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1 VREZEC 2 2011.XP:ACTA BIANCO 2/2007.XP 24.11.11 8:11 Page 81 1 VREZEC 2_2011.XP:ACTA BIANCO 2/2007.XP 24.11.11 8:11 Page 81 ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA, NOVEMBER 2011 Vol. 19, øt. 2: 81–138 PREGLED STATUSA IN RAZISKANOSTI HROØŒEV (COLEOPTERA) EVROPSKEGA VARSTVENEGA POMENA V SLOVENIJI S PREDLO- GOM SLOVENSKEGA POIMENOVANJA Al VREZEC1, Alja PIRNAT2, Andrej KAPLA1, Slavko POLAK3, Martin VERNIK4, Savo BRELIH5 in Boæidar DROVENIK6 1Nacionalni inøtitut za biologijo, Veœna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija, e- mail: [email protected], [email protected] 2Zverce, Raziskovanje hroøœev in kaœjih pastirjev, Aljoøa Pirnat s.p., Groharjeva 18, SI-1241 Kamnik, Slovenija, e-mail: [email protected] 3Notranjski muzej, Kolodvorska c. 3, SI-6230 Postojna, Slovenija, e-mail: [email protected] 4 Ul. Veljka Vlahoviœa 85, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenija, e-mail: [email protected] 5Gotska 13, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija 6Tunjiøka 2, SI-1240 Kamnik, Slovenija Abstract - STATUS AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BEETLES (COLEOPTERA) OF EUROPEAN CONSERVATION IMPORTANCE IN SLOVENIA WITH PRO- POSAL OF SLOVENIAN NOMENCLATURE Recent intensive research activity on beetles of conservation importance across Europe provided new knowledge also about their distribution ranges. In the contri- bution the list of species from appendices of Habitat directive occuring in Slovenia is revised. The revision listed 20 species for Slovenia belonging to 13 families: Rhysodidae, Carabidae, Dytiscidae, Leiodidae, Elateridae, Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, Lucanidae, Bolboceratidae, Scarabaeidae, Cucujidae, Meleandrydae and Bostrichidae. In the paper the proposal of Slovenian nomenclature, the overview of species biology and ecology and current knowledge over species status and occur- rence in Slovenia is given. According to recent studies the overview of methods for species detection and sampling is provided. The general aim of the study is to stim- ulate research of considered species in Slovenia, since they are mainly poorly known and studied species. KEY WORDS: beetles, Coleoptera, Natura 2000, Slovenia, species list, Slovene names, sampling methods 81 1 VREZEC 2_2011.XP:ACTA BIANCO 2/2007.XP 24.11.11 8:11 Page 82 Acta entomologica slovenica, 19 (2), 2011 Izvleœek - Intenzivnejøe raziskave izbranih varstveno pomembnih vrst hroøœev po Evropi so dala nova znanja, ki spreminjajo tudi meje razøirjenosti posameznih vrst. V prispevku je podana revizija seznama varstveno pomembnih vrst hroøœev s sez- namov prilog Direktive EU o habitatih, ki se pojavljajo v Sloveniji. Nov seznam tako obsega 20 vrst iz druæin Rhysodidae, Carabidae, Dytiscidae, Leiodidae, Elateridae, Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, Lucanidae, Bolboceratidae, Scarabaeidae, Cucujidae, Meleandrydae in Bostrichidae, s pregledom in predlogi slovenskih imen, pregledom biologije in ekologije vrst ter trenutnim poznavanjem statusa in pojavljanja v Sloveniji. Glede na novejøe slovenske in tuje raziskave so zbrane tudi metode detek- cije oziroma vzorœenja vrst. Namen prispevka je spodbuditi raziskovanje obravna- vanih vrst v Sloveniji, saj gre veœinoma za izredno pomanjkljivo poznane vrste. KLJUŒNE BESEDE: hroøœi, Coleoptera, Natura 2000, Slovenija, seznam vrst, slovens- ka imena, metode vzorœenja Uvod Hroøœi (Coleoptera) imajo pri opredeljevanju obmoœij in varstvenih smernicah razvoja na Natura 2000 obmoœjih zelo pomembno vlogo, saj je na prilogah Direktive Sveta 92/43/EGS z dne 21. maja 1992 o ohranjanju naravnih habitatov ter pros- toæiveœih æivalskih in rastlinskih vrst oziroma na kratko Direktive o habitatih (Direktiva Sveta 92/43/EC) navedenih kar 38 vrst. Gre za vrste, ki so si ekoloøko pre- cej razliœne. Velika raznolikost vrst pa ima za posledico tudi slabøo raziskanost skupine v Sloveniji, saj je bilo denimo kar 5 od 10 obravnavanih vrst v predøtudiji strokovnih podlag za vzpostavitev omreæja Natura 2000 v Sloveniji spoznanih kot pomanjkljivo poznane z manj kot petimi znanimi podatki iz Slovenije (Brelih 2001). Pri opredeljevanju konkretnih predlogov za Natura 2000 obmoœja na podlagi hroøœev, pa se je pri pripravi strokovnih podlag celo izkazalo, da so pomanjkljivosti v poznavanju razøirjenosti, populacije in ekologije vrst v Sloveniji øe veœje, saj pri veœ kot polovici vrst (10 od 16 obravnavanih vrst) ni bilo mogoœe opredeliti obmoœij oziroma so bila obmoœja doloœena pomanjkljivo (Drovenik in Pirnat 2003). Problemi, ki se kaæejo pri opredeljevanju con, varstvenih ukrepov in doloœanju smer- nic gospodarjenja na obmoœjih Natura 2000, so z vidika hroøœev v veliki meri posledica pomanjkljivega poznavanja metod popisovanja vrst, kar vodi v poman- jkanje za doloœanje ukrepov potrebnih podatkov. Namen priœujoœega prispevka je zato revizija seznama vrst hroøœev s prilog Direktive o habitatih, ki se vsaj poten- cialno pojavljajo v Sloveniji, predstavitev statusa in raziskanosti v Sloveniji ter osnovnih ekoloøkih znaœilnosti in metodoloøkih pristopov vzorœenja obravanavanih vrst. S prispevkom bi æeleli spodbuditi raziskave obravnavanih varstveno pomemb- nih vrst, saj le-teh do sedaj v Sloveniji po veœini ni bilo. Izjema so le nekateri poskusi ovrednotenja habitata izbranih vrst (Vrezec et al. 2006, Jurc et al. 2008) in ciljne raziskave v okviru strokovnih podlag za Natura 2000 omreæje v Sloveniji (Drovenik 82 1 VREZEC 2_2011.XP:ACTA BIANCO 2/2007.XP 24.11.11 8:11 Page 83 A. Vrezec, A. Pirnat, A. Kapla, S. Polak, M. Vernik, S. Brelih, B. Drovenik: Pregled statusa in raziskanosti hroøœev (Coleoptera) in Pirnat 2003) in nacionalnega monitoringa hroøœev (Vrezec et al. 2007, 2008 in 2009). Ker so vrste iz Direktive o habitatih zaradi svoje kvalifikacijske vloge pri vzpostavljanju in upravljanju Natura 2000 obmoœij predmet øirøih in ne nujno zgolj znanstvenih in specialistiœnih razprav, je pomembno tudi slovensko poimenovanje vrst, saj v veliki meri olajøa sporazumevanje pri izvajanju obveznosti, ki izvirajo iz obmoœij Natura 2000 in ohranjanja kvalifikacijskih vrst na ravni politike in øirøe javnosti. Medtem ko so slovenska poimenovanja nekaterih rastlinskih in æivalskih, zlasti vretenœarskih skupin, jasna in doreœena (npr. Janœar et al. 1999, Kryøtufek in Janæekoviœ 1999, Martinœiœ et al. 2007), je strokovno slovensko imenoslovje pri nevretenœarskih skupinah øe vedno nedoreœeno, fragmentirano uporabljano in neizdelano (glej npr. Sket et al. 2003). Le izjemoma so imena poenotena pri posameznih manjøih skupinah (npr. Titovøek 1988, Geister 1999). Tudi s priœujoœim prispevkom ne reøujemo slovenskega imenoslovja hroøœev v celoti, paœ pa je bil naø namen predvsem reøiti zagato slovenskih imen pri vrstah hroøœev, o katerih se danes v Sloveniji zaradi evropskih predpisov najveœ govori in piøe. Cilji priœujoœega prispevka, v katerem podajamo pregled poznavanja vrst hroøœev evropskega varstvenega pomena, so: (1) revizija referenœnega seznama vrst hroøœev s prilog Direktive o habitatih (Direktiva Sveta 92/43/EC), (2) oblikovanje slovenskega poimenovanja vrst hroøœev evropskega varstvenega pomena, ki se pojavljajo ali potencialno pojavljajo v Sloveniji, (3) podati pregled do sedanjega poznavanja statusa, razøirjenosti in raziskanosti obravnavanih vrst pri nas, (4) podati pregled ekoloøkih znaœilnosti in metodoloøkih pristopov vzorœenja obravnavanih vrst glede na rezultate tujih in domaœih øtudij. Naravovarstveni pomen hroøœev v okviru omreæja Natura 2000 v Sloveniji Tretji œlen Direktive o habitatih (Direktiva Sveta 92/43/EC) opredeljuje vzpostavitev usklajenega evropskega ekoloøkega omreæja posebnih ohranitvenih obmoœij imenovano Natura 2000. Omreæje, ki ga sestavljajo obmoœja habitatnih tipov iz Priloge I in habitati vrst iz Priloge II Direktive o habitatih (Direktiva Sveta 92/43/EC) omogoœa, da se vzdræuje ali obnovi ugodno ohranitveno stanje habitatnih tipov in habitatov vrst na njihovem naravnem obmoœju razøirjenosti. Izbor vrst, katerih varovanje oziroma ohranjanje je v interesu Evropske skupnosti, je narejen na podlagi kriterijev 1. œlena Direktive o habitatih (Direktiva Sveta 92/43/EC). Vrste na seznamu iz Priloge II in/ali IV oziroma V so: (1) prizadete, razen vrst, katerih naravno obmoœje razøirjenosti je na ozemlju Evropske skupnosti obrobno in ki v zahodni palearktiœni regiji niso prizadete ali ranljive; ali 83 1 VREZEC 2_2011.XP:ACTA BIANCO 2/2007.XP 24.11.11 8:11 Page 84 Acta entomologica slovenica, 19 (2), 2011 (2) ranljive, kar pomeni, da bodo verjetno v bliænji prihodnosti preøle v skupino prizadetih vrst, œe bodo øe naprej delovali dejavniki ogroæanja; ali (3) redke, kar pomeni, da so njihove populacije majhne in sedaj niso prizadete ali ranljive, se jim pa to lahko zgodi. Vrste æivijo na omejenih geografskih obmoœjih ali so redko raztresene na øirøem obmoœju; ali (4) endemiœne in zahtevajo posebno pozornost zaradi posebnosti njihovega habi- tata. Na podlagi strokovnih izhodiøœ, pripravljenih za posamezne taksonomske skupine (npr. Drovenik in Pirnat (2003) za hroøœe), so bila z Uredbo o posebnih varstvenih obmoœjih (obmoœjih Natura 2000; Ur.l. RS øt. 49/2004) opredeljena posebna varstve- na obmoœja za ptice ter potencialna posebna ohranitvena obmoœja za habitatne tipe ter rastlinske in druge æivalske vrste, ki pokrivajo 35,5% povrøine R Slovenije. Z obmoœji, ki izpolnjujejo pogoje za posebna obmoœja varstva, pa s to Uredbo niso doloœena za Natura 2000 obmoœja (Ur. l. RS 43/2008), znaøa deleæ 37,2% povrøine R Slovenije. Od leta 2008 ima 6.398 km2 (31,6%) ozemlja R Slovenije status posebne- ga ohranitvenega obmoœja (SCI = Site of Comunity Interest; obmoœje pomembno za Skupnost; Ur. l. RS 43/2008). Na podlagi novo pridobljenih podatkov pa se bodo obmoœja dopolnjevala
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