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ANNALI “L’ORIENTALE” Sezione Linguistica ANNALI Del Dipartimento Di Studi Letterari, Linguistici E Comparati Sezione Linguistica UNIOR Dipartimento di Studi Letterari Linguistici e Comparati UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI ANNALI “L’ORIENTALE” sezione linguistica ANNALI del Dipartimento di Studi Letterari, Linguistici e Comparati Sezione linguistica AIΩN N.S. 7 2018 AIΩN N.S. 7 ISSN 2281-6585 2018 ANNALI del Dipartimento di Studi Letterari, Linguistici e Comparati Sezione linguistica AIΩN N.S. 7 2018 Direttore/Editor-in-chief: Alberto Manco Comitato scientifico/Scientific committee: Ignasi-Xavier Adiego Lajara, Françoise Bader, Annalisa Baicchi, Philip Baldi, Giuliano Bernini, Carlo Consani, Pierluigi Cuzzolin, Paolo Di Giovine, Norbert Dittmar, Annarita Felici, José Luis García Ramón, Laura Gavioli, Nicola Grandi, Marco Mancini, Andrea Moro, Vincenzo Orioles, Paolo Poccetti, Diego Poli, Ignazio Putzu, Velizar Sadovski, Domenico Silvestri, Francisco Villar Comitato di redazione/Editorial board: Anna De Meo, Lucia di Pace, Alberto Manco, Johanna Monti, Rossella Pannain Segreteria di redazione/Editorial assistants: Valeria Caruso, Anna Riccio e-mail: [email protected] Annali-Sezione Linguistica, c/o Alberto Manco, Università degli studi di Napoli “L’Orientale”, Dipartimento di Studi Letterari, Linguistici e Comparati, Palazzo Santa Maria Porta Cœli, Via Duomo 219, 80138 Napoli – [email protected] ISSN 2281-6585 Registrazione presso il Tribunale di Napoli n. 2901 del 9-1-1980 Rivista fondata da Walter Belardi (1959 – 1970) e diretta da Domenico Silvestri (1979 – 2014) web: www.aionlinguistica.com e-mail: [email protected] © Tutti i diritti riservati. Vietata la riproduzione anche parziale, con qualsiasi mezzo effettuata compresa la fotocopia, non espressamente autorizzata. Legge 633 del 22 Aprile 1941 e successive modifiche. Per la redazione delle proposte i collaboratori sono invitati ad attenersi con cura alle ”norme” disponibili nel sito della rivista. Le proposte di pubblicazione inviate alla rivista vengono valutate da revisori anonimi. A tal fine una loro copia dev’essere priva di qualunque riferimento all’autore. UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STU DI DI NAPOLI “L’ORIENTALE” ANNALI del Dipartimento di Studi Letterari, Linguistici e Comparati Sezione linguistica AIΩN N.S. 7 2018 PROPRIETÀ RISERVATA INDICE Nota del Direttore 9 ARTICOLI, NOTE, SAGGI A. L. COVINI, Ersatzkontinuanten e ricostruzione indoeuropea: ie. *h3elh1- (: gr. ὄλλυμι, -μαι, lat. ab-oleō, ab-olēscō) → itt. ¯ark(iÔe/a)-mi ‘cade- re in rovina’, ¯arni(n)k-mi, ¯arganu-mi ‘mandare in rovina’ 13 P. DARDANO, Fraseologia indoeuropea nell’Anatolia preclassica: note sulla locuzione “versare le parole” 47 R. GINEVRA, Il [DORSO – delle ACQUE] in antico nordico (bak báru ‘dorso dell’onda’) e in antico inglese (sMs hrycg ‘dorso del mare’): innovazione e tradizione di una metafora indoeuropea in ambito germanico 67 A. KEIDAN, Characteribus Belgicis: alcuni aspetti della ricezione del gotico nell’umanesimo fiammingo e olandese 87 M. SANTORO, The delayed development of the discourse-pragmatic properties of null and overt subjects in Spanish L2 grammars: A representational or processing problem? 111 V. SCHIATTARELLA, Shifting to Arabic? Recent linguistic change among Siwi-Arabic bilinguals (Egypt) 145 R. SORNICOLA, The polyphony of voices of the Prague Circle: Reap- praising Mathesius’s role vis-à-vis Jakobson’s 167 J. TRUMPER, Cock, Cock-tailed, Cocktail, and Haycock: An etymological conundrum 249 BIBLIOGRAFIE, RECENSIONI, RASSEGNE BALLARIN, ELENA, L’italiano accademico. Uno studio sulla glottodidattica dell’italiano lingua di studio all’università a studenti in mobilità internazionale, Edizioni Accademiche Italiane, Saarbrücken 2017, 239 pp. (P. Nitti) 259 MOLENDIJK, ARIE L., Friedrich Max Müller & the Sacred Books of the East, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2016, 230 pp. (G. Costa) 261 DAVIS, JOHN, NICHOLLS, ANGUS (EDS.), Friedrich Max Müller and the Role of Philology in Victorian Thought, London, Routledge, 2018, 168 pp. (G. Costa) 268 LANZA, DIEGO, Tempo senza tempo. La riflessione sul mito dal Settecento a oggi, Roma, Carocci, 2017, 198 pp. (G. Costa) 272 MASINI, FRANCESCA, GRANDI, NICOLA (a cura di), Tutto ciò che hai sempre voluto sapere sul linguaggio e sulle lingue, Cesena, Caissa Italia, 208 pp. (E. Miola) 284 MASINI, FRANCESCA, Grammatica delle Costruzioni. Un’introduzione, Carocci editore, Roma 2016 (P. Nitti) 289 POCCETTI, P. (ED.), Oratio obliqua. Strategies of Reported Speech in Ancient Languages, Ricerche sulle lingue di frammentaria attestazione, 9, Pisa-Roma, Fabrizio Serra editore, 2017, 168 pp. (L. Rigobianco) 292 TSUR, REUVEN, Poetic Conventions as Cognitive Fossils, New York - Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2017, 278 pp. (G. Costa) 295 VEDOVELLI, MASSIMO, CASINI, SIMONE, Che cos’è la linguistica educativa, Carocci, Roma, 2016, 126 pp. (M. Sommella) 307 VALENTINA SCHIATTARELLA SHIFTING TO ARABIC? RECENT LINGUISTIC CHANGE AMONG SIWI-ARABIC BILINGUALS (EGYPT) Abstract Il siwi è una lingua berbera parlata nell’oasi di Siwa, Egitto. I suoi parlanti sono bilingui: il contatto tra l’arabo e il siwi è visibile a tutti i livelli della grammatica (Souag, 2009; 2013), ma il fatto che la lingua sia in pericolo è attribuibile principalmente a fattori recenti. Analizzando dati raccolti sul campo, sarà mostrato che ciò è visibile, tra alcuni parlanti, attraverso l’uso di code-switching e la perdita in corso di alcune caratteristiche del berbero. Parole chiave: Siwi, linguistica berbera, documentazione linguistica, code- switching, contatto, arabo Siwi is a Berber language spoken in Siwa, Egypt. Its speakers are mostly bilingual: contact between Arabic and Siwi is visible at all levels of grammar (Souag, 2009; 2013), but the endangerment of the language can be mainly attributed to recent factors. Analysing data collected in the field, the paper aims to show that this rapid endangerment is reflected among some speakers by the use of code-switching and the on-going loss of some Berber features. Keywords: Siwi, Berber linguistics, language documentation, code- switching, contact, Arabic 1. Introduction Contact between Arabic and Siwi is not recent at all. As shown by Souag (2009, 2013), contact with different strata of Arabic has deeply influenced all levels of grammar in Siwi, even if the language still retains typical Berber features and can undoubtedly be considered as being part of this family. Valentina Schiattarella, Università degli Studi di Napoli “L ‘Orientale”, Dipartimento Asia, Africa e Mediterraneo, AIΩN-Linguistica n.7/2018 n.s. DOI: 10.4410/AIONL.7.2018.006 146 Valentina Schiattarella Arabs have lived in the area where Siwi is spoken for more than one thousand years. According to Souag (Souag, 2013: 28-29), some words probably entered the language before Siwi detached from other Berber varieties. Moreover, many loanwords come from the varieties of Arabic spoken in the Egyptian oases (Souag, 2009). Egyptian and Bedouin Arabic are of course other sources of influence, as the presence of those two groups is still obvious in the oasis. Some other strata of borrowings cannot be clearly explained, since Siwi probably retains forms that other neighbouring varieties of Arabic have lost (Souag, 2013: 32-34). In recent times, because some socio-cultural factors have changed Siwi daily life quite radically, as we will see in 1.3, continuous contact with the Arabic community inside and outside the oasis has had its consequences not only on the grammar of the language, but also on the loss of traditional literary genres, customs and traditions. Another consequence of this intense contact is the use of code- switching between Siwi and Arabic (mainly Egyptian Arabic). The purpose of this article is to present some recent on-going changes in the language. After a general introduction, I will show how the loss of some Berber lexical items and grammatical features can be considered very recent because that loss is not attested to in past sources and not shared by all speakers. After that, I will give a preliminary analysis of code-switching in Siwi, based on authentic spoken data collected by myself from 2011 to 2014 in Siwa and El Gaṛa oases. Rather than study the pragmatic and syntactic functions of code- switching, the article is an attempt to show how, in Siwi, code- switching seems to be a consequence of an even more intense contact with Arabic, caused by socio-cultural changes like the possibility of marrying a non-Siwi partner and the use of Arabic at home. Furthermore, I will use comments given by the speakers during the transcription/translation sessions to prove that this particular insertion of Arabic lexical items is clearly recognizable as code- switching and distinguishable from borrowings, which are, on the contrary, pervasive among all speakers, even those who speak little Egyptian Arabic. AIΩN-Linguistica n.7/2018 n.s. DOI: 10.4410/AIONL.7.2018.006 Shifting to Arabic? Recent linguistic change among Siwi-Arabic bilinguals (Egypt) 147 1.1 Some remarks on Siwa Siwa is an Egyptian oasis situated in the Libyan Desert. The oasis is only about 60 km east of the Libyan border and it is connected to the rest of Egypt thanks to a 310-km-long road that links it to the coastal city of Marsa Maṭruḥ. The population is divided into two groups: eastern (šarqiyīn or əlfaya) living in the eastern part of the oasis and western peoples (ɣarbiyīn or ttaxsib), living in the western part. They are also divided into tribes. Siwa has been known since ancient times thanks to the oracle temple of Amon, where Alexander the Great crowned himself as the son of the God Amon in 331 a. C. The Siwi language (žlan n isiwan) is a variety belonging to the Eastern group of Berber (Afro-asiatic), together with most of the Berber varieties spoken in Libya. It shares features mainly with the Libyan varieties of Sokna and El Fogaha (Souag, 2013: 18-26). Almost the entire population of the oasis is bilingual, as Egyptian Arabic is spoken besides Siwi. Some Siwis can also speak other varieties, as different Arabic-speaking communities live in the oasis, like Bedouins1. The only monolinguals in Siwi are pre-school age children whose parents are Siwi (school in Siwa, like in the rest of Egypt, starts at the age of 6 years), and some very old men and women.
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