Treatise on the Isoptera of the World Kumar

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Treatise on the Isoptera of the World Kumar View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by American Museum of Natural History Scientific Publications KRISHNA ET AL.: ISOPTERA OF THE WORLD: 7. REFERENCES AND INDEX7. TREATISE ON THE ISOPTERA OF THE WORLD 7. REFERENCES AND INDEX KUMAR KRISHNA, DAVID A. GRIMALDI, VALERIE KRISHNA, AND MICHAEL S. ENGEL A MNH BULLETIN (7) 377 2 013 BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY TREATISE ON THE ISOPTERA OF THE WORLD VolUME 7 REFERENCES AND INDEX KUMAR KRISHNA, DAVID A. GRIMALDI, VALERIE KRISHNA Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024-5192 AND MICHAEL S. ENGEL Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024-5192; Division of Entomology (Paleoentomology), Natural History Museum and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology 1501 Crestline Drive, Suite 140 University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Number 377, 2704 pp., 70 figures, 14 tables Issued April 25, 2013 Copyright © American Museum of Natural History 2013 ISSN 0003-0090 2013 Krishna ET AL.: ISOPtera 2435 CS ONTENT VOLUME 1 Abstract...................................................................... 5 Introduction.................................................................. 7 Acknowledgments . 9 A Brief History of Termite Systematics ........................................... 11 Morphology . 44 Key to the Extant Families of Isoptera............................................ 69 Key to the Subfamilies of Termitidae ......................................... 74 Key to Genera of the Family Kalotermitidae .................................. 75 Diagnoses of Families and Subfamilies . 79 Pest Species of Isoptera ........................................................ 133 Termite Evolution: Diversity, Distributions, Phylogeny, Fossil Record ................ 147 Summary Classification of Isoptera .............................................. 183 The Taxonomic Compendium .................................................. 193 Nomenclatural Changes Made in This Work .................................. 193 Museums and Repositories ................................................. 196 VOLUME 2 Isoptera ...................................................................... 205 Cratomastotermitidae.......................................................... 221 Mastotermitidae .............................................................. 223 Termopsidae.................................................................. 247 Archotermopsidae............................................................. 253 Hodotermitidae ............................................................... 277 Stolotermitidae ............................................................... 307 Porotermitinae . 307 Stolotermitinae ............................................................ 315 Kalotermitidae ................................................................ 323 VOLUME 3 Archeorhinotermitidae......................................................... 627 Stylotermitidae................................................................ 629 Rhinotermitidae .............................................................. 651 Coptotermitinae........................................................... 655 Heterotermitinae . 741 Prorhinotermitinae . 879 2435 2436 BULLETIN OF THE American Museum OF natural HistORY NO. 377 P sammotermitinae......................................................... 895 Rhinotermitinae ........................................................... 905 Termitogetoninae.......................................................... 961 Serritermitidae ............................................................ 967 VOLUME 4 Termitidae ................................................................... 977 Sphaerotermitinae . 981 Macrotermitinae........................................................... 985 Foraminitermitinae . 1301 Apicotermitinae . 1309 Syntermitinae . 1423 VOLUME 5 Termitidae (continued) Nasutitermitinae........................................................... 1499 Cubitermitinae . 1901 VOLUME 6 Termitidae (continued) Termitinae................................................................ 1993 Family incertae sedis .......................................................... 2389 Not Isoptera .................................................................. 2423 VOLUME 7 References ................................................................... 2437 Index to Scientific Names ...................................................... 2681 2013 Krishna ET AL.: ISOPtera: references 2437 REFERENCES Aanen, D.K. 2006. As you reap, so shall you sow: coupling of harvesting and inoculating stabilizes the mutualism between termites and fungi. Biology Letters 2: 209–212. Aanen, D.K., and J.J. Boomsma. 2006. The evolutionary origin and maintenance of the mutualistic symbiosis between termites and fungi. In K. Bourtzis and T.A. Miller (editors), Insect symbiosis. Vol. 2: 79–95. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 304 pp. Aanen, D.K., and P. Eggleton. 2005. Fungus-growing termites originated in African rain forest. Current Biology 15 (9): 851–855. Aanen, D.K., P. Eggleton, C. Rouland-Lefèvre, T. Guldberg-Frøslev, S. Rosendahl, and J.J. Boomsma. 2002. The evolution of fungus-growing termites and their mutualistic fungal symbionts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 (23): 14613–15246. Aanen, D.K., V.I.D. Ros, H.H. de Fine Licht, J. Mitchell, Z.W. de Beer, B. Slippers, C. Rouland-LeFèvre, and J.J. Boomsma. 2007. Patterns of interaction specificity of fungus-growing termites and Termitomyces symbionts in South Africa. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7 (115): 1–11. Abdel-Wahab, M.A., A.M. Ali, and N. Abdel-Hafiz. 1985. Influence of temperature and relative humidity on the survival of workers of Psammotermes hypostoma and Amitermes desertorum. Annals of Entomology (Dehra Dun) 3 (1): 49–52. Abdu, R.M., and N.F. Shaumar. 1985. A preliminary list of the insect fauna of Qatar. Qatar University Science Bul- letin 5: 215–232. Abdul Rassoul, M.S. 1976. Checklist of Iraq Natural History Museum insects collection. Iraq Natural History Museum Publication 30: 1–41. Abdullaev, I.I., A.S. Khamraev, C. Martius, A.A. Nurjanov, and R.A. Eshchanov. 2002. Termites (Isoptera) in irri- gated and arid landscapes of Central Asia (Uzbekistan). Sociobiology 40 (3): 605–614. Abe, T. 1979. Studies on the distribution and ecological role of termites in a lowland rain forest of West Malaysia. (2) Food and feeding habits of termites in Pasoh Forest Reserve. Japanese Journal of Ecology 29 (2): 121–135. Abe, T. 1980. Studies on the distribution and ecological role of termites in a lowland rain forest of West Malaysia. (4) The role of termites in the process of wood decomposition in Pasoh Forest Reserve. Revue d’Écologie et de Biologie du Sol 17 (1): 23–40. Abe, T. 1982. Ecological role of termites in a tropical rain forest. In M.D. Breed, C.D. Michener, and H.E. Evans (edi- tors), The biology of social insects: proceedings of the ninth congress of the International Union for the Study of Social Insects, Boulder, Colorado, August 1982: 71–75. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, xi + [1] + 419 + [1] pp. Abe, T. 1984. Colonization of the Krakatau Islands by termites (Insecta: Isoptera). Physiology and Ecology (Japan) 21 (1): 63–88. Abe, T. 1987. Evolution of life types in termites. In S. Kawano, J.H. Connell, and T. Hidaka (editors), Evolution and coadaptation in biotic communities: 125–148. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, viii + 256 pp. Abe, T. 1989. Distribution and abundance of termites in the subtropical rain forest of Iriomote Island, the Ryukyu Islands. House and Household Insect Pests 11 (1): 43–50. [in Japanese, with English title] Abe, T. 1990. Evolution of worker caste in termites. In G.K. Veeresh, B. Mallik, and C.A. Viraktamath (editors), Social insects and the environment: proceedings of the 11th international congress of IUSSI, 1990 (Inter- national Union for the Study of Social Insects): 29–30. Leiden: E.J. Brill, xxxi + 765 pp. Abe, T. 1991a. Ecological factors associated with the evolution of worker and soldier castes in termites. Annals of Entomology (Dehra Dun) 9 (2): 101–107. Abe, T. 1991b. Distribution and abundance of subterranean fungus-growing termites (Isoptera) in the grassland of Kajiado, Kenya. In G.K. Veeresh, D. Rajagopal, and C.A. Viraktamath (editors), Advances in management and conservation of soil fauna: 111–121. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., xvi + 925 pp. Abe, T., and J.P.E.C. Darlington. 1985. Distribution and abundance of a mound-building termite, Macrotermes michaelseni, with special reference to its subterranean colonies and ant predators. Physiology and Ecology (Japan) 22 (1–2): 59–74. Abe, T., and M. Higashi. 1998. Importance of differential dispersal ability and asymmetrical competition among life types to explain the global distribution of termites. In M.P. Schwarz and K. Hogendoorn (editors), Social insects at the turn of the millennium: proceedings of the 13th international congress of IUSSI [Adelaide, 29 Decem- ber, 1998–3 January, 1999]: 25. Adelaide: International Union for the Study of Social Insects, [5] + 535 pp. 2438 BULLETIN OF THE American Museum OF natural HistORY NO. 377 Abe, T., and T. Inoue. 1993. Fauna and nesting habits of termites in the peat
Recommended publications
  • Evolution and Ecology of Termite Nesting Behavior and Its Impact On
    1 Evolution and Ecology of Termite Nesting Behavior and Its Impact on Disease Susceptibility A dissertation presented by Marielle Aimée Postava-Davignon to The Department of Biology In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the field of Biology Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts April, 2010 2 Evolution and Ecology of Termite Nesting Behavior and Its Impact on Disease Susceptibility by Marielle Aimée Postava-Davignon ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Northeastern University, April, 2010 3 Abstract Termites construct nests that are often structurally species-specific. They exhibit a high diversity of nest structures, but their nest evolution is largely unknown. Current hypotheses for the factors that influenced nest evolution include adaptations that improved nest thermoregulation, defense against predators, and competition for limited nest sites. Studies have shown a lower prevalence of pathogens and parasites in arboreal nesting animal species compared to ground nesters. Nest building behavior is plastic and can adapt to changing environments. As termites can detect and avoid pathogens, I hypothesized that the evolution of arboreal termite nests was an adaptation to avoid infection. To test this, bacteria and fungi from nest cores, trails, and surrounding soils of the arboreal nesting Nasutitermes acajutlae were cultured. Abiotic factors such as temperature, relative humidity, and light were measured to elucidate how they influenced the interactions between termites and microbes. Fungi associated with N. acajutlae were identified to determine the potential pathogenic pressures these termites encounter in their nest as compared to the external environment.
    [Show full text]
  • AUSTRALIAN TERMITOPHILES ASSOCIATED with MICROCEROTERMES (Isoptera: Amitermitinae) I
    Pacific Insects 12 (1): 9-15 20 May 1970 AUSTRALIAN TERMITOPHILES ASSOCIATED WITH MICROCEROTERMES (Isoptera: Amitermitinae) I. A new Subtribe, genus, and species (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) with notes on their behavior1 By David H. Kistner2 Abstract: A new Subtribe (Microceroxenina) of the tribe Athetini is described. The single included genus and species (both new) is Microceroxenus alzadae which was cap­ tured with Microcerotermes turneri in North Queensland. Behavioral observations are presented which support the interpretation that Microceroxenus is well-integrated into the social life of the termites. Observations of the release of alates by the host ter­ mites are presented which support the interpretation that the release of alates in these termites is simultaneous among colonies in a given area, is of short duration, and oc­ curs rather infrequently. Not many species of termitophiles have been found with termites of the genus Micro­ cerotermes Silvestri (Amitermitinae) or even from the genera related to Microcerotermes such as Amphidotermes or Globitermes (Ahmad 1950). Only 1 species of staphylinid has been previously recorded and that species is Termitochara kraatzi Wasmann which was collected with Microcerotermes sikorae (Wasmann) from Madagascar (Seevers 1957). The same species of termitophile has also been recorded from a nest of Capritermes capricor- nis (Wasmann), which belongs to an entirely different subfamily (Termitinae), by Was­ mann (1893). No one really believes either of these termites is the true host of the species as the nearest relatives of Termitochara are found principally with the Nasutiter- mitinae. It was therefore a real pleasure to open up a Microcerotermes nest and find numerous staphylinids there, particularly when opening up nests of the same genus in Africa had never yielded any staphylinids.
    [Show full text]
  • Symbiotic Cellulolytic Bacteria from the Gut of the Subterranean Termite Psammotermes Hypostoma Desneux and Their Role in Cellulose Digestion Huda R
    Ali et al. AMB Expr (2019) 9:111 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-019-0830-5 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Open Access Symbiotic cellulolytic bacteria from the gut of the subterranean termite Psammotermes hypostoma Desneux and their role in cellulose digestion Huda R. K. Ali1*, Nada F. Hemeda2 and Yasser F. Abdelaliem3 Abstract The subterranean termite Psammotermes hypostoma Desneux is considered as an important pest that could cause severe damage to buildings, furniture, silos of grain and crops or any material containing cellulose. This species of termites is widespread in Egypt and Africa. The lower termite’s ability to digest cellulose depends on the association of symbiotic organisms gut that digest cellulose (fagellates and bacteria). In this study, 33 diferent bacterial isolates were obtained from the gut of the termite P. hypostoma which were collected using cellulose traps. Strains were grown on carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as a sole source of carbon. Cellulolytic strains were isolated in two diferent cellulose medium (mineral salt medium containing carboxymethylcellulose as the sole carbon source and agar cel- lulose medium). Five isolates showed signifcant cellulolytic activity identifed by a Congo red assay which gives clear zone. Based on biochemical tests and sequencing of 16s rRNA genes these isolates were identifed as Paenibacillus lactis, Lysinibacillus macrolides, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Lysinibacillus fusiformis and Bacillus cereus, that depos- ited in GenBank with accession numbers MG991563, MG991564, MG991565, MG991566 and MG991567, respectively. Keywords: Termite, Psammotermes hypostoma, Symbiosis, Cellulose degrading bacteria, 16S rRNA gene, Phylogenetic analysis Introduction economic damage than food combined with fre (Eggle- Termites are social insects occurring in tropical, subtropical, ton 2011).
    [Show full text]
  • The Termite by Ogden Nash
    Biological studies on two European termite species: establishment risk in the UK Laetitia Virginie Laine B.Sc. M.Sc. D.I.C. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London November 2002 Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College, Silwood Park, Ascot, SL5 7PY, Berkshire Abstract The discovery of an accidental introduction of termites into Devon in 1994 generated great interest as termites were previously thought to be unable to establish in the UK due to unfavourable climatic conditions. Information about the species present in Devon, Reticulitermes grassei, was found to be lacking and the present study was undertaken to determine the importance of various abiotic and biotic factors in establishment of this species. The factors included in the study were the minimum termite number for establishment, the consumption of wood and its effect on survival and temperature and soil type. A review of the literature was also conducted, detailing the problems with the taxonomy of this termite genus, their present distribution pattern and the life cycle of Reticulitermes species. Two populations of both R. grassei and R. santonensis were studied. The effect of the minimum termite number was found to be significant in both laboratory and field conditions. However, survival decreased in the laboratory and increased in the field with increased number of termites. Consumption experiments were performed using blocks of Scots pine, beech and oak. In most cases termite populations were found to consume and survive best on oak. Consumption was also tested on live seedlings but these results were inconclusive. Survival was observed to increase with increased temperature.
    [Show full text]
  • Isoptera Book Chapter
    Isoptera 535 See Also the Following Articles Biodiversity ■ Biogeographical Patterns ■ Cave Insects ■ Introduced Insects Further Reading Carlquist , S. ( 1974 ) . “ Island Biology . ” Columbia University Press , New York and London . Gillespie , R. G. , and Roderick , G. K. ( 2002 ) . Arthropods on islands: Colonization, speciation, and conservation . Annu. Rev. Entomol. 47 , 595 – 632 . Gillespie , R. G. , and Clague , D. A. (eds.) (2009 ) . “ Encyclopedia of Islands. ” University of California Press , Berkeley, CA . Howarth , F. G. , and Mull , W. P. ( 1992 ) . “ Hawaiian Insects and Their Kin . ” University of Hawaii Press , Honolulu, HI . MacArthur , R. H. , and Wilson , E. O. ( 1967 ) . “ The Theory of Island Biogeography . ” Princeton University Press , Princeton, NJ . Wagner , W. L. , and Funk , V. (eds.) ( 1995 ) . “ Hawaiian Biogeography Evolution on a Hot Spot Archipelago. ” Smithsonian Institution Press , Washington, DC . Whittaker , R. J. , and Fern á ndez-Palacios , J. M. ( 2007 ) . “ Island Biogeography: Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation , ” 2nd ed. Oxford University Press , Oxford, U.K . I Isoptera (Termites) Vernard R. Lewis FIGURE 1 Castes for Isoptera. A lower termite group, University of California, Berkeley Reticulitermes, is represented. A large queen is depicted in the center. A king is to the left of the queen. A worker and soldier are he ordinal name Isoptera is of Greek origin and refers to below. (Adapted, with permission from Aventis Environmental the two pairs of straight and very similar wings that termites Science, from The Mallis Handbook of Pest Control, 1997.) Thave as reproductive adults. Termites are small and white to tan or sometimes black. They are sometimes called “ white ants ” and can be confused with true ants (Hymenoptera).
    [Show full text]
  • André Nel Sixtieth Anniversary Festschrift
    Palaeoentomology 002 (6): 534–555 ISSN 2624-2826 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/pe/ PALAEOENTOMOLOGY PE Copyright © 2019 Magnolia Press Editorial ISSN 2624-2834 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.2.6.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:25D35BD3-0C86-4BD6-B350-C98CA499A9B4 André Nel sixtieth anniversary Festschrift DANY AZAR1, 2, ROMAIN GARROUSTE3 & ANTONIO ARILLO4 1Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences II, Department of Natural Sciences, P.O. Box: 26110217, Fanar, Matn, Lebanon. Email: [email protected] 2State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China. 3Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, Entomologie, F-75005, Paris, France. 4Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain. FIGURE 1. Portrait of André Nel. During the last “International Congress on Fossil Insects, mainly by our esteemed Russian colleagues, and where Arthropods and Amber” held this year in the Dominican several of our members in the IPS contributed in edited volumes honoring some of our great scientists. Republic, we unanimously agreed—in the International This issue is a Festschrift to celebrate the 60th Palaeoentomological Society (IPS)—to honor our great birthday of Professor André Nel (from the ‘Muséum colleagues who have given us and the science (and still) national d’Histoire naturelle’, Paris) and constitutes significant knowledge on the evolution of fossil insects a tribute to him for his great ongoing, prolific and his and terrestrial arthropods over the years.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of the Chemical Defense Fluids of Macrotermes Carbonarius
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Evaluation of the chemical defense fuids of Macrotermes carbonarius and Globitermes sulphureus as possible household repellents and insecticides S. Appalasamy1,2*, M. H. Alia Diyana2, N. Arumugam2 & J. G. Boon3 The use of chemical insecticides has had many adverse efects. This study reports a novel perspective on the application of insect-based compounds to repel and eradicate other insects in a controlled environment. In this work, defense fuid was shown to be a repellent and insecticide against termites and cockroaches and was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC– MS). Globitermes sulphureus extract at 20 mg/ml showed the highest repellency for seven days against Macrotermes gilvus and for thirty days against Periplaneta americana. In terms of toxicity, G. sulphureus extract had a low LC50 compared to M. carbonarius extract against M. gilvus. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the M. carbonarius extract indicated the presence of six insecticidal and two repellent compounds in the extract, whereas the G. sulphureus extract contained fve insecticidal and three repellent compounds. The most obvious fnding was that G. sulphureus defense fuid had higher potential as a natural repellent and termiticide than the M. carbonarius extract. Both defense fuids can play a role as alternatives in the search for new, sustainable, natural repellents and termiticides. Our results demonstrate the potential use of termite defense fuid for pest management, providing repellent and insecticidal activities comparable to those of other green repellent and termiticidal commercial products. A termite infestation could be silent, but termites are known as destructive urban pests that cause structural damage by infesting wooden and timber structures, leading to economic loss.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Abundance of Subterranean Termites in South India
    Srinivasa Murthy, K. Available Ind. J. Pure online App. Biosci.at www.ijpab.com (2020) 8(5), 141 -149 ISSN: 2582 – 2845 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8193 ISSN: 2582 – 2845 Ind. J. Pure App. Biosci. (2020) 8(5), 141-149 Research Article Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Open Access Journal Diversity and abundance of Subterranean Termites in South India K. Srinivasa Murthy* National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, P B No. 2491, H A Farm Post, Bellary Road Bangalore - 560 024, Karnataka, India *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] Received: 7.07.2020 | Revised: 12.08.2020 | Accepted: 20.08.2020 ABSTRACT The abundance and diversity of subterranean termites was studied in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Keralae, Karnataka and Tamilnadu. Fifteen species of termites belonging to subfamilies Apicotermitinae, Kalotermitidae, Macrotermitinae and Nasutitermitinae, were recorded. The fungus growing termites (Macrotermitinae) accounted for 66.66% abundance, across the states. The Apicotermitinae (soil feeders) and Kalotermitidae (dry wood termites) registered 6.62% each and the dry wood termites (Nasutitermitinae) recorded 20.1% abundance. Among the different species of termites, Odontermes obesus, was more predominant (15.62%) than others. The cropping pattern, soil type and topography predisposed the abundance and diversity of termites. Keywords: Abundance, Cropping pattern, Diversity, Macrotermitinae. INTRODUCTION Ali, et al., 2013) as they play a vital role in Termites (Isoptera) are considered as the most recycling of plant materials and wood, abundant invertebrates and represent up to modifying and improving the soil condition 95% of soil insect biomass show an elaborated and composition, and providing food for other morphology and complex behaviour (Wang, et animals (Ackerman et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Termiticidal Activity of Bifenthrin and Fipronil Against Mound Building Termite Odontotermes Redemanni Wasmann
    Annals of Sri Lanka Department of Agriculture 2017. 19: 104 - 111 TERMITICIDAL ACTIVITY OF BIFENTHRIN AND FIPRONIL AGAINST MOUND BUILDING TERMITE ODONTOTERMES REDEMANNI WASMANN N.K. HAPUKOTUWA1 AND S. PERERA2 1 Plant Protection Service, Gannoruwa, Sri Lanka 2 Plant Protection Service Subunit, Bombuwala, Sri Lanka ABSTRACT Bifenthrin 10% SC (Maxxthor) and Fipronil 25% EC (Premise) obtained from two new sources were tested during 2014 to determine their termiticidal activity against the mound building termite Odontotermes redemanni Wasmann. Termitariaat open landscape in School of Agriculture, Kundasale, Kandy was randomly as the source of termite. Two new chemicals (Maxxthor and Premise), two reference chemicals (Biflex® and Agenda®) and water (control) were used as treatments with three replicates. Tendried sticks (60 cm long and three cm diameter) of Kapok (Ceibapentandra) were treated and inserted into each termitarium allowing the termites to feed on. Sticks were removed at two time intervals: four and eight weeks and weighed separately to measure the wood consumption. Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences (p=0.0001) in wood consumption among the treatments: chemicals and water treated termitaria. Maximum wood consumption (88.4g/8 weeks) was recorded in water treated termitaria. However no significant difference in wood consumption was observed between chemically treated termitaria. Both chemicals irrespective of their active ingredients, formulation or country of origin, performed equally against O. Redemanni revealing that they are appropriate termiticides to control mound building termite problem in Sri Lanka. Key words: Chemical control, Termites, Termitaria, Termiticide, wood consumption. INTRODUCTION Termites are abundant and diverse throughout the world (Donald and Dweight, 1970; Maayiem et al., 2012).
    [Show full text]
  • Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
    Ubr.C-ff. SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 143, NO. 3 SUPPLEMENT TO THE ANNOTATED, SUBJECT-HEADING BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES 1955 TO I960 By THOMAS E. SNYDER Honorary Research Associate Smithsonian Institution (Publication 4463) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DECEMBER 29, 1961 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 143, NO. 3 SUPPLEMENT TO THE ANNOTATED, SUBJECT-HEADING BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES 1955 TO 1960 By THOMAS E. SNYDER Honorary Research Associate Smithsonian Institution ><%<* Q (Publication 4463) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DECEMBER 29, 1961 PORT CITY PRESS, INC. BALTIMORE, NID., U. S. A. CONTENTS Pagre Introduction i Acknowledgments i List of subject headings 2 Subject headings 3 List of authors and titles 72 Index 115 m SUPPLEMENT TO THE ANNOTATED, SUBJECT-HEADING BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES 1955 TO 1960 By THOMAS E. SNYDER Honorary Research Associate Smithsonian Institution INTRODUCTION On September 25, 1956, an "Annotated, Subject-Heading Bibliography of Ter- mites 1350 B.C. to A.D. 1954," by Thomas E. Snyder, was published as volume 130 of the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. A few 1955 papers were included. The present supplement covers publications from 1955 through i960; some 1961, as well as some earlier, overlooked papers, are included. A total of 1,150 references are listed under authors and tides, and 2,597 references are listed under subject headings, the greater number being due to cross references to publications covering more than one subject. New subject headings are Radiation and Toxicology. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The publication of this bibliography was made possible by a grant from the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Termites (Isoptera) in the Azores: an Overview of the Four Invasive Species Currently Present in the Archipelago
    Arquipelago - Life and Marine Sciences ISSN: 0873-4704 Termites (Isoptera) in the Azores: an overview of the four invasive species currently present in the archipelago MARIA TERESA FERREIRA ET AL. Ferreira, M.T., P.A.V. Borges, L. Nunes, T.G. Myles, O. Guerreiro & R.H. Schef- frahn 2013. Termites (Isoptera) in the Azores: an overview of the four invasive species currently present in the archipelago. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences 30: 39-55. In this contribution we summarize the current status of the known termites of the Azores (North Atlantic; 37-40° N, 25-31° W). Since 2000, four species of termites have been iden- tified in the Azorean archipelago. These are spreading throughout the islands and becoming common structural and agricultural pests. Two termites of the Kalotermitidae family, Cryp- totermes brevis (Walker) and Kalotermes flavicollis (Fabricius) are found on six and three of the islands, respectively. The other two species, the subterranean termites Reticulitermes grassei Clemént and R. flavipes (Kollar) of the Rhinotermitidae family are found only in confined areas of the cities of Horta (Faial) and Praia da Vitória (Terceira) respectively. Due to its location and weather conditions the Azorean archipelago is vulnerable to coloni- zation by invasive species. The fact that there are four different species of termites in the Azores, all of them considered pests, is a matter of concern. Here we present a comparative description of these species, their known distribution in the archipelago, which control measures are being used against them, and what can be done in the future to eradicate and control these pests in the Azores.
    [Show full text]
  • Blattodea: Hodotermitidae) and Its Role As a Bioindicator of Heavy Metal Accumulation Risks in Saudi Arabia
    Article Characterization of the 12S rRNA Gene Sequences of the Harvester Termite Anacanthotermes ochraceus (Blattodea: Hodotermitidae) and Its Role as A Bioindicator of Heavy Metal Accumulation Risks in Saudi Arabia Reem Alajmi 1,*, Rewaida Abdel-Gaber 1,2,* and Noura AlOtaibi 3 1 Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia 2 Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt 3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (R.A.), [email protected] (R.A.-G.) Received: 28 December 2018; Accepted: 3 February 2019; Published: 8 February 2019 Abstract: Termites are social insects of economic importance that have a worldwide distribution. Identifying termite species has traditionally relied on morphometric characters. Recently, several mitochondrial genes have been used as genetic markers to determine the correlation between different species. Heavy metal accumulation causes serious health problems in humans and animals. Being involved in the food chain, insects are used as bioindicators of heavy metals. In the present study, 100 termite individuals of Anacanthotermes ochraceus were collected from two Saudi Arabian localities with different geoclimatic conditions (Riyadh and Taif). These individuals were subjected to morphological identification followed by molecular analysis using mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene sequence, thus confirming the morphological identification of A. ochraceus. Furthermore, a phylogenetic analysis was conducted to determine the genetic relationship between the acquired species and other termite species with sequences previously submitted in the GenBank database. Several heavy metals including Ca, Al, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Ba, Cr, Co, Be, Ni, V, Pb, Cd, and Mo were measured in both collected termites and soil samples from both study sites.
    [Show full text]