situations, it degrades riverbanks, pastures, and agricultural lands producing massive underground lignified root systems penetrating up to 50-60 cm deep. Currently, A. philoxeroides is listed as invasive in the United States, Puerto Rico, France, Italy, India, Sri Lanka, China, Taiwan, Indonesia, Myanmar, Singapore, Australia and New Zealand (Weber et al., 2008; Chandra, 2012; Rojas-Sandoval and Acevedo-Rodriguez, 2015; DAISIE, 2016; USDA-ARS, 2016; USDA- NRCS, 2016; Weeds of Australia, 2016). Once established, it behaves as an aggressive invader with the capability to totally disrupt natural aquatic ecosystems, shoreline vegetation and terrestrial and semi-aquatic environments (ISSG, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2016). Top of page Taxonomic Tree Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Spermatophyta Subphylum: Angiospermae Class: Dicotyledonae Order: Caryophyllales Family: Amaranthaceae Genus: Alternanthera Species: Alternanthera philoxeroides Top of page Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature The family Amaranthaceae includes 174 genera and about 2500 species distributed worldwide especially in warm and dry temperate areas, the subtropics and saline habitats (Stevens, 2012). Alternanthera is a diverse genus (80–200 species) and the second largest in the subfamily Gomphrenoideae of Amaranthaceae. The genus is largely restricted to the American tropics and its highest diversity occurs in South America, but many species also occur in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico (Sanchez del Pino et al., 2012). There are two biotypes of A. philoxeroides in Florida which differ morphologically: broad- and narrow-stemmed forms. Another two biotypes exist in Argentina which are morphologically similar but differ in chromosome number, the wild form being tetraploid (2n=68) and the weedy form being hexaploid (2n=102) (Parsons and Cuthbertson, 1992). https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheetreport?dsid=4403 3/39 4/6/2018 Datasheet report for Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed) Top of page Description Decumbent or ascending glabrate aquatic perennials, the simple or branched, often fistulose stems to 100 cm. long. Leaves glabrous or glabrate, lanceolate to narrowly obovate, apically rounded to acute, basally cuneate, rarely denticulate, 2-10 cm. long, 0.5-2 cm. broad; petioles 1-3 mm. long. Inflorescences of terminal and occasionally axillary white glomes, 10-18 mm. long, 10-18 mm. broad, the usually unbranched peduncles 1-5 cm. long. Flowers perfect, bracts and bracteoles subequal, ovate, acuminate, 1-2 mm. long; sepals 5, subequal, oblong, apically acute and occasionally denticulate, neither indurate nor ribbed, 5-6 mm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. broad; stamens 5, united below into a tube, the pseudostaminodia lacerate and exceeding the anthers; ovary reniform, the style about twice as long as the globose capitate stigma. Fruit an indehiscent reniform utricle 1 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. broad (Flora of Panama, 2016). Top of page Plant Type Aquatic Biennial Broadleaved Herbaceous Perennial Succulent Vegetatively propagated Vine / climber Top of page Distribution A. philoxeroides is native to South America, principally the Parana River region (Julien et al., 1995), from Guyana to Brazil and northern Argentina (USDA-ARS, 2016). It has been introduced into Europe, North and Central America, the Caribbean, tropical Asia, and Oceania (DAISIE, 2016; ISSG, 2016 OEPP/EPPO, 2016; USDA-ARS, 2016). https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheetreport?dsid=4403 4/39 4/6/2018 Datasheet report for Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed) Top of page Distribution Table The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report. Continent/Country/Region Distribution Last Origin First Invasive Reference Notes Reported Reported Asia Bangladesh Present Introduced Invasive Islam et al., 2003; (/isc/datasheet/108369) Shaheen et al., 2006 China Present Introduced Invasive , ; Julien et al., 1995; (/isc/datasheet/108398) Weber et al., 2008 -Anhui Present Introduced Julien et al., 1995 (/isc/datasheet/108667) -Beijing Present Introduced Invasive Flora of China Editorial (/isc/datasheet/108668) Committee, 2016 -Fujian Present Introduced Julien et al., 1995; (/isc/datasheet/108670) Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2016 -Guangdong Present Introduced Julien et al., 1995 (/isc/datasheet/108671) -Guangxi Present Introduced Julien et al., 1995 (/isc/datasheet/108673) -Guizhou Present Introduced Julien et al., 1995 (/isc/datasheet/108674) -Hainan Present Guo and Zhou, 2005 (/isc/datasheet/108675) -Hebei Present Introduced Invasive Flora of China Editorial (/isc/datasheet/108677) Committee, 2016 -Hong Kong Present Introduced Invasive Wu, 2001 (/isc/datasheet/108678) -Hubei Present Introduced Julien et al., 1995; (/isc/datasheet/108676) Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2016 -Hunan Present Introduced Julien et al., 1995; (/isc/datasheet/108681) Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2016 -Jiangsu Present Lou et al., 2005; Flora (/isc/datasheet/108683) of China Editorial Committee, 2016 -Jiangxi Present Introduced Julien et al., 1995; (/isc/datasheet/108684) Flora
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