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Alternanthera Philoxeroides

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View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NERC Open Research Archive EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN PLANT PROTECTION ORGANIZATION ORGANISATION EUROPEENNE ET MEDITERRANEENNE POUR LA PROTECTION DES PLANTES 15-20714 Pest Risk Analysis for Alternanthera philoxeroides September 2015 EPPO 21 Boulevard Richard Lenoir 75011 Paris www.eppo.int [email protected] This risk assessment follows the EPPO Standard PM PM 5/5(1) Decision-Support Scheme for an Express Pest Risk Analysis (available at http://archives.eppo.int/EPPOStandards/pra.htm) and uses the terminology defined in ISPM 5 Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms (available at https://www.ippc.int/index.php). This document was first elaborated by an Expert Working Group and then reviewed by the Panel on Invasive Alien Plants and if relevant other EPPO bodies. Cite this document as: EPPO (2015) Pest risk analysis for Alternanthera philoxeroides. EPPO, Paris. Available at http://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/Pest_Risk_Analysis/PRA_intro.htm Photo: Alternanthera philoxeroides stands in the Arno river. CourtesyLorrenzo Cecchi (IT) 15-20714 (15-20515) Pest Risk Analysis for Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. This PRA follows EPPO Standard PM 5/5 Decision-Support Scheme for an Express Pest Risk Analysis. PRA area: EPPO region Prepared by: EWG on Alternanthera philoxeroides and Myriophyllum heterophyllum Date: 2015-04-20/24 Composition of the Expert Working Group (EWG) ANDERSON Lars W.j. (Mr) Waterweed Solutions, P.O. Box 73883, CA 95617 Davis, United States Tel: +01-9167157686 - [email protected] FRIED Guillaume (Mr) ANSES - Laboratoire de la santé des végétaux, Station de Montpellier, CBGP, 755 Avenue du Campus Agropolis Campus International de Baillarguet - CS 30016, 34988 Montferrier-Sur- Lez Cedex, France Tel: +33-467022553 - [email protected] GUNASEKERA Lalith (Mr) Biosecurity Officer, Central Region, Invasive Plants Animals, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, 30 Tennyson Street, P.O. Box 668, Qld 4740 Mackay, Australia Tel: +61-748625050 - [email protected] HUSSNER Andreas (Mr) Institut für Botanik, Universistatet Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1 Geb. 26.13.O2, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany Tel: +49-2118114209 - [email protected] NEWMAN Jonathan (Mr) NERC, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom Tel: +44-1491692556 - [email protected] STARFINGER Uwe (Mr) Julius Kühn Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for National and International Plant Health, Messeweg 11/12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany Tel: +49-5312993380 - [email protected] STIERS Iris (Ms) Algemene Plantkunde en Natuurbeheer (Plant Biology and Nature Management), Room 7F414, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B- 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32-26293726 - [email protected] VAN VALKENBURG Johan National Plant Protection Organization, Geertjesweg 15, P.O. Box 9102, (Mr) 6700 HC Wageningen, Netherlands Tel: +31-317496911 - [email protected] TANNER Rob (Mr) OEPP/EPPO, 21 boulevard Richard Lenoir, 75011 Paris, France Tel: +33-145207794 - [email protected] The PRA was reviewed by the Panel on Invasive Alien Plants on 2015-05-05/07 1 Content Summary 3 Stage 1: Initiation 6 Stage 2: Pest Risk Assessment 6 1. Taxonomy 6 2. Pest Overview 6 3. Is the pest a vector? 8 4. Is a vector needed for pest entry or spread? 8 5. Regulatory status of the pest 8 6. Distribution 9 7. Habitats and their distribution in the PRA area 11 8. Pathways for entry 12 9. Likelihood of establishment outdoors in the PRA area 13 10. Likelihood of establishment in protected conditions in the PRA area 14 11. Spread in the PRA area 14 12. Impact in the current area of distribution 15 13. Potential impact in the PRA area 17 14. Identification of the endangered area 18 15. Climate change 19 16. Overall assessment of risk 20 Stage 3: Pest risk management 21 17. Pest risk management 21 18. Uncertainty 22 19. Remarks 23 20. References 24 Appendices Appendix 1. Relevant illustrative pictures (for information) 30 Appendix 2. Distribution maps of Alternanthera philoxeroides 32 Appendix 3. Geiger Climatic Zones 40 Appendix 4. Maps of predicted distribution of Alternanthera philoxeroides 42 (Taken from Julien et al. 1995) 2 Summary of the Express Pest Risk Analysis for Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. PRA area: EPPO region Describe the endangered area: The warmer climatic regions, especially countries within the Mediterranean area. Countries most at prone to risk of invasion include: Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Monaco and Israel. Habitats within the endangered area include; riparian systems (slow moving rivers, canals, irrigation canals, lakes, coastal areas etc.), semi aquatic systems, agricultural land, especially floodplains. These regions are predicted and described in section 9. A. philoxeroides also has the potential to become established in countries that have thermal water bodies, for example Germany, Hungary, Slovenia, Slovakia and Poland. Main conclusions Alternanthera philoxeroides presents a high phytosanitary risk for the EPPO region with a low uncertainty rating. A. philoxeroides is already present in the EPPO region in France and Italy. Further spread within and between EPPO countries is considered likely. The overall likelihood of A. philoxeroides continuing to enter the EPPO region is medium. It is not clear how this species entered the EPPO region and there are no clear pathways of further introduction, as the species is not widely traded as an aquarium plant or as any other type of living plant material. There may be confusion with A. sessilis, or other Alternanthera species traded for aquarium, ornamental or food purposes. The risk of the species establishing in other EPPO countries is considered high as movement through irrigation and river systems may act to connect countries, facilitating spread regionally, especially through high energy unstable river systems that may encourage fragmentation. Spread may be significantly accelerated by water based recreational activities. The potential high impact of the species within the EPPO region should be considered similar to that seen in other countries where the species has invaded and become established; i.e. Australia and the southern states of North America. Impacts are likely to be more pronounced in countries and regions where the climate most suited to population, establishment, growth and spread. Entry and establishment The species is already present and well established within the PRA area- in France and Italy. The overall likelihood of A. philoxeroides entering into the EPPO region is moderate. The pathways identified are: Plants for planting (either deliberately or as a result of misidentification) Contaminant of other plants Accidental contaminant of bird seed Import of A. sessilis as a vegetable Shipping Recently the species has shown increased invasiveness in existing sites in Italy and at a new site in the south east of France. In terms of habitats, it is possible for A. philoxeroides to establish throughout climatically suitable aquatic and riparian habitats within the EPPO region. A. philoxeroides also has the potential to establish within terrestrial agricultural systems within the EPPO region, but in particular in irrigated rice crops. There is the additional potential for the species to establish in various kinds of terrestrial habitats. A. philoxeroides is tolerant of a wide range of environmental aquatic conditions. Cold temperatures are likely to limit the northern distribution of this species. Climate change is likely to increase the likelihood of establishment in more areas of the EPPO region. Potential impacts in the PRA area Alternanthera philoxeroides has been shown to have significant environmental and economic impacts within the invaded range (excluding the EPPO region). There is no evidence to suggest that the impacts observed will be different in the EPPO region. The potential economic impact of A. philoxeroides in the EPPO region could be highly significant if the species spreads and establishes in further areas; especially when consideration is given to the loss of earnings and costs associated with management for other aquatic species in Europe. There are no host specific natural enemies in the EPPO region to regulate the pest species, and in many EPPO countries herbicide application in or around water bodies is highly regulated or not permitted. Climate change, especially rises in temperature may increase the total area this species is able to invade. Although we assume that impacts have occurred where the plant forms dense populations 3 in the EPPO region. There has been no research conducted yet on the impact on native plant species or communities. The habitat potentially invaded by the species is vulnerable and provides important ecosystem services. Phytosanitary measures: The result of this PRA shows that A. philoxeroides poses an unacceptable risk in the EPPO region. It is recommended that A. philoxeroides is included on the list of quarantine pests. The main pathways being consider are: (1) Plants for planting (either as an intentional import as a case of misidentification). (2) Contaminant of plants for planting (3) Bird seed contamination International measures: (1) Prohibition of import into and within the EPPO region and within
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  • Alternanthera Sessilis (L.) R.Br

    Alternanthera Sessilis (L.) R.Br

    International Journal of Applied Research 2016; 2(4): 28-30 ISSN Print: 2394-7500 ISSN Online: 2394-5869 A study on the cooking quality, biochemical and Impact Factor: 5.2 IJAR 2016; 2(4): 28-30 nutritive value of edible green leaf vegetable: www.allresearchjournal.com Received: 02-02-2016 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. Ex Dc. Accepted: 05-03-2016 Anitha T Anitha T, Mary Josephine R Department of Botany, Nirmala College for Women, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract Green leafy vegetables are important protective foods and highly beneficial for the maintenance of Mary Josephine R health and prevention of diseases. Green leafy vegetables are valuable in maintaining alkaline reserve Department of Botany, in the body and are valued mainly for their high vitamin, dietary fibre and mineral contents. Dry leaf Nirmala College for Women, extract of Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC. was evaluated for biochemical compositions like Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India. total carbohydrate, starch, proteins, aminoacids, Vitamin B1 and Vitamin B2. The cooking qualities were also analyzed for total carbohydrate, starch and proteins at different intervals of time. The biochemical compositions obtained suggest that the leaves, as a cheap source and can be incorporated into human diet to meet the recommended daily allowances. Keywords: biochemical, mineral, green leaf. Introduction Most developing countries depend on starch-based food as the main staple food for the supply of both energy and protein. India being blessed with a variety of natural surrounding and varying climates and seasons has a number of edible green leafy vegetables. Green leafy vegetables are an important component of the human diet, providing fiber, minerals and vitamins (Acikgoz, 2011; Emebu and Anyika, 2011) [1, 2].