Genexpressionsanalysen Zur Optimierung Einer Zielgerichteten Therapie Des Glioblastoms Mit Dem EGFR-Inhibitor Erlotinib

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Genexpressionsanalysen Zur Optimierung Einer Zielgerichteten Therapie Des Glioblastoms Mit Dem EGFR-Inhibitor Erlotinib Universität Ulm Universitätsklinik für Neurochirurgie Geschäftsführender Direktor: Prof. Dr. med. C. R. Wirtz Genexpressionsanalysen zur Optimierung einer zielgerichteten Therapie des Glioblastoms mit dem EGFR-Inhibitor Erlotinib Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Medizin der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität Ulm vorgelegt von Sarah-Maria Löw geboren in Karlsruhe 2014 vorgelegt von Amtierender Dekan: Prof. Dr. med. Thomas Wirth 1. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. med. Marc-Eric Halatsch 2. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. med. Dietmar Thal Tag der Promotion: 19.06.2015 vorgelegt von Inhalt INHALTSVERZEICHNIS ......................................................................................... I ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS .............................................................................. II 1. EINLEITUNG .................................................................................................. 1 1.1. GLIOBLASTOME .......................................................................................... 1 1.2. DER EPIDERMALE WACHSTUMSFAKTOR-REZEPTOR (EGFR) .......................... 4 1.3. ERLOTINIB ................................................................................................. 8 1.4. ZIELSETZUNG ........................................................................................... 11 2. MATERIAL UND METHODEN ..................................................................... 12 2.1. MATERIAL ................................................................................................ 12 2.2. METHODEN .............................................................................................. 18 3. ERGEBNISSE ............................................................................................... 37 3.1. KLINISCHE DATEN ..................................................................................... 37 3.2. PROLIFERATIONSKURVEN DER ZELLLINIE H-199GM .................................... 38 3.3. SELEKTION RELEVANTER GENE MITTELS MICROARRAY-ANALYSE.................. 40 3.4. FUNKTIONELLE SELEKTION DER KANDIDATENGENE ...................................... 44 3.5. IN SILICO ANALYSE ................................................................................... 47 3.6. KORRELATIONSANALYSE BEKANNTER GENE IN DER PATHOGENESE DES GLIOBLASTOMS ........................................................................................ 49 3.7. CHROMOSOMALE LOKALISATION DER GENE ................................................ 50 3.8. QPCR ..................................................................................................... 51 4. DISKUSSION ................................................................................................ 54 4.1. DISKUSSION DER FRAGESTELLUNG ............................................................ 54 4.2. DISKUSSION DER METHODIK ...................................................................... 55 4.3. DISKUSSION DER ERGEBNISSE .................................................................. 57 5. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ................................................................................ 66 6. LITERATURVERZEICHNIS .......................................................................... 68 DANKSAGUNG ................................................................................................... 88 LEBENSLAUF ..................................................................................................... 89 I Abkürzungsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis 18S 18S ribosomale RNS AA Anaplastisches Astrozytom ACTB β-Actin Akt Synonym für Proteinkinase B AP-1 Aktivator Protein 1 B2M β-2-Mikroglobulin BCNU Carmustin BDNF Vom Gehirn stammender neurotropher Faktor CACN Spannungsabhängige Calcium Kanäle CACNG4 Spannungsabhängiger Calcium Kanal, Untereinheit 4 CARD6 Caspase rekrutierendes Protein 6 CASP6 Caspase 6 CCNU Lomustin CDK5 Cyclin-abhängige Kinase CT Zyklusschwellenwert Dhh Desert Hedgehog DKFZ Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum DMSO DMSO DNS Desoxyribonukleinsäure dNTP Desoxyribonukleosidtriphosphat DUSP4 Dualspezifische Phosphatase 4 EGF Epidermaler Wachstumsfaktor EGFR Epidermaler Wachstumsfaktor Rezeptor EGFRvIII Variante III des EGFR EMBL Europäisches Laboratorium für Molekularbiologie ERK Extrazelluläre Signal-regulierte Kinase FDA Amerikanische Bundesbehörde zur Überwachung von Nahrungs- und Arzneimitteln FGF Fibroblastenwachstumsfaktor FGFR4 Fibroblasten Wachstumsfaktor Rezeptor 4 FKS Fetales Kälberserum FOSL1 FOS-artiges Antigen 1 II Abkürzungsverzeichnis G Erdbeschleunigung „g“ GAPDH Glyceraldehyd-3-Phosphat Dehydrogenase GFAP Saures Gliafaserprotein GRB2 Humanes Wachstumsfaktorrezeptor gebundenes Protein 2 GUSB beta-Glucuronidase HER Humane epidermale Wachstumsfaktoren HPRT1 Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase 1 HSPA1B Hitzeschockprotein 70kDa 1B HSPA9B Hitzeschockprotein 70kDa 9B (Mortalin-2) HSPB1 Hitzeschockprotein 27kDa1 Ihh Indian Hedgehog Protein IVT In vitro Transkription JAK Janus Kinase JNK c-Jun N-terminale Kinasen IDH1 Isocitrat Dehydrogenase 1 KEGG Kyoto Enzyklopädie der Gene und des Genoms M Molar mM Milimolar MAPK Mitogen-aktivierte Proteinkinase MAQC II Microarray Qualitätskontrolle Projekt II MDM2 Murine double Minute 2 MEK 1/2 Mitogen-aktivierte Proteinkinase Kinase 1/2 MRT Magnetresonanztomographie mTOR Ziel des Rapamycins im Säugetier MYC Virales Myelocytomatosis Onkogen NABTC Nordamerikanisches Hirntumor-Konsortium NCBI Nationales Zentrum für biotechnologische Informationen NFATC1 Nukleärer Faktor von aktivierten T-Zellen, Calcineurin- abhängig 1 NGF Nervenwachstumsfaktor NIH Nationales Institut für Gesundheit, USA NF-κB Nukleärer Faktor Kappa beta NSCLC Nicht-kleinzelliges Bronchialkarzinom NT3/4 Neutrophin 3/4 III Abkürzungsverzeichnis NTR Neurotrophin Rezeptor NTRK1 Neurotrophin Rezeptor Tyrosinkinase 1 NTRK2 Neurotrophin Rezeptor Tyrosinkinase 2 P53 Tumorsuppressorprotein 53 PBS Phosphatgepufferte Salzlösung PCR Polymerase-Kettenreaktion PCV Procarbazin, Lomustin und Vincristin PDGF Blutplättchen-Wachstumsfaktor PDGFR Blutplättchen-Wachstumsfaktor Rezeptor PFS Progressionsfreies Überleben PI3K Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase PKC Proteinkinase C PPIA Peptidylprolyl Isomerase A Ptch Patched Protein PTEN Phosphatase und Tensin Homolog qPCR Quantitative real-time PCR RAC1 Ras-bezogenes C3 Botulinumtoxin Substrat 1 Raf Schnell wachsendes Fibrosarkom Ras Sarkom der Ratte Ras-GRF Ras-spezifischer Guaninnukleotid-freisetzender Faktor Ras-GRP Ras-spezifisches Guaninnukleotid-freisetzendes Protein REST Relative Expressions Software RNS Ribonukleinsäure ROX 5,6-Carboxy-x-Rhodamin RPLP 60S saures ribosomales Protein P RT Reverse Transkriptase Shh Sonic Hedgehog Protein SMO Smoothened Homolog SOS Son-of-sevenless-Protein STAT Signalempfänger und Aktivator von Transkription TBP TATA-Box-Binding Protein TCF7L1 T-Zell-spezifischer Transkriptionsfaktor 7L1 TGFB3 Transformierender Wachstumsfaktor beta 3 TKI Tyrosinkinase-Inhibitor IV Abkürzungsverzeichnis TNFα Transformierender Wachstumsfaktor alpha TSG Tumorsuppressorgen TUBB Klasse I Beta-Tubulin UBC Ubiquitin C YWHAZ Protein Kinase C Inhibitor Protein1 Gene werden im Text kursiv, Proteine nicht kursiv dargestellt. V Einleitung 1. Einleitung 1.1. Glioblastome 1.1.1. Klassifikation, Epidemiologie und bisherige Therapieansätze In der Gruppe der Gliome werden Astrozytome, Oligodendrogliome, Oligo- astrozytome, Ependymome und Tumore des Plexus choroideus zusammengefasst und nach der zuletzt im Jahre 2007 aktualisierten WHO-Klassifikation (Louis et al. 2007) in die Malignitätsgrade I bis IV eingeteilt. Die Klassifikationskriterien der Gliome beruhen nicht wie üblicherweise bei anderen malignen Tumoren auf dem TNM-System, da Tumorgröße (T), Lymphknotenstatus (N) oder auch eine ohnehin seltene Fernmetastasierung (M) eine weniger zentrale prognostische Rolle spie- len. Vielmehr von klinischer Bedeutung sind histopathologische Kriterien wie Nekrosenbildung, mitotische Aktivität, Kernatypien, Endothelproliferation und Zell- dichte. Nach dieser Klassifikation entspricht ein Grad I-Tumor einem differenzierten Hirn- tumor mit einer günstigen Prognose bei langsamer Wachstumstendenz, während das Glioblastom einem Grad IV-Astrozytom mit klinisch ungünstiger Prognose entspricht. Histopathologisch zeigt sich beim Glioblastom ein heterogenes Bild mit runden, pleomorphen oder auch fusiformen Zellen. Des Weiteren sind zahlreiche Mitosen, Kernatypien, Pseudopallisadenbildungen, Gefäßproliferationen, flächen- hafte Tumorgewebsnekrosen und diffuse Infiltrationen des angrenzenden Hirn- parenchyms nachweisbar (Louis et al. 2007). Hirntumoren machen etwa 2% aller malignen Neoplasien aus (Deorah et al. 2006, Louis et al. 2007), wobei Gliome mit bis zu 60% zu den am häufigsten vorkom- menden primären Neoplasien des zentralen Nervensystems gehören. 15,6% der intrakraniellen Tumore sind Glioblastome, die damit 54,4% der primären Hirntumore und Gliome ausmachen. Die jährliche Inzidenz beträgt 3,19 Primärfälle pro 100.000 Einwohner (Ostrom et al. 2013). Ein leichter Anstieg der Inzidenz des Glioblastoms wird über die letzten Jahrzehnte beobachtet (Deorah et al. 2006). Ein möglicher Grund hierfür liegt in der verbesserten Diagnosemöglichkeit, z.B. aufgrund einer höheren Verfügbarkeit der Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT). Höheres Alter, männliches Geschlecht und kaukasische Rasse sind mit einer er- höhten Inzidenz von Glioblastomen assoziiert (Deorah et al. 2006). Die 5-Jahres- Überlebensrate hat sich in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten trotz moderner Therapie- 1 Einleitung
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