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Thèse Écrite FÉDÉRATION WALLONIE-BRUXELLES ACADÉMIE UNIVERSITAIRE WALLONIE-EUROPE UNIVERSITÉ DE LIÈGE – GEMBLOUX AGRO-BIO TECH ÉTUDE DU COMPLEXE ENZYMATIQUE DES SYMBIONTES DU TERMITE RETICULITERMES FLAVIPES (EX. SANTONENSIS ) Cédric TARAYRE Dissertation originale présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de Docteur en Sciences Agronomiques et Ingénierie Biologique Promoteur : Prof. Philippe THONART Co-promoteur : Prof. Jacqueline DESTAIN 2014 FÉDÉRATION WALLONIE-BRUXELLES ACADÉMIE UNIVERSITAIRE WALLONIE-EUROPE UNIVERSITÉ DE LIÈGE – GEMBLOUX AGRO-BIO TECH ÉTUDE DU COMPLEXE ENZYMATIQUE DES SYMBIONTES DU TERMITE RETICULITERMES FLAVIPES (EX. SANTONENSIS ) Cédric TARAYRE Dissertation originale présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de Docteur en Sciences Agronomiques et Ingénierie Biologique Promoteur : Prof. Philippe THONART Co-promoteur : Prof. Jacqueline DESTAIN 2014 Copyright. Aux termes de la loi belge du 30 juin 1994, sur le droit d’auteur et les droits voisins, seul l’auteur a le droit de reproduire partiellement ou complètement cet ouvrage de quelque façon et forme que ce soit ou d’en autoriser la reproduction partielle ou complète de quelque manière et sous quelque forme que ce soit. Toute photocopie ou reproduction sous une autre forme est donc faite en violation de la dite loi et des modifications ultérieures. RÉSUMÉ Tarayre, Cédric (2014) - Étude du complexe enzymatique des symbiontes du termite Reticulitermes flavipes (ex. santonensis ). Thèse de doctorat. Université de Liège – Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Belgique. Au vu du contexte économique, environnemental et social dans lequel nous nous trouvons actuellement, il est devenu indéniable que l’usage des énergies fossiles n’est pas concevable à long terme. Des alternatives ont donc émergé ces dernières années. Les biocarburants de seconde génération constituent une de ces alternatives et sont basés sur l’exploitation de biomasse végétale, dite lignocellulosique. Cette matière, pour être utilisable, requiert une étape d’hydrolyse réalisable notamment par l’utilisation d’enzymes. Certains insectes, tels que les termites, abritent au sein de leur système digestif des communautés microbiennes complexes. Celles-ci sont capables de produire des enzymes utilisables dans le domaine de l’hydrolyse de la biomasse végétale. Le présent travail se situe dans cette optique. La majeure partie du travail accompli s’est focalisée sur la recherche de microorganismes (bactéries, mycètes et protistes) producteurs d’enzymes responsables de la dégradation des hémicelluloses et de la cellulose, dont l’hydrolyse libère des sucres fermentescibles. L’insecte utilisé dans le cadre de ce travail est Reticulitermes flavipes (ex. santonensis ), termite inférieur, possédant une microflore intrinsèque très diversifiée. Cette thèse décrit la caractérisation des souches microbiennes isolées ainsi que des enzymes qu’elles sécrètent. Une partie complémentaire à cette recherche s’est concentrée sur des termites élevés sur diètes artificielles. L’objectif de cette partie était multiple : isoler des souches microbiennes productrices d’enzymes, non extraites selon la méthode conventionnelle, et caractériser les microflores induites par les diètes artificielles appliquées. Cette analyse pluridisciplinaire s’est basée sur la microscopie, la protéomique, la métagénomique et la caractérisation du métabolisme appliquées aux différents consortia microbiens. SUMMARY Tarayre, Cédric (2014) – Study of the enzyme complex of the symbionts of the termite Reticulitermes flavipes (ex. santonensis ). Doctoral thesis. University of Liège – Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Belgium. In the light of the economic, environmental and social context in which we live today, it has become obvious that the use of fossil fuels is not conceivable over the long term. Some alternatives have therefore emerged in recent years. Second-generation biofuels are one of those alternatives and are based on the exploitation of vegetal biomass, also called lignocellulosic biomass. These materials require a hydrolysis step which can notably be achieved by enzymes. Some insects, such as termites, harbor complex microbial communities inside their digestive tracts. Those communities are able to produce enzymes which can be used in the field of the hydrolysis of vegetal biomass. This is what this thesis deals with. The main part of the work done focused on the research of enzyme-producing microorganisms (bacteria, mycetes and protists) responsible for the degradation of hemicelluloses and cellulose, the hydrolysis of which releases fermentable sugars. The insect which was used in this work was Reticulitermes flavipes (ex. santonensis ), a lower termite, harboring a highly diversified internal microflora. This thesis describes the characterization of the microbial strains which were isolated and the enzymes they secrete. A complementary part of this research focussed on termites grown on artificial diets. The objective of this part was multiple : isolating enzyme-producing strains, not extractable according to the standard technique, and characterizing the microflora resulting from the applied artificial diets. This multidisciplinary approach was based on microscopy, proteomics, metagenomics and the assessment of metabolism applied to the different microbial consortia. REMERCIEMENTS Tous les doctorants et docteurs le savent : la réalisation d’une thèse de doctorat est loin d’être une tâche facile. Il n’est pas rare d’avoir besoin d’aide lorsqu’on réalise un tel travail, qu’il s’agisse d’une assistance scientifique ou morale. On pourrait résumer le contexte de la thèse de doctorat en une phrase : « Achève ta thèse avant qu’elle ne parvienne à t’achever ». A travers cette section, je tiens à mettre en avant les différentes personnes sans qui l’accomplissement de ce travail aurait été bien plus difficile. Tout d’abord, je tiens à remercier M. le professeur Philippe Thonart, promoteur de cette thèse de doctorat et chef de service des Bio-Industries, pour m’avoir accueilli au sein de son unité en tant que doctorant. Je le remercie également de m’avoir si bien soutenu en me fournissant le temps et les moyens nécessaires à l’accomplissement de cette thèse. Je suis particulièrement reconnaissant à Mme le professeur Jacqueline Destain, co- promoteur de cette thèse, pour ses précieuses remarques quant à la rédaction de ce travail, pour avoir passé toutes ces heures à relire ma thèse et pour m’avoir permis d’améliorer considérablement la qualité de mon travail écrit. Je tiens également à exprimer ma gratitude aux autres membres de mon jury de thèse, en particulier M. Daniel Portetelle et M. Jacques Mahillon qui ont très gentiment accepté d’être choisis comme rapporteurs. Je voudrais aussi exprimer ma reconnaissance à Mme Marianne Sindic, Mme Micheline Vandenbol, M. Edwin De Pauw, M. Frédéric Francis et M. Éric Haubruge. J’adresse un sincère remerciement à mes collègues de projet Julien Bauwens, Catherine Brasseur, Christel Mattéotti et Catherine Millet pour m’avoir permis de mettre en place avec eux un partenariat à la fois efficace et agréable. Nous avons pu, sur base de cette collaboration, aboutir à un travail de qualité, autant sur les plans professionnel que relationnel. Je tiens à exprimer toute ma gratitude à mes collègues de l’Unité de Bio-Industries pour la précieuse aide qu’ils m’ont apportée à de multiples occasions, ainsi que pour la bonne humeur dont ils ont fait preuve durant toute la durée d’accomplissement de ce travail. Sur un plan plus personnel, je voudrais remercier ma sœur Caroline ainsi que mon père pour avoir relu et corrigé les parties de mon travail rédigées en anglais. La rédaction d’un article de résultats n’est en soi pas une chose facile, il l’est encore moins de le faire accepter lorsqu’on n’est pas un anglophone natif. Je tenais donc à mettre en avant leurs compétences à ce niveau. LISTE DES PUBLICATIONS Publications acceptées en tant que premier auteur Cédric Tarayre, Alison Brognaux, Catherine Brasseur, Julien Bauwens, Catherine Millet, Christel Mattéotti, Jacqueline Destain, Micheline Vandenbol, Daniel Portetelle, Edwin De Pauw, Éric Haubruge, Frédéric Francis, Philippe Thonart (2013) Isolation and Cultivation of a Xylanolytic Bacillus subtilis Extracted from the Gut of the Termite Reticulitermes santonensis . Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 171 (1): 225-245. Cédric Tarayre, Julien Bauwens, Catherine Brasseur, Christel Mattéotti, Jacqueline Destain, Micheline Vandenbol, Daniel Portetelle, Edwin De Pauw, Éric Haubruge, Frédéric Francis, Philippe Thonart (2014) Isolation of an amylolytic chrysophyte, Poterioochromonas sp., from the digestive tract of the termite Reticulitermes santonensis . Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement 18 (1): 1-13. Cédric Tarayre, Alison Brognaux, Julien Bauwens, Catherine Brasseur, Christel Mattéotti, Catherine Millet, Jacqueline Destain, Micheline Vandenbol, Daniel Portetelle, Edwin De Pauw, Haubruge Éric, Frédéric Francis, Philippe Thonart (2014) Isolation of amylolytic, xylanolytic, and cellulolytic microorganisms extracted from the gut of the termite Reticulitermes santonensis by means of a micro-aerobic atmosphere . World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 30 (5): 1655-1660. Publications acceptées en tant que co-auteur Christel Mattéotti, Julien Bauwens, Catherine Brasseur, Cédric Tarayre, Philippe Thonart, Jacqueline Destain, Frédéric Francis, Éric Haubruge, Edwin De Pauw, Daniel Portetelle, Micheline Vandenbol (2012) Identification and characterization of a new xylanase from Gram-positive
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