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Resources and Payments for Wildlife Livestock Dynamics Conservation

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Resources and Payments for Wildlife Livestock Dynamics Conservation Natural resource management and biodiversity conservation of Eastern Africa Presentation Mohammed Y Said Contributors: Aboud, A.A. 2, Kisoyan, P.K. 2, Notenbaert, A. 1, de Leeuw, J. 1, Manzano, P. 3, Davies, J.M. 3, Roba, G.M. 3, • Analysis - dryland • Development options in 4 4 5 1 Omondi, S.O. , Odhiambo, M.O. , Waithaka, M. , Shem, K and Gitau, J.W . policies the drylands 1International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya 2Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya 3International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Nairobi, Kenya 4Resource Conflict Institute (RECONCILE), Nakuru, Kenya 5Association to Strengthen Agriculture Research in East and Central Africa (ASARECA), Entebbe, Uganda • Mapping of dryland • Biodiversity and resources and payments for wildlife livestock dynamics conservation • Social challenges, • Research gaps, policy land use and climate opportunities and Grassland Society of Southern Africa 47 th Annual Congress (16-20 July 2012) change institutional development Club Mykonos, Langebaan, Western Cape POLICIES AND POLICY FRAMEWORKS GLOBAL/ ETHIOPIA KENYA TANZANIA REGIONAL Drylands – economics in East Africa 1. African Convention on 1. The Constitution of 1. Session paper # 1 1. National Land Policy the Conservation of the Federal 1995 Nature and Natural Democratic Republic Resources, 1968 of Ethiopia 2. Convention for the 2. Plan for Accelerated 2. The Constitution, 2010 2. National Strategy for Protection of the World and Sustained Growth and Reduction Cultural and Natural Development to end of Poverty 2005 Heritage, ‘72 Poverty (PASDEP) (MKUKUTA) 3. Convention on 3. Agricultural- 3. National Land Policy, 3. Strategic Plan for Biological Diversity Development Led 2009 Implementation of the Industrialization Land Law (SPILL) Strategy (ADLI) 4. UN Convention to 4. Rural Land 4. Vision 2030/Annex on 4. Ngorongoro Combat Desertification Administration and Northern Kenya and Conservation Area Land Use other Arid Lands (Annex Act, Chapter 284 Proclamation on arid and semi arid lands) 5. UNDRIP/AU 5. Draft Wildlife Bill 5. Village Land Act , No. Resolution Adopting 5 of 1999 Report of WG on IPs 6. AU Land Policy 6. Drought Management 6. Wildlife Management Framework and Authority Areas Regulations, Guidelines 2003 7. AU Pastoral Policy 7. Grazing Land and Framework Animal Feed Resources Act, 2010 ASARECA Report 2011 Resources Mapping of drylands resources - Drylands comprises 41.3% of the global terrestrial area - Drylands are home to 34.7% of the global population Rainfall and Potential Evapotranspiration ASARECA Report 2011 Livestock production in East Africa Characterization of drylands of Eastern Africa Kenya 90% Tanzania 67% Ethiopia 74% ASARECA Report 2011 ASARECA Report 2011 Human population and livestock numbers in Forage and Livestock the drylands of Eastern Africa Dynamics Human Country Population Cattle Goats Sheep Camel Ethiopia 30 million 17m 17m 5.4m ? Kenya 14.1 million 8m 7.8m 8.7m ? Tanzania 18.6 million 14.8m 9.2m 3.5m ? Source: ASARECA Report 2011, FAO Statistics recalculated for drylands Photo: Msoffe Spatial and temporal characteristic of forage distribution in the drylands of Eastern Africa Deviation of forage from long-term mean Source: Texas & AM, Remote Sensing and spatial modelling Source: Texas & AM Movement of livestock within and between the countries during the droughts of 2009 Forage (kg/ha) <800 800 - 1000 Impacts of droughts on people in the 1000 - 1200 1200 - 1400 N 1400 - 1600 region, conflicts over water and 1600 - 1800 1800 - 2000 forage increasing - insecurity within >2000 and across the countries In 2011 the droughts in the horn of Livestock Dynamics Africa affected about 11 million people Forage deviation Very Good Deviation > 30 Good 30 >= Deviation >10 Normal 10 >= Devition > -10 Poor -10 >= Deviation > - 30 Scarce -30 >= Deviation > -50 Drought -50 >= Deviation > -70 Disasater -70 >= Deviation 300 0 300 600 Kilometers ASARECA Report 2011 Source: Texas & AM and FAO, Funk et al., 2010 Vegetation index trends over that last 30 years Athi-Kapiti Plains Rift Valley Central Hills Rainfall (mm) <500 500 - 600 Amboseli 600 - 700 700 - 800 Plains 800 - 900 900 - 1000 >1000 National Park N 50 0 50 100 Kilometers Said et al., in prep Said et al., in prep a) Amboseli 5 year y = 7.9371x + 26.4 2009 Droughts – R 2 = 0.8986 40 30 the worst drought 20 10 Relation TL U per km2 in Amboseli in 40 0 between -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 years Normalised NDVI livestock density and b) Kitengela vegetation 2 Y ear index varies y = 7.123x + 31.751 2 60 R = 0.5905 across regions 50 40 30 20 10 TL U (per sq km) 0 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 Normalised NDVI Said et al., in prep Western 2010 Swara Summary land use Challenges Social, land use and climate change ASARECA Report 2011 Human population trend in Eastern Africa (1960 – 2009) Climate variability and change ASARECA Report 2011, World Bank Rainfall and temperature trends over the last 50 Impacts of climate change years (1960-2009) Will this put more pressure on drylands? What about land conversion, increase in irrigation schemes, deforestation? Source: FEWSNET, Funk et al., 2010 Source: FEWSNET, Funk et al., 2010 Spatial distribution of human population and cultivation in the Lodwar drylands in Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania # Projected rainfall Marsabit # and temperature changes # Garissa # NAIROBI Precipitation change < -150mm < -100mm < -50mm # Mombasa + or -50mm < +50mm Lodwar # # Marsabit N #Garissa # NAIROBI Temperature change <+0.5 C <+0.7 C <+0.9 C # Mombasa ASARECA Report 2011 (+ or -) +1.1 C Source: FEWSNET 2010, Funk et al., 2010, UNEP <+1.3 C Framework for investment in the drylands Investments in drylands Source: UNEP 2011 Heterogeneity Development Options for the drylands in Eastern Africa ~ Yield potential ~ Access to markets and services ~ Need for diversification Pasture availability options for livelihood diversif. ~ Labor Crop/cultivar types and income generation Herding Management practices trade-off with mobility/connectivity Diversification Dryland Development Domains Pastoralism and biodiversity Targeting Dry sub-humid Arid or semi-arid • Protect access to • Enable livestock Continuum communal mobility to maintain resources (water livestock-biodiversity Geographical units and seasonal forage interactions in which similar problems for wildlife and • Strengthen and/or opportunities livestock) communal resource are likely to occur • Focus on management diversification • Focus on strategies to protect diversification to biodiversity promote resilience • Promote crop- • Develop integrated livestock systems pasture-water and management systems and institutions ASARECA Report 2011 Pastoralism and biodiversity Pastoralism and biodiversity Far from markets Close to markets Low population High population • Strengthen market chain • Diversification of density density Continuum Continuum connectivity production (both in • Strengthening of • Strengthen land • Specialisation in pastoral pastoralism and into the pastoral rights and NR production (exploit the non-pastoral activities) economy governance economy of scale in • Private rather than • Social services against marketing)* collective market- (including security) encroachment and • Address asset liquidity enterprise • Infrastructure resource pressures and relate to banking • Legislation to promote • Diversify to include • Protect biodiversity services** competition (e.g. avoid biodiversity-related • Rangeland • Invest in processing or cartels)*** investments rehabilitation transport of perishable • Urban investments products (esp. milk) Galla goats Community indigenous breed information for milk and meat centres in West Pokot (ICT centres) Reclaimed farm Water for (African Foxtail household grass) from use in Ijara invasive prosopis julifora Sale of fatten Tissue livestock fed on culture African Foxtail bananas grass in Lamu district Source: ASARECA Report; KRDP/ASAL DM Source: ASARECA Report; KRDP/ASAL DM Biodiversity in the Wildlife Conservation Drylands Species abundance in Africa Wildlife densities in Kenya Large mammal density distribution in Africa. High diversity of mammalian population occurs in East and Central Africa. Said 2003 Source: Said 2007 Photo: ILRI, TWF Status of Wildlife & Poverty Wildlife Density in 1990s Poverty Rate in 1999 1. Biodiversity loss is increasing – Wildlife biomass declined by 70% in ASALs in the period 70s-2010s (de Leeuw et al., in prep. Western at al. 2010, Ogutu et al., 2011) 2 2. Increased poverty (for some groups e.g. pastoralists) 1 4 5 WILDLIFE DENSITY POVERTY RATE (tropical livestock unit per sq. km) (percent of the population below the poverty line) > 125 > 65 45 - 125 55 - 65 3 45 - 55 Can conservancies slow/reverse 15 - 45 0 - 15 35 - 45 <= 35 No observation of wildlife No data biodiversity loss and reduce No data Data calculated by Constituency OTHER FEATURES OTHER FEATURES District boundaries District boundaries National parks and reserves Constituency boundaries poverty concurrently? Water bodies Selected national parks and reserves Water bodies Source: WRI, ILRI, DRSRS, CBS 2007 Causes of wildlife loss and savanna conversion Wildebeest Causes Processes Consequences Migration in the Land / habitat conversion • Cropland Population loss or species Human population growth • Settlement (rural and urban) extinction (intrinsic, migration) • Infrastructure (roads, railways) Mara • Impermeable fencing • Land tenure rules Change in human welfare Human development • Protected area establishment Change in the movement • Loss of
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