Vizesélőhely-Rekonstrukciókon Végzett Természetvédelmi Kezelések Hatásai Vízibogár- Közösségekre

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Vizesélőhely-Rekonstrukciókon Végzett Természetvédelmi Kezelések Hatásai Vízibogár- Közösségekre Vizesél őhely-rekonstrukciókon végzett természetvédelmi kezelések hatásai vízibogár- közösségekre Doktori értekezés Molnár Ákos Témavezet ő: Szentesi Árpád, DSc, egyetemi docens Konzulens: Csabai Zoltán, PhD, egyetemi docens Biológia Doktori Iskola Vezet ő: Erdei Anna, az MTA rendes tagja, egyetemi tanár Zootaxonómia, Állatökológia, Hidrobiológia Doktori Program Vezet ő: Török János, DSc, egyetemi tanár Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem Állatrendszertani és Ökológiai Tanszék Budapest 2014 2 Tartalomjegyzék 1. Bevezetés................................................................................................................................5 2. Irodalmi áttekintés..................................................................................................................7 2.1. Vizes él őhelyek ............................................................................................................ 7 2.1.1. A vizes él őhelyek meghatározása.......................................................................... 7 2.1.2. Vizes él őhelyek típusai.......................................................................................... 8 2.1.3. Vizes él őhelyek értéke........................................................................................... 9 2.1.4. Vizes él őhelyek természetvédelmi helyzete........................................................ 10 2.1.5. Vizes él őhelyek helyreállítása ............................................................................. 12 2.1.6. Természetvédelmi kezelések vizes él őhelyeken ................................................. 14 Növénytelepítés ......................................................................................................... 14 Kaszálás..................................................................................................................... 15 Legeltetés................................................................................................................... 17 Árasztási típusok ....................................................................................................... 18 Rekonstrukciós munkák és kezelések vizsgálata ...................................................... 19 2.2. A vízibogarak mint vizsgálati objektumok bemutatása.............................................. 22 2.2.1. A vízibogarak általános jellemz ői ....................................................................... 22 2.2.2. Vízibogarak ökológiai vizsgálatai ....................................................................... 23 3. Célkit űzés .............................................................................................................................28 4. Anyag és módszer ................................................................................................................29 4.1. A vizsgálati területek bemutatása............................................................................... 29 4.1.1. Hanság................................................................................................................. 29 A hansági Nyirkai-Hany rekonstrukciója.................................................................. 30 4.1.2. Farmos – Nyík-réti II-es tározó........................................................................... 32 4.1.3. Nagy-Vókonya Puszta......................................................................................... 34 A Nagy-Vókonya Pusztai él őhely-rekonstrukció...................................................... 35 4.2. A mintavételezés módszere ........................................................................................ 37 4.2.1. Vizsgálati elrendezés – Nyirkai-Hany................................................................. 38 4.2.2. Vizsgálati elrendezés – Farmos........................................................................... 38 4.2.3. Vizsgálati elrendezés – Nagy-Vókonya Puszta................................................... 40 4.3. Az adatok elemzése .................................................................................................... 41 5. Eredmények..........................................................................................................................44 5.1. Nyirkai-Hany.............................................................................................................. 44 5.1.1. A vízmélység, az üledékvastagság és a vízinövényzet összehasonlítása az egyes víztípusok között ........................................................................................................... 44 5.1.2. Vízibogár-közösségek ......................................................................................... 47 5.2. Farmos ........................................................................................................................ 55 5.2.1. Környezeti tényez ők............................................................................................ 55 5.2.2. Vízibogár-közösségek ......................................................................................... 60 5.3. Nagy-Vókonya Puszta................................................................................................ 63 5.3.1. Környezeti tényez ők............................................................................................ 63 5.3.2. Vízibogár-közösségek ......................................................................................... 65 6. Diszkusszió...........................................................................................................................69 6.1. Nyirkai-Hany.............................................................................................................. 69 6.2. Farmos ........................................................................................................................ 72 6.3. Nagy-Vókonya Puszta................................................................................................ 75 3 6.4. A három vizsgálati terület együttes értékelése........................................................... 78 6.5 Kezelési javaslatok...................................................................................................... 79 7. Összefoglalás........................................................................................................................ 81 8. Summary .............................................................................................................................. 83 9. Köszönetnyilvánítás ............................................................................................................. 84 10. Irodalom ............................................................................................................................. 85 4 1. Bevezetés Csíkászok, rákászok, madarászok, pákászok! Hová lett a tanyátok? Elnyelte már rég a róna, apad a víz minden tóba... ...Új élet zeng éren-lápon… Helyünk sincs már a világon! (Tamkó Sirató Károly: Csíkászok) Talán egyszer még a csíkászoknak és pákászoknak is lesz helyük a világon – az egyre gyarapodó ökológiai restaurációs munkák egyik sarkalatos pontja ugyanis az él őhelyek helyreállítása mellett – illetve éppen ezáltal – a helyben él ő emberek megélhetésének segítése, és a fenntartható tradicionális tájhasználat felélesztése (SER-IUCN 2004). Emögött az a felismerés áll, hogy már nemcsak a fajszint ű védelem, de még a meglev ő területek meg őrzése sem elég ahhoz, hogy a Föld biológiai sokféleségének pusztulását megfékezzük. Szükség van egykori, elpusztított, degradált, vagy "csak" átalakított él őhelyek helyreállítására és az így keletkez ő rendszer fenntartásához, m űködtetéséhez olyan szemléletre, amely az embert és fenntartható mértékű tevékenységét is a táj integráns és legitim részeként tekinti (Berkes 2004, Gawlik 2006). Sok esetben azonban még ez is kevés, hiszen az ökológiai rendszerek nyitottak és csak ritkán alakulnak ki hosszú távon stabil, egyensúlyi állapotok (Simberloff 1982, idézi Standovár & Primack 2001). Így a védend ő vagy fenntartandó él őhelyen gyakran célzott kezelésekre van szükség ahhoz, hogy azt egy adott állapotban lehessen tartani, vagy hogy a változásokat a kívánt irányba tereljük. Sok esetben szerencsére az él őhely természetvédelmi kezelése és a hagyományos tájhasználati mód nagyon hasonló, hiszen az értékes 5 életközösségek egy része éppen a tradicionális emberi tájhasználat mellett alakult ki, melyekre tipikus példák a kaszálásos és legeltetéses gyepkezelés (Standovár & Primack 2001, Ausden 2007). A helyreállítási munkák sikerének egyik feltétele a "bizonyíték-alapú" tervezés. Ehhez pedig elengedhetetlen a bizonyítékok – vagyis korábbi munkák tapasztalatainak, eredményességének vizsgálata (Sutherland és mtsai 2004). Ez természetesen nagy feladat, hiszen a sikerességet rengeteg él ő és élettelen változó vizsgálatán keresztül lehet csak megítélni. Jelen dolgozattal e feladat egy kis szeletéhez szeretnék hozzájárulni, vizes él őhelyeken végzett természetvédelmi kezelések (részben mint tradicionális tájhasználati módok) vízibogarakra gyakorolt hatásának vizsgálatával. A vízibogarak csoportjának választását több szempont is indokolta. Gyakorlati oldalról nézve a vízibogár-közösségek jó indikátorai a környezeti változásoknak, és a legtöbb vizes él őhelyen statisztikailag is jól értékelhet ő mennyiségben fordulnak el ő, ami nem mondható el sok más makroszkopikus vízi gerinctelen csoportról. Emellett pedig egyszer ű módszerekkel is hatékonyan vizsgálhatók, és a fajok nagy része jól határozható.
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