DOCSLIB.ORG

Effects of Artificial Lighting on Insectivorous Bat Communities in Urban Ecosystems Joanna Kate Haddock

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Effects of Artificial Lighting on Insectivorous Bat Communities in Urban Ecosystems Joanna Kate Haddock Effects of artificial lighting on insectivorous bat communities in urban ecosystems Joanna Kate Haddock December 2018 A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, at The University of Sydney. Photo credits: Clockwise from left Taken by M. Law - J. Haddock with blacklight intercept trap Taken by J. Haddock - Scoteanax rueppellii Taken by L. Gonsalves - Nyctophilus gouldi Taken by B. Sloggett - J. Haddock with Scoteanax rueppellii Declaration I hereby declare that this work is my own, except where otherwise acknowledged. It has not been submitted in any form for another degree or diploma at any university or other institution. I consent to this thesis being made available for photocopying and loan under the appropriate Australian copyright laws. Role of the funding source This research was financially funded by the Holsworth Wildlife Research Endowment (grant numbers: HOLSW2015-2-F147 and HWRE2016R2063CONT). Acknowledgements CGT is supported by the Australian Government’s National Environmental Science Program through the Clean Air and Urban Landscapes Hub. Joanna Kate Haddock April 2018 i Table of Contents General Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 Light pollution ........................................................................................................................ 1 Historical developments in the field of light pollution research .............................................. 2 Ecological consequences of light pollution .............................................................................. 5 Mechanisms of ecological light sensitivity .............................................................................. 6 Urban ecological light pollution .............................................................................................. 7 Urban bats and light pollution ................................................................................................ 8 Open space adapted bats and ALAN ..................................................................................... 12 Clutter adapted bat species and ALAN ................................................................................. 13 Trawling bats and ALAN ....................................................................................................... 14 Edge adapted species and ALAN........................................................................................... 15 Aims and chapter structure ................................................................................................... 15 References ............................................................................................................................ 18 Chapter 2: Responses of insectivorous bats and nocturnal insects to local changes in street light technology ................................................................................................... 28 Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 28 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 29 Methods................................................................................................................................ 35 Results .................................................................................................................................. 44 Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 49 References ............................................................................................................................ 53 Chapter 3: Light pollution at the urban forest edge and its impact on insectivorous bats 60 Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 60 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 61 Method ................................................................................................................................. 65 Results .................................................................................................................................. 73 Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 82 References ............................................................................................................................ 89 Appendix .............................................................................................................................. 97 Chapter 4: Short term effect of lights on bat activity and feeding: a case study on Myotis macropus ..................................................................................................................... 100 Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 100 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 101 Methods.............................................................................................................................. 104 Results ................................................................................................................................ 111 ii Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 118 References .......................................................................................................................... 124 Chapter 5: Experimentally introduced red and white lights at wetlands cause diverse effects on insectivorous bats. ....................................................................................... 129 Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 129 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 130 Methods.............................................................................................................................. 133 Results ................................................................................................................................ 141 Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 152 References .......................................................................................................................... 158 Chapter 6: General Discussion ..................................................................................... 165 Overview of findings ........................................................................................................... 165 Emerging themes................................................................................................................ 169 Management implications .................................................................................................. 172 Future research ................................................................................................................... 174 Concluding remarks ............................................................................................................ 175 References .......................................................................................................................... 176 iii Author attributions Chapter 2 of this thesis is accepted for publication as “Haddock, J. K., Threlfall, C. G., Law, B. S. and Hochuli, D. F. Responses of insectivorous bats and nocturnal insects to local changes in street light technology. Austral Ecology. Accepted author manuscript: 27 November 2018.” J. K. Haddock, C. G. Threlfall and D.F. Hochuli conceived the project. J. K. Haddock collected the data. All authors analysed the data and contributed to manuscript preparation. Chapter 3 of this thesis is accepted for publication as “Haddock, J. K., Threlfall, C. G., Law, B. S. and Hochuli, D. F. (2019) Light pollution at the urban forest edge negatively impacts insectivorous bats. Biological Conservation 236, 17-28” All authors conceived the project. J. K. Haddock collected the data. All authors analysed the data and contributed to manuscript preparation. Chapter 4 of this thesis has been prepared for submission as “Haddock, J. K., Threlfall, C. G., Gonsalves, L., Law, B. S. and Hochuli, D. F. Short term effect of lights on bat activity and feeding: a case study on Myotis macropus.” All authors conceived the project. J. K. Haddock collected the data. All authors analysed the data and contributed to manuscript preparation. Chapter 5 of this thesis has been prepared for submission as “Haddock, J. K., Threlfall, C. G., Gonsalves, L., Law, B. S. and Hochuli, D. F. Experimentally introduced red and white lights at wetlands cause diverse effects for insectivorous bats.” All authors conceived the project. J. K. Haddock collected the data.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bat Echolocation Research a Handbook for Planning and Conducting Acoustic Studies Second Edition
    Bat Echolocation Research A handbook for planning and conducting acoustic studies Second Edition Erin E. Fraser, Alexander Silvis, R. Mark Brigham, and Zenon J. Czenze EDITORS Bat Echolocation Research A handbook for planning and conducting acoustic studies Second Edition Editors Erin E. Fraser, Alexander Silvis, R. Mark Brigham, and Zenon J. Czenze Citation Fraser et al., eds. 2020. Bat Echolocation Research: A handbook for planning and conducting acoustic studies. Second Edition. Bat Conservation International. Austin, Texas, USA. Tucson, Arizona 2020 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License ii Table of Contents Table of Figures ....................................................................................................................................................................... vi Table of Tables ........................................................................................................................................................................ vii Contributing Authors .......................................................................................................................................................... viii Dedication…… .......................................................................................................................................................................... xi Foreword…….. ..........................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Summer Indiana Bat Ecology in the Southern Appalachians
    SUMMER INDIANA BAT ECOLOGY IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS: AN INVESTIGATION OF THERMOREGULATION STRATEGIES AND LANDSCAPE SCALE ROOST SELECTION _______________________ A thesis Presented to The College of Graduate and Professional Studies Department of Biology Indiana State University Terre Haute, Indiana ______________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master’s in Biology _______________________ by Kristina Hammond August 2013 Kristina Hammond 2013 Keywords: Myotis sodalis, Indiana bat, thermoregulation, MaxENT, landscape, roosting ecology ii COMMITTEE MEMBERS Committee Chair: Joy O’Keefe, PhD Assistant Professor of Biology Indiana State University Committee Member: George Bakken, PhD Professor of Biology Indiana State University Committee Member: Stephen Aldrich, PhD Assistant Professor of Geography Indiana State University Committee Member: Susan Loeb, PhD Research Ecologist USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station & Clemson University iii ABSTRACT In the southern Appalachians there are few data on the roost ecology of the federally endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis). During 2008-2012, we investigated roosting ecology of the Indiana bat in ~280,000 ha in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Cherokee National Forest, and Nantahala National Forest in the southern Appalachians Mountains of Tennessee and North Carolina. We investigated 2 aspects of the Indiana bat’s roosting ecology: thermoregulation and the extrinsic factors that influence body temperature, and landscape-scale roost selection. To investigate thermoregulation of bats at roost, we used data gathered in 2012 from 6 female Indiana bats (5 adults and 1 juvenile) to examine how reproductive condition, group size, roost characteristics, air temperature, and barometric pressure related to body temperature of roosting bats. We found that air temperature was the primary factor correlated with bats’ body temperatures while at roost (P < 0.01), with few differences detected among reproductive classes in terms of thermoregulatory strategies.
    [Show full text]
  • Index of Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol. 9. Bats
    Index of Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol. 9. Bats A agnella, Kerivoula 901 Anchieta’s Bat 814 aquilus, Glischropus 763 Aba Leaf-nosed Bat 247 aladdin, Pipistrellus pipistrellus 771 Anchieta’s Broad-faced Fruit Bat 94 aquilus, Platyrrhinus 567 Aba Roundleaf Bat 247 alascensis, Myotis lucifugus 927 Anchieta’s Pipistrelle 814 Arabian Barbastelle 861 abae, Hipposideros 247 alaschanicus, Hypsugo 810 anchietae, Plerotes 94 Arabian Horseshoe Bat 296 abae, Rhinolophus fumigatus 290 Alashanian Pipistrelle 810 ancricola, Myotis 957 Arabian Mouse-tailed Bat 164, 170, 176 abbotti, Myotis hasseltii 970 alba, Ectophylla 466, 480, 569 Andaman Horseshoe Bat 314 Arabian Pipistrelle 810 abditum, Megaderma spasma 191 albatus, Myopterus daubentonii 663 Andaman Intermediate Horseshoe Arabian Trident Bat 229 Abo Bat 725, 832 Alberico’s Broad-nosed Bat 565 Bat 321 Arabian Trident Leaf-nosed Bat 229 Abo Butterfly Bat 725, 832 albericoi, Platyrrhinus 565 andamanensis, Rhinolophus 321 arabica, Asellia 229 abramus, Pipistrellus 777 albescens, Myotis 940 Andean Fruit Bat 547 arabicus, Hypsugo 810 abrasus, Cynomops 604, 640 albicollis, Megaerops 64 Andersen’s Bare-backed Fruit Bat 109 arabicus, Rousettus aegyptiacus 87 Abruzzi’s Wrinkle-lipped Bat 645 albipinnis, Taphozous longimanus 353 Andersen’s Flying Fox 158 arabium, Rhinopoma cystops 176 Abyssinian Horseshoe Bat 290 albiventer, Nyctimene 36, 118 Andersen’s Fruit-eating Bat 578 Arafura Large-footed Bat 969 Acerodon albiventris, Noctilio 405, 411 Andersen’s Leaf-nosed Bat 254 Arata Yellow-shouldered Bat 543 Sulawesi 134 albofuscus, Scotoecus 762 Andersen’s Little Fruit-eating Bat 578 Arata-Thomas Yellow-shouldered Talaud 134 alboguttata, Glauconycteris 833 Andersen’s Naked-backed Fruit Bat 109 Bat 543 Acerodon 134 albus, Diclidurus 339, 367 Andersen’s Roundleaf Bat 254 aratathomasi, Sturnira 543 Acerodon mackloti (see A.
    [Show full text]
  • Chiropterology Division BC Arizona Trial Event 1 1. DESCRIPTION: Participants Will Be Assessed on Their Knowledge of Bats, With
    Chiropterology Division BC Arizona Trial Event 1. DESCRIPTION: Participants will be assessed on their knowledge of bats, with an emphasis on North American Bats, South American Microbats, and African MegaBats. A TEAM OF UP TO: 2 APPROXIMATE TIME: 50 minutes 2. EVENT PARAMETERS: a. Each team may bring one 2” or smaller three-ring binder, as measured by the interior diameter of the rings, containing information in any form and from any source. Sheet protectors, lamination, tabs and labels are permitted in the binder. b. If the event features a rotation through a series of stations where the participants interact with samples, specimens or displays; no material may be removed from the binder throughout the event. c. In addition to the binder, each team may bring one unmodified and unannotated copy of either the National Bat List or an Official State Bat list which does not have to be secured in the binder. 3. THE COMPETITION: a. The competition may be run as timed stations and/or as timed slides/PowerPoint presentation. b. Specimens/Pictures will be lettered or numbered at each station. The event may include preserved specimens, skeletal material, and slides or pictures of specimens. c. Each team will be given an answer sheet on which they will record answers to each question. d. No more than 50% of the competition will require giving common or scientific names. e. Participants should be able to do a basic identification to the level indicated on the Official List. States may have a modified or regional list. See your state website.
    [Show full text]
  • Fitz-Stirling 2007-2017 Ten-Year Evaluation Review
    Fitz-Stirling 2007-2017 Ten-year Evaluation Review Feb / 2018 P a g e | 1 Acknowledgements: This report has benefited greatly from the discussion and guidance on content, presentation and editing by Annette Stewart, Clair Dougherty and Simon Smale. Their expert assistance is greatly appreciated. Volunteers have played a major and vital role in the monitoring and survey program over the past 5 years and I thank all of those involved. Special thanks go to Dr Sandra Gilfillan for her continuing dedication to the wallaby monitoring and research program. Volunteers Aaron Gove, who provided the bird data analysis and Richard Thomas, who provided the bat data analysis, have made a large contribution to this report and I thank them. I sincerely thank Bill and Jane Thompson who have regularly carried out all the pool monitoring for several years. Thanks also to Barry Heydenrych, Greening Australia, who provided restoration data. Funding to assist the monitoring program and UAV surveys during 2015 was gratefully received from South Coast NRM as part of the Australian Government funded ‘Restoring Gondwana’ program. Funding vital for wallaby monitoring and research was provided by the Diversicon Foundation. Citation: Sanders, A. (2018). Fitz-Stirling 2007-2017 ten-year evaluation review. Unpublished report for Bush Heritage Australia. P a g e | 2 Contents Overview of Fitz-Stirling Project ........................................................................................................ 6 This report evaluates our conservation impact .................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The New Sydney Fish Market: Biodiversity Development Assessment Report Concept and Stage 1 Works and Stage 2 Main Works
    The new Sydney Fish Market: Biodiversity Development Assessment Report Concept and Stage 1 Works and Stage 2 Main Works Infrastructure NSW © ECO LOGICAL AUSTRALIA PTY LTD 1 Concept and Stage 1 Works and Stage 2 Main Works | Infrastructure NSW DOCUMENT TRACKING Project Name The new Sydney Fish Market: Biodiversity Development Assessment Report Project Number 17WOL-7553 Date 6 May 2020 Project Manager Ian Dixon Prepared by Mitchell Scott and Belinda Failes Reviewed by Matthew Dowle and Meredith Henderson Approved by David Bonjer Status Final Version Number v9 Last saved on 6 May 2020 This report should be cited as ‘Eco Logical Australia 2020 The new Sydney Fish Market: Biodiversity Development Assessment Report. Prepared for Infrastructure NSW.’ UrbanGrowth NSW Development Corporation (UrbanGrowth NSW) was abolished on 1 July 2019 with all functions transferred to Infrastructure NSW. Any reference to UrbanGrowth NSW throughout this report is interchangeable with Infrastructure NSW (INSW). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This document has been prepared by Eco Logical Australia Pty Ltd. Disclaimer This document may only be used for the purpose for which it was commissioned and in accordance with the contract between Eco Logical Australia Pty Ltd and Infrastructure NSW. The scope of services was defined in consultation with Infrastructure NSW, by time and budgetary constraints imposed by the client, and the availability of reports and other data on the subject area. Changes to available information, legislation and schedules are made on an ongoing basis and readers should obtain up to date information. Eco Logical Australia Pty Ltd accepts no liability or responsibility whatsoever for or in respect of any use of or reliance upon this report and its supporting material by any third party.
    [Show full text]
  • České Vernakulární Jmenosloví Netopýrů. I. Návrh Úplného Jmenosloví
    Vespertilio 13–14: 263–308, 2010 ISSN 1213-6123 České vernakulární jmenosloví netopýrů. I. Návrh úplného jmenosloví Petr Benda zoologické oddělení PM, Národní museum, Václavské nám. 68, CZ–115 79 Praha 1, Česko; katedra zoologie, PřF University Karlovy, Viničná 7, CZ–128 44 Praha 2, Česko; [email protected] Czech vernacular nomenclature of bats. I. Proposal of complete nomenclature. The first and also the last complete Czech vernacular nomenclature of bats was proposed by Presl (1834), who created names for three suborders (families), 31 genera and 110 species of bats (along with names for all other then known mammals). However, his nomenclature is almost forgotten and is not in common use any more. Although more or less representative Czech nomenclatures of bats were later proposed several times, they were never complete. The most comprehensive nomenclature was proposed by Anděra (1999), who gave names for all supra-generic taxa (mostly homonymial) and for 284 species within the order Chiroptera (ca. 31% of species names compiled by Koopman 1993). A new proposal of a complete Czech nomenclature of bats is given in the Appendix. The review of bat taxonomy by Simmons (2005) was adopted and complemented by several new taxa proposed in the last years (altogether ca. 1200 names). For all taxa, a Czech name (in binomial structure for species following the scientific zoological nomenclature) was adopted from previous vernacular nomenclatures or created as a new name, with an idea to give distinct original Czech generic names to representatives of all families, in cases of species- -rich families also of subfamilies or tribes.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix a Fauna Survey Effort and Results
    APPENDIX A FAUNA SURVEY EFFORT AND RESULTS October 2016 Prepared by Anderson Environment and Planning The Fauna Survey Effort (FSE) for the Biobanking Assessment Report has been guided by the following: The predict threatened species from within the Biobanking Credit Calculator; The Threatened Species Survey and Assessment Guidelines for developments and activities (working draft), NSW Department of Environment and Conservation (2004); The NSW Threatened Species Profile Database; and Previous fauna survey results from the site. The following Ecosystem Credit species have been recorded on the site during past or current survey work: Eastern Bentwing-bat (Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis); Eastern False Pipistrelle (Falsistrellus tasmaniensis); Eastern Freetail-bat (Mormopterus norfolkensis); Greater Broad-nosed Bat (Scoteanax rueppellii); Grey-headed Flying-fox (Pteropus poliocephalus); Little Bentwing-bat (Miniopterus australis); Little Lorikeet (Glossopsitta pusilla); Long-nosed Potoroo (Potorous tridactylus); Powerful Owl (Ninox strenua); Squirrel Glider (Petaurus norfolcensis); Varied Sittella (Daphoenositta chrysoptera); Yellow-bellied Glider (Petaurus australis); Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat (Saccolaimus flaviventris). The following Species Credit species have been recorded on the site or surrounds during past survey work: Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus); Wallum Froglet (Crinia tinnula). Prepared by Anderson Environment and Planning Contents 1.0 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Echolocation in Bats: a Comparative Approach
    The evolution of echolocation in bats: a comparative approach Alanna Collen A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London. November 2012 Declaration Declaration I, Alanna Collen (née Maltby), confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, this is indicated in the thesis, and below: Chapter 1 This chapter is published in the Handbook of Mammalian Vocalisations (Maltby, Jones, & Jones) as a first authored book chapter with Gareth Jones and Kate Jones. Gareth Jones provided the research for the genetics section, and both Kate Jones and Gareth Jones providing comments and edits. Chapter 2 The raw echolocation call recordings in EchoBank were largely made and contributed by members of the ‘Echolocation Call Consortium’ (see full list in Chapter 2). The R code for the diversity maps was provided by Kamran Safi. Custom adjustments were made to the computer program SonoBat by developer Joe Szewczak, Humboldt State University, in order to select echolocation calls for measurement. Chapter 3 The supertree construction process was carried out using Perl scripts developed and provided by Olaf Bininda-Emonds, University of Oldenburg, and the supertree was run and dated by Olaf Bininda-Emonds. The source trees for the Pteropodidae were collected by Imperial College London MSc student Christina Ravinet. Chapter 4 Rob Freckleton, University of Sheffield, and Luke Harmon, University of Idaho, helped with R code implementation. 2 Declaration Chapter 5 Luke Harmon, University of Idaho, helped with R code implementation. Chapter 6 Joseph W.
    [Show full text]
  • Metabolic Physiology of Euthermic and Torpid Lesser Long-Eared Bats, Nyctophilus Geoffroyi (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 1999 Metabolic physiology of euthermic and torpid lesser long-eared bats, nyctophilus geoffroyi (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) Hosken, D J ; Withers, P C Abstract: Thermal and metabolic physiology of the Australian lesser long-eared bat, Nyctophilias geo- jfroyi, a small (ca. 8 g) gleaning insectivore, was studied using flow-through respirometry. Basal metabolic rate of N. geojfroyi (1.42 ml O2 g−1 h−1) was 70% of that predicted for an 8-g mammal but fell within the range for vespertilionid bats. N. geoffroyi was thermally labile, like other vespertilionid bats from the temperate zone, with clear patterns of euthermy (body temperature >32°C) and torpor. It was torpid at temperatures ฀25°C, and spontaneously aroused from torpor at ambient temperatures ฀5°C. Torpor provided significant savings of energy and water, with substantially reduced rates of oxygen consumption and evaporative water loss. Minimum wet conductance (0.39 ml O2 g−1 h−1 °C−1) of euthermic bats was 108% of predicted, and euthermic dry conductance was 7.2 J g−1 h−1 °C−1 from 5-25°C. Minimum wet and dry conductances of bats that were torpid at an ambient temperature of 15-20°C (0.06 ml O2 g−1 h−1 °C−1 and 0.60 J g−1 h−1 °C−1) were substantially less than euthermic values, but conductance of some torpid bats increased at lower ambient temperatures and approached values for euthermic bats.
    [Show full text]
  • Bat Conservation Plan SOUTH CAROLINA
    SOUTH CAROLINA Bat Conservation Plan South Carolina Department of Natural Resources SOUTH CAROLINA BAT CONSERVATION PLAN Updated July 2019 Prepared by: Jennifer R. Kindel Wildlife Biologist South Carolina Department of Natural Resources 124 Wildlife Drive Union, SC 29379 This is the South Carolina Bat Conservation Plan. It has been revised and updated from the initial plan created in September 2015. This plan provides information on legal status, public health, conservation issues, natural history, habitat requirements, species-specific accounts, threats and conservation strategies for bat species known to occur in the state. The primary purpose of this plan is to summarize available information for these species and provide proactive strategies in order to help guide management and conservation efforts. Suggested citation: South Carolina Department of Natural Resources. 2019. South Carolina Bat Conservation Plan. Columbia, South Carolina. 204 pp. Cover photo by Mary Bunch Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................. iv Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................... v Purpose .............................................................................................................................................................................. v Bat Species in South Carolina................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Bats of the SA Murray Region
    Community Bat Monitoring Program with the Mid Murray LAP The Mid Murray Local Action Planning Committee (Mid Murray LAP) BATS has been coordinating a Community Bat Monitoring Program since 2003. This program has been part of the 'Bats for Biodiversity' project initiated by the Mt Pleasant Natural Resource Centre and the Upper of South Australia's Murray Region Torrens Landcare Group. Over the years, many landholders have borrowed an Anabat detector to record the species they have on Bats are one of the largest groups of mammals: with approximately 1000 their properties. species, they make up nearly a quarter of the world's mammal species. There are around 90 species in Australia. Bats are unlike other small mammals in that they can live for a long time, at least 10 years, and are the only mammal that have the ability of sustainable flight. W S N Bats belong to the Order Chiroptera, which means Morgan hand-wing. Microchiroptera (microbats) and Harp nets Megachiroptera (megabats) are the two main groups (suborders). There are 16 species of microbats found Renmark in South Australia's Murray Region. Waikerie An Anabat detector is electronic equipment that Berri The South Australia's Murray Region is defined as the allows the passive monitoring of bats by detecting Blanchetown Catchment area of the Murray River from the South and recording their ultrasonic echolocation calls. Australian border to the Murray Mouth. The echolocation calls of bats are unique to each Loxton species and can be used to identify the bats. All of the bat species in South Australia's Murray Valley are insectivorous, with the exception of the The Mid Murray LAP's Community Bat Monitoring endangered Myotis macropus that also catches fish program includes the Anabat detectors being used with its large hind feet.
    [Show full text]