Resources and Payments for Wildlife Livestock Dynamics Conservation

Natural resource management and biodiversity conservation of Eastern Africa Presentation

Mohammed Y Said

Contributors: Aboud, A.A. 2, Kisoyan, P.K. 2, Notenbaert, A. 1, de Leeuw, J. 1, Manzano, P. 3, Davies, J.M. 3, Roba, G.M. 3, • Analysis - dryland • Development options in 4 4 5 1 Omondi, S.O. , Odhiambo, M.O. , Waithaka, M. , Shem, K and Gitau, J.W . policies the drylands 1International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya 2Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya 3International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Nairobi, Kenya 4Resource Conflict Institute (RECONCILE), Nakuru, Kenya 5Association to Strengthen Agriculture Research in East and Central Africa (ASARECA), Entebbe, Uganda • Mapping of dryland • Biodiversity and resources and payments for wildlife livestock dynamics conservation

• Social challenges, • Research gaps, policy land use and climate opportunities and Grassland Society of Southern Africa 47 th Annual Congress (16-20 July 2012) change institutional development Club Mykonos, Langebaan, Western Cape

POLICIES AND POLICY FRAMEWORKS GLOBAL/ ETHIOPIA KENYA TANZANIA REGIONAL Drylands – economics in East Africa 1. African Convention on 1. The Constitution of 1. Session paper # 1 1. National Land Policy the Conservation of the Federal 1995 Nature and Natural Democratic Republic Resources, 1968 of Ethiopia 2. Convention for the 2. Plan for Accelerated 2. The Constitution, 2010 2. National Strategy for Protection of the World and Sustained Growth and Reduction Cultural and Natural Development to end of Poverty 2005 Heritage, ‘72 Poverty (PASDEP) (MKUKUTA) 3. Convention on 3. Agricultural- 3. National Land Policy, 3. Strategic Plan for Biological Diversity Development Led 2009 Implementation of the Industrialization Land Law (SPILL) Strategy (ADLI) 4. UN Convention to 4. Rural Land 4. Vision 2030/Annex on 4. Ngorongoro Combat Desertification Administration and Northern Kenya and Conservation Area Land Use other Arid Lands (Annex Act, Chapter 284 Proclamation on arid and semi arid lands) 5. UNDRIP/AU 5. Draft Wildlife Bill 5. Village Land Act , No. Resolution Adopting 5 of 1999 Report of WG on IPs 6. AU Land Policy 6. Drought Management 6. Wildlife Management Framework and Authority Areas Regulations, Guidelines 2003 7. AU Pastoral Policy 7. Grazing Land and Framework Animal Feed Resources Act, 2010

ASARECA Report 2011

Resources

Mapping of drylands resources

- Drylands comprises 41.3% of the global terrestrial area - Drylands are home to 34.7% of the global population Rainfall and Potential Evapotranspiration

ASARECA Report 2011

Livestock production in East Africa Characterization of drylands of Eastern Africa

Kenya 90% Tanzania 67% Ethiopia 74%

ASARECA Report 2011 ASARECA Report 2011

Human population and livestock numbers in Forage and Livestock the drylands of Eastern Africa Dynamics

Human Country Population Cattle Goats Sheep Camel

Ethiopia 30 million 17m 17m 5.4m ?

Kenya 14.1 million 8m 7.8m 8.7m ?

Tanzania 18.6 million 14.8m 9.2m 3.5m ?

Source: ASARECA Report 2011, FAO Statistics recalculated for drylands Photo: Msoffe Spatial and temporal characteristic of forage distribution in the drylands of Eastern Africa Deviation of forage from long-term mean

Source: Texas & AM, Remote Sensing and spatial modelling Source: Texas & AM

Movement of livestock within and between the countries during the droughts of 2009

Forage (kg/ha) <800 800 - 1000 Impacts of droughts on people in the 1000 - 1200 1200 - 1400 N 1400 - 1600 region, conflicts over water and 1600 - 1800 1800 - 2000 forage increasing - insecurity within >2000 and across the countries

In 2011 the droughts in the horn of Livestock Dynamics Africa affected about 11 million people

Forage deviation Very Good Deviation > 30 Good 30 >= Deviation >10 Normal 10 >= Devition > -10 Poor -10 >= Deviation > - 30 Scarce -30 >= Deviation > -50 Drought -50 >= Deviation > -70 Disasater -70 >= Deviation

300 0 300 600 Kilometers

ASARECA Report 2011 Source: Texas & AM and FAO, Funk et al., 2010

Vegetation index trends over that last 30 years

Athi-Kapiti Plains Rift Valley Central Hills Rainfall (mm) <500 500 - 600 Amboseli 600 - 700 700 - 800 Plains 800 - 900 900 - 1000 >1000 National Park N

50 0 50 100 Kilometers

Said et al., in prep Said et al., in prep a) Amboseli 5 year y = 7.9371x + 26.4 2009 Droughts – R 2 = 0.8986 40 30 the worst drought 20 10 Relation

TL U per km2 in Amboseli in 40 0 between -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 years Normalised NDVI livestock density and b) Kitengela vegetation 2 Y ear index varies y = 7.123x + 31.751 2 60 R = 0.5905 across regions 50 40 30 20 10

TL U (per sq km) 0 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 Normalised NDVI Said et al., in prep Western 2010 Swara

Summary land use

Challenges

Social, land use and climate change

ASARECA Report 2011

Human population trend in Eastern Africa (1960 – 2009) Climate variability and change

ASARECA Report 2011, World Bank Rainfall and temperature trends over the last 50 Impacts of climate change years (1960-2009)

Will this put more pressure on drylands?

What about land conversion, increase in irrigation schemes, deforestation?

Source: FEWSNET, Funk et al., 2010 Source: FEWSNET, Funk et al., 2010

Spatial distribution of human population and cultivation in the

Lodwar drylands in Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania # Projected rainfall Marsabit # and temperature changes

# Garissa

# NAIROBI

Precipitation change < -150mm < -100mm < -50mm # Mombasa + or -50mm < +50mm

Lodwar #

# Marsabit

#Garissa

# NAIROBI

Temperature change <+0.5 C <+0.7 C <+0.9 C # Mombasa ASARECA Report 2011 (+ or -) +1.1 C Source: FEWSNET 2010, Funk et al., 2010, UNEP <+1.3 C

Framework for investment in the drylands

Investments in drylands

Source: UNEP 2011 Heterogeneity

Development Options for the drylands in Eastern Africa

~ Yield potential ~ Access to markets and services ~ Need for diversification Pasture availability options for livelihood diversif. ~ Labor Crop/cultivar types and income generation Herding Management practices trade-off with mobility/connectivity Diversification

Dryland Development Domains Pastoralism and biodiversity

Targeting Dry sub-humid Arid or semi-arid • Protect access to • Enable livestock Continuum communal mobility to maintain resources (water livestock-biodiversity Geographical units and seasonal forage interactions in which similar problems for wildlife and • Strengthen and/or opportunities livestock) communal resource are likely to occur • Focus on management diversification • Focus on strategies to protect diversification to biodiversity promote resilience • Promote crop- • Develop integrated livestock systems pasture-water and management systems and institutions ASARECA Report 2011

Pastoralism and biodiversity Pastoralism and biodiversity

Far from markets Close to markets Low population High population • Strengthen market chain • Diversification of density density Continuum Continuum connectivity production (both in • Strengthening of • Strengthen land • Specialisation in pastoral pastoralism and into the pastoral rights and NR production (exploit the non-pastoral activities) economy governance economy of scale in • Private rather than • Social services against marketing)* collective market- (including security) encroachment and • Address asset liquidity enterprise • Infrastructure resource pressures and relate to banking • Legislation to promote • Diversify to include • Protect biodiversity services** competition (e.g. avoid biodiversity-related • Rangeland • Invest in processing or cartels)*** investments rehabilitation transport of perishable • Urban investments products (esp. milk) Galla goats Community indigenous breed information for milk and meat centres in West Pokot (ICT centres)

Reclaimed farm Water for (African Foxtail household grass) from use in Ijara invasive prosopis julifora

Sale of fatten Tissue livestock fed on culture African Foxtail bananas grass in Lamu district

Source: ASARECA Report; KRDP/ASAL DM Source: ASARECA Report; KRDP/ASAL DM

Biodiversity in the Wildlife Conservation Drylands

Species abundance in Africa Wildlife densities in Kenya

Large mammal density distribution in Africa. High diversity of mammalian population occurs in East and Central Africa.

Said 2003 Source: Said 2007 Photo: ILRI, TWF Status of Wildlife & Poverty Wildlife Density in 1990s Poverty Rate in 1999 1. Biodiversity loss is increasing – Wildlife biomass declined by 70% in ASALs in the period 70s-2010s (de Leeuw et al., in prep. Western at al. 2010, Ogutu et al., 2011)

2 2. Increased poverty (for some groups e.g. pastoralists) 1 4 5

WILDLIFE DENSITY POVERTY RATE (tropical livestock unit per sq. km) (percent of the population below the poverty line) > 125 > 65 45 - 125 55 - 65 3 45 - 55 Can conservancies slow/reverse 15 - 45 0 - 15 35 - 45 <= 35 No observation of wildlife No data biodiversity loss and reduce No data Data calculated by Constituency OTHER FEATURES OTHER FEATURES District boundaries District boundaries National parks and reserves Constituency boundaries poverty concurrently? Water bodies Selected national parks and reserves Water bodies Source: WRI, ILRI, DRSRS, CBS 2007

Causes of wildlife loss and savanna conversion

Wildebeest Causes Processes Consequences Migration in the Land / habitat conversion • Cropland Population loss or species Human population growth • Settlement (rural and urban) extinction (intrinsic, migration) • Infrastructure (roads, railways) Mara • Impermeable fencing • Land tenure rules Change in human welfare Human development • Protected area establishment Change in the movement • Loss of key resources of individuals and Land tenure and Land / habitat modification pathogens settlement policies • Wood collection • Charcoal making Change in genetic Technology • Hunting variation in populations • Grazing • Permeable fencing Change in primary and Conflict and revolution • Fires secondary productivity • Droughts Markets Human - wildlife conflicts Land / habitat fragmentation Change in nutrient and Disease • Permanent fragmentation as a water cycling result of processes under loss Climate (drought, CC) above Change in greenhouse • Temporary fragmentation as a gas emissions and carbon result of processes under sequestration Source: Serneels and Lambin 2001 modification above Reid, Thornton and Kruska (2003)

Land tenure and policy changes Encroachment of agriculture to the parks

Cropland in • In 1911, the Maasai lost about 60% of their best land Maasailand, Nairobi and pastures moved from Kenya and Mara northern reserves to Tanzania southern reserves

Serengeti • Land tenure is changing Amboseli from Group ranches to Cropping % private ownership Red = 10-20% Tan = 40% • Subdivision as been Green = 60% followed by land consolidation into Light blue = 80-100% conservancies. Tarangire

Source of information: Africover, FAO 2002 Source: ILRI 2010, ASARECA, ILRI, IUCN & EGERTON Policy Brief 2011 Wildlife trends – Mara Ecosystem Wildebeest and sheep & goats trends in the Mara Ecosystem

100 200000 GROUP Wildebeest Non-agriculture

)

2 80 Agriculture 160000

(

t i 120000

s 60

s 80000

e 40 Populationsize

l 40000 i 20

0 0 1977 1986 1995 2004 77 84 91 98 Year

Ottichilo et al. 2001, DRSRS Source: Ogutu, Owen-Smith, Piepho and Said (2011)

PES as incentive for Promotion Co- Shifts in Land Management in ASALs Tourism existence of wildlife and livestock in Land Tenure Mobility the rangelands Benefits

Communal Open Latent

Privatized Closed Gone

Payments for Wildlife Land Lease Conservation (PWC)

Photo credit: Philip Osano

Olare-Orok Conservancy (OOC) What conservancy systems are emerging? What revenues do they yield? • Located next to Maasai Mara National Reserve (MMNR)

• Started in 2006

• Involves 154 Landowners

Maasai Mara National Reserve • Covers an area of 9720Ha

• PWC rate (US$/ha/year): N - 2006-2008: 36 - (2009-2010): 43

50 0 50 100 Kilometers

Photo Credit: David Huberman (IUCN) Motorogi Mara North

2007 Conservancies Names & Area (Ha) 2009 Conservancies Names & Area (Ha) 1. Olare Orok (9,720) 1. Olare Orok (9,720) 2. Olkinyei (4,856) 2. Olkinyei (4,856) 3. Motorogi (5,466) 3. Motorogi (5,466) 4. Mara North (30,955)

Maasai Mara Maasai Mara National Reserve National Reserve

N N

50 0 50 100 Kilometers 50 0 50 100 Kilometers

Map source; M. Said Map source; M. Said; Malcom Gladwell (2000) “The tipping point”

Naboisho 100 0 100 200 Kilometers Evolution of conservancies in

2010 Conservancies Names & Area (Ha) the Kenya Rangeland 1. Olare Orok (9,720) 2. Olkinyei (4,856) Lodwar 3. Motorogi (5,466) Marsabit 4. Mara North (30,955) N 5. Naboisho (20,946)

Potential for PWC 1. Enoonkishu (6,566) Isiolo 2. Lamek (6,860) Nanyuki Maasai Mara Garissa National Reserve 3. Ol-Chorro (6,879)

Narok NAIROBI

Conservancies N Established No data 2000s 1990s

I (humid) II (sub-humid) 50 0 50 100 Kilometers III (semi-humid) Mombasa 1. Post-privatisation land reconsolidation to create open spaces for wildlife and livestock mobility IV (semi-humid to semi-arid) V (semi-arid) VI (arid) 2. Total area of the eight (8) Conservancies (~ 92,000 ha) is more than half (61%) of the area of Maasai VII (very arid) Mara National Reserve itself (150,000 ha) 3. Local pastoralists earn more than US$ 3.6 M annually, now paid directly to households on a flat rate Source: ILRI 2012 based on land holdings

Typology of the conservancies in the Kenya Rangelands

Production Number of District System Conservancies Baringo wildlife + livestock 1 Garissa wildlife + livestock 1 Kajiado wildlife 2 Kajiado wildlife + livestock 14 Kwale wildlife 1 Laikipia wildlife 1 Laikipia wildlife + livestock 4 Marsabit wildlife + livestock 1 Narok Wildlife 2 Narok wildlife + livestock 6 Samburu Unknown 1 Samburu wildlife + livestock 7

Photos: Rob O’Meara, Sarah O’Meara Source of Information: Olare Orok Conservancy Trust publication Inside PA Outside PA County Protected County Species Area % % % % PE Dens (In) PE Dens (Out) (In) (out) Elephant 1059 0.61 38 1721 0.11 62

Masai Wildebeest 92735 53.02 55 74502 4.64 45 Narok 35 65 Mara NR Zebra 16986 9.71 31 38361 2.39 69 Giraffe 317 0.18 16 1712 0.11 84 Elephant 362 0.50 25 1061 0.05 75

Amboseli Wildebeest 5538 7.59 26 15483 0.72 74 Kajiado 20 80 NP Zebra 5186 7.11 16 27402 1.27 84 Giraffe 532 0.73 10 4601 0.21 90 Secure wildlife Elephant 66 0.10 72 26 0.002 28 Wildebeest - - - 2313 0.17 100 corridors and Machakos Tsavo NP 7 93 Zebra 276 0.43 10 2497 0.19 90 migratory corridors Giraffe 79 0.12 13 547 0.04 87 Elephant 1306 0.16 92 109 0.005 8 Kitui Tsavo NP Zebra 1478 0.18 91 148 0.01 9 77 23 Giraffe 1727 0.21 62 1079 0.05 38 Elephant 6501 0.62 81 1488 0.22 19 Taita- Tsavo NP Zebra 8108 0.78 73 3036 0.45 27 75 25 Taveta Giraffe 1203 0.12 58 875 0.13 42 Elephant 521 0.18 83 109 0.003 17 Tana- Tsavo NP Zebra 1056 0.36 34 2063 0.06 66 21 71 River Giraffe 381 0.13 12 2690 0.07 88 MEMR Total 145,417 181,822 44 56

Policy Revisited – Vision 2030 GLOBAL/ ETHIOPIA KENYA TANZANIA REGIONAL 1. African Convention on 1. The Constitution of 1. The Constitution, 2010 1. National Land Policy the Conservation of the Federal 1995 Nature and Natural Democratic Republic Resources, 1968 of Ethiopia 2. Convention for the 2. Plan for Accelerated 2. Vision 2030/Annex on 2. National Strategy for Protection of the World and Sustained Northern Kenya and Growth and Reduction Cultural and Natural Development to end other Arid Lands of Poverty 2005 Heritage, ‘72 Poverty (PASDEP) (Annex on arid and (MKUKUTA) semi arid lands) 3. Convention on 3. Agricultural- 3. Draft Wildlife Bill 3. Strategic Plan for Biological Diversity Development Led Implementation of the Industrialization Land Law (SPILL) Strategy (ADLI)

4. UN Convention to 4. Rural Land 4. National Land Policy, 4. Ngorongoro Combat Desertification Administration and 2009 Conservation Area Land Use Act, Chapter 284 Proclamation 5. UNDRIP/AU 5. Drought Management 5. Village Land Act , No. Resolution Adopting Authority 5 of 1999 Report of WG on IPs 6. AU Land Policy 6. Wildlife Management Framework and Areas Regulations, Guidelines 2003 7. AU Pastoral Policy 7. Grazing Land and Framework Animal Feed Resources Act, 2010

Species Richness – herbivore Methodological Approach Aerial Surveys

Photos: Rob O’Meara, Sarah O’Meara Source of Information: Olare Orok Conservancy Trust publication

Radio Collaring

Wildlife Density – herbivore

Nairobi City Location Map

Ngong # Nairobi National Park Rongai Kenya # ### # # ### #### ### ## Nairobi District ### # # Community ground counts # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## ### # # #### ### ## ## Kiserian # ## ### #### # ## # # # ### # # # # #### # # # # ## # # ## ## # # ### ## ## #### # # ## ## # ### # # Kajiado District # # ## ## # ## # ## ### ## # # # # # # ##### ## # ##### # # ### INDIAN # ## # # ## # #### # ## # # ## # ## # ## ## # # # Athi River Tanzania OCEAN # # ## ## # # ## # ##### #### # # # ### ## # # # ##### Lukenya # # ### # # ## ## # # # # # # # ## # Kitengela # # # # ## # #### # # #### #### # # # # # ### ## ## # ### ## # # # # # # ### # # ## # ## ### # ## # # ### # ## # # Legend # # # ## # # # # # ## # # # # ## # # ### # # Cattle Observed # ## ## # # ## # # # # # # # ## ## # ### ##### # Towns ### # # # # # ## # # #### # ## # # # # ## # ### ### # # Olooloitikoshi ## # ## # ## # # # Major Rivers # ## # # # # # # ### # ## # # # ## # ### ## # # ## ## # # # ##### # ## # # # # # ## Fences # # # # # ### # # ## ## # # ## # # ### ## # # # ## ### # ## ## Nairobi National Par k # # ## ## ### # ## #### # ### ## # ## ### ### ## # # # # # ########## # ### # # ##### # ## ## ### # # # # # #### # ## ## ### ### ### # ## ### # # # # ### ##### ### # N # ### # # ## # # ### ### # ## ## # # ### ### # ### # # # ## ### # # # # # # # # ## # # # ## # # # ### ### ### # # ## #### ## ### ## ## # ### ### # # ### # ## # # # # # ## ## # # # # 0 20 Kilome ters # ### # # ## # # # # ## # #### # # ### # # ## # #### # #### ## ## ## # # # ### # ### # ### # # ## ## # ## ## # #### ## ## Isinya ## ## ## # # # # ## # # # # # ### # # ## ## # ### ## ### # # # ### # # # # # # # # # #### # # ## ## ### # # ## ### # # ### # # ## ###### # # # # # # ## ## N # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## ## ## # # ## # # # # ### ## ## ## ## # # ## # Konza # ## # # # # # # # ## ### # ## # # # # # # # ## ## ## ### # # # ## ## # ### ### ### ## # # # # ## ## ## # # ## # # # ## # ## # # # ## ### # # # ### ### #### # ### # # ### # # ### # ## ## # ## # # # # ### ### ## # ##### # # ### # ### # # # # # # ## # ## # ### # ## # # ## # # # # #### ## # # # ## # # # # ## ## Kajiado Photo: Ron Beaton # Source: DRSRS et al. in prep Wildebeest, zebra and elephant migratory corridors in Interventions to secure the dispersal and wildlife corridors Southern Kenya rangelands

Photo Credit: David Huberman (IUCN) Routes Threats State Action Sheep and goat open land is a 2 Immediate - reclaim crucial link to the park Only remaining passage into the park is privately owned. Negotiate with landowner Eminent interference of 1 & 2 to put more land under movements by southern lease (PES) scheme bypass: Mlolongo-Mbagathi highway Immediate - Need the Put restriction to the size of policy to support, 4 & 5 land parcel for further implement the land use subdivision. master plan

Link corridor 6 & 7 and corridor 3 & 4 to facilitate animal movement across the High - work with Namanga-Nairobi road. This 6 & 7 communities to develop will connect the park compatible land uses population to Machakos ranches and calving zone in Enkirigirr.

More urban development is High – need the policy to 3 taking place near the road support and land lease

No Low Medium High Blocked Source: DRSRS et al. in prep MEMR MEMR Source: DRSRS et al. in prep

Tarangire-Simanjiro Tarangire-Simanjiro Ecosystem Ecosystem • The Maasai-Steppe is one of the richest # Matale Kenya Namanga wildlife areas in #

Tanzania Tanzania Monduli # Longido Ngorongoro District CA Kilimanjaro Arusha NP NP Engutoto # L. Manyara • Migration of wildebeest, # Esilalei Location of the study area NP # Makuyuni MtowaMbu # zebra and elephant Lolkisale # # Msitu wa Lolkisale Tembo L. Burunge GCA # Terat N # Magugu# Emboreet Tarangire NP Simanjiro Loibor-Siret • Tarangire National # District Park (TNP) is the heart

Mkungunero Orkesumet Protected Areas GR # Lakes of the ecosystem and Tarangire ecosystem Major Rivers contains the only Major Roads

40 0 40 80 120 Kilometers source of water in the dry season.

a) Agriculture 1986 b) Agriculture 2000 Habitat use and land use changes

(a) (b)

Ngorongoro CA Ngorongoro Kilimanjaro CA Kilimanjaro NP NP ### ## # ## Arusha # # # ## ## ###### # # ## ## Arusha ### # NP ######## # # ## # ## # NP # ## ## # ## L. Manyara # ### # ## # ## # ## # #### L. Manyara ## ## ## NP # ## # # # # # # # ## # ## ### # # # NP # ## ## # ## # # # # # ## # ##### # # # # ## # ## # # # ##### # # # # # # # #Lolkisale ## ## # # # # GCA # # # # ### ## # # # # ## ###Lolkisale # ## # # # # ########## # ## ## ##GCA## ## # # # # ## ########### # ## ### ############ # ## #### # ### ## ## ## ### ## ### # # # # # ### ## ## ## ##### ## ### ## # # Tarangire### # # #### # # ## ## ## ## ## # # # ## # #### # # # # # ## # # ## ## # # # ## NP # ##### ## # # # ## ##Tarangire #### ### # # # # # # # ## ## # # # # NP ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ### # # ## ## ## ######### # # # # ## ## ##### ## # # ### ## ## #### ## # ## # Mkungunero# # # # ## ## # # # # # ## GR #### ## Mkungunero # GR ##

Wet Season Species Distribution N # Low Wildlife migratory routes # Medium Blocked High # Threatened Agriculture 0 100 200 Kilometers Protected Areas boundary Open Tarangire Ecosystem

Msoffe et al. 2011, Lamprey 1964 Source: Msoffe et al. 2011 Focus and changes

• Consultative Group on International Agriculture Research Programs (CRPs) are initiating joints programs on drylands on crops, water, ecosystems services and markets.

• Universities and national research programs are updating their programs and curriculum to focus in the dryland research

• Donors are also coming together to fund long-term investments in infrastructure, food production and markets in the drylands of the horn of Africa

Source: Msoffe et al. 2011

Lastly, how can ecologists work more effectively with policy

makers? Pastoral-wildlife systems team: Systems ecology, spatial statistics: Joseph Ogutu, Mohammed Said, Jeff Move to purposeful ecological policy research that aims to be Worden, Robin Reid useful to policy makers Systems economics: Steven Kiruswa, Phil Thornton, Patti Kristjanson Human ecology: Mike Rainy Trade-off modelling: Mario Herrero Ask the right questions: Policy impacts Ole Kamuaro 1. Who cares? Who loses? Does anybody win? Are the Community facilitators: David Ole Nkedianye, Leonard Ole Onetu negative effects big enough to capture the attention of (Sociologists), Moses Ole Neselle (Vet science), Dickson Ole Kaelo policymakers? (Animal production/Environmentalist) Animal behaviour and plant ecology: Jens Jung, Andrew Muchiru, 2. So what? Is it a policy problem? Sandra Van Dijk, Cathy Wilson 3. What can be done? Do we know enough to act? Will it Disease monitoring and dynamics: Fumi Mizutani work? What are the risks? What will it cost? GIS and remote sensing: Shem Kifugo, Russ Kruska

Reid, R.S., Nkedianye, D., Said, M.Y., Kaelo, D., Neselle, M., Makui, O., Understand the political, administrative and legal processes at Onetu, L., Kiruswa, S., Ole Kamuaro, N., Kristjanson, P., Dickson, N.M., the appropriate scale , and the influence of interest groups and Clark, W.C. 2009 Evolving models to support communities and policy makers with science: balancing pastoralism and wildlife Develop workable policy levers that effectively influence the conservation in East Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of ecological issue of interest Science. Tomich, Chomitz et al (2004), Reid et al. 2007