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Roost Selection by Barbastelle Bats (Barbastella Barbastellus, Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in Beech Woodlands of Central Italy: Consequences for Conservation

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Roost Selection by Barbastelle Bats (Barbastella Barbastellus, Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in Beech Woodlands of Central Italy: Consequences for Conservation Biological Conservation 117 (2004) 73–81 www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon Roost selection by barbastelle bats (Barbastella barbastellus, Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in beech woodlands of central Italy: consequences for conservation Danilo Russoa,b,*, Luca Cistronec, Gareth Jonesb, Stefano Mazzolenia aDipartimento AR.BO.PA.VE., Facolta` di Agraria, Universita` degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via Universita`, 100, I-80055 Portici, Naples, Italy bSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK cDipartimento di tecnologie, ingegneria e scienze dell’Ambiente e delle Foreste (D.A.F.), Universita` della Tuscia, via San Camillo de Lellis, I-01100, Viterbo, Italy Received 31 January 2003; received in revised form 6 May 2003; accepted 12 May 2003 Abstract We investigated roost selection by Barbastella barbastellus in a mountainous area of central Italy. Twenty-five bats, mostly lac- tating females, were radio-tracked to 33 roost trees. Trees in unmanaged woodland were favoured as roost trees; woodland subject to limited logging was used in proportion to availability, and areas where open woodland and pasture occurred were avoided. Selection depended on tree condition (dead beech trees were preferred) and height (roost trees were taller than random ones). Cavity selection was based on cavity type, height and entrance direction: roost cavities were mainly beneath loose bark, at a greater height above ground and facing south more frequently than random cavities. Untouched areas of mature woodland should be preserved to provide roosting conditions for B. barbastellus. In logged areas, harvesting protocols should save dead and mature trees; frequent roost switching and small colony size imply that large numbers of roost trees are needed. # 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Barbastella barbastellus; Bat; Chiroptera; Italy; Roost selection; Woodland management 1. Introduction tigation of roost selection is needed to set up appro- priate guidelines for forest management. Roosts play a crucial role in bat biology (e.g. Kunz, The barbastelle bat (Barbastella barbastellus (Schre- 1982), and their availability affects both the geographic ber, 1774)) is a medium-sized vespertilionid (forearm occurrence of bat species and the diversity of bat com- length=36.5–43.5 mm, body mass=6–13.5 g.; Schober munities (e.g. Findley, 1993). Many of the nearly 850 and Grimmberger, 1997) occurring in Europe, North microchiropteran species roost in trees (e.g. Kunz, 1982; Africa and Asia (Hutson et al., 2001; Urban´ czyk, 1999). Brigham et al., 1997; Sedgeley and O’Donnell, 1999a; It is recorded over much of Europe, except in the high- Boonman, 2000; Lacki and Schwierjohann, 2001; Men- est latitudes (Iceland, Northern Ireland, Estonia and zel et al., 2002). Deforestation is regarded as a specially most of Scandinavia; Urban´ czyk, 1999). B. barbastellus serious threat to conservation of these mammals (Hut- is classified as ‘Vulnerable’ at a global scale (Hutson et son et al., 2001). Because old and dead trees are richer in al., 2001), ‘Endangered’ in Italy (Bulgarini et al., 1998) cavities suitable for roosting, they may be particularly and is threatened in many areas of Europe, especially in important for bats (Hutson et al., 2001; Parsons et al., the west where it may be one of the rarest bat species 2003). The roosting requirements of tree-dwelling bat (Urban´ czyk, 1999). The species is protected by Eur- species represent a major conservation issue, and inves- opean law under Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC. * Corresponding author at: via Consalvo 99H (Parco San Luigi) B. barbastellus shows roosting preferences that should isol. B, I-80125, Napoli, Italy. be regarded as a key point in conservation protocols E-mail address: [email protected] (D. Russo). (Hutson et al., 2001). The species has been described as 0006-3207/$ - see front matter # 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00266-0 74 D. Russo et al. / Biological Conservation 117 (2004) 73–81 roosting mainly in human-made structures in summer, The study area is mountainous, with a mean elevation with trees being regarded as of secondary importance of ca. 1500 m a.s.l. (range 1278–1924 m a.s.l.). The (Harrington et al., 1995; Schober and Grimmberger, substrate is mainly limestone, and extensively covered 1997). However, radio-tracking studies have recently with beech (Fagus sylvatica) woodland; other habitats shown that B. barbastellus largely selects tree cavities as occurring in the area are pastures, often associated with roosts (Greenaway, 2001; Steinhauser et al., 2002). woodland. Other tree species, such as scycamore (Acer Few studies have dealt with roosting preferences in B. pseudoplatanus), are infrequent. Much of the woodland barbastellus: Greenaway (2001) examined roosting has not been logged since 1956. behaviour and activity of the species in Britain, while A special management protocol is adopted by the observations in continental Europe are limited to Park authorities to preserve a considerable proportion Germany (Steinhauser et al., 2002). Nothing is known of untouched woodland; limited and highly selective about roost selection of B. barbastellus in southern logging is occasionally done in a few forest stands. We Europe. classified woodland according to its structure and We examined roost selection in a breeding population management procedures as follows (Fig. 1): of B. barbastellus from central Italy at three levels: woodland structure and management type; tree char- 1. Pastures+woodland: 54.5% of the study area, at acteristics; and cavity characteristics. Our aim was to lower altitudes, is characterised by an association contribute to drawing up guidelines for conservation of of woodland and pastures. In the past, woodland this sensitive bat species in southern Europe. was thinned to favour the presence of pasture. The landscape still maintains this structure but the area has not been logged for over 40 years 2. Materials and methods and grazing by cattle is now moderate. Pastures are interspersed with (or surrounded by) old trees 2.1. Study area occurring at low densities. 2. Unmanaged woodland: 35.6% of the study area The study was carried out at the Abruzzo, Lazio and is covered with woodland that has not been Molise National Park (Lat 41480 N, Long 13460 E; logged for at least the past 40 years. Fig. 1), where Issartel (2001) first documented the 3. Shelterwood-harvested stands: 9.9% of the area occurrence of B. barbastellus. To our best knowledge, is made of stands which had not been disturbed the area is home to the only breeding population docu- since 1956, but in 1997–2002 were partly and mented for peninsular Italy. For data analysis, the area selectively harvested in order to reduce competi- hereafter named ‘study area’, of 700 ha, was delimited tion among trees. Logging involved only under- after locating roosts by choosing limits corresponding storey trees, according to the shelterwood harvest to main mountain ridges and other topographic features system. In no cases were old or dead trees to encompass all roost and random plots (see below). removed. Fig. 1. Left: location of the Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park (box); map of the study area and location of 33 B. barbastellus roosts. D. Russo et al. / Biological Conservation 117 (2004) 73–81 75 2.2. Capturing and tagging bats percent canopy closure (the degree of canopy closure around the roost tree assessed visually from the base of Field work was conducted in July and August 2001– the tree), and total number of cavities visible from the 2002. The bats were captured by placing 2.5Â6 m and ground on trunk and main limbs. When the roost cavity 2.5Â12 m mist-nets (50 denier, mesh size=38 mm) near was located, we recorded its type (loose bark, rot cavity, cattle troughs frequented by bats for drinking. The nets mechanical break such as vertical splits, woodpecker were erected soon after dusk and kept in place for 2–4 h. hole) and measured its height above ground (with a The bats captured were promptly removed from the net, clinometer) and entrance direction (with a compass). In and their body mass and forearm length were measured a few cases it was not possible to pinpoint the roost respectively with a digital scale to the nearest 0.1 g and a exactly. However, by carefully scanning the tree for calliper to the nearest 0.1 mm. Sex was assessed by cavities and loose bark, we could be confident of the inspecting genitalia (Racey, 1988), and wings were type of roost used as there were no cases where different trans-illuminated to distinguish juveniles from adults, roost types on the same tree could be confused. the former showing cartilage epiphyseal plates in finger Following Sedgeley and O’Donnell (1999a),we bones and more tapered finger joints (Anthony, 1988). marked four quadrants around each roost tree and In females, pregnancy was diagnosed by palpation located the nearest tree potentially suitable for roosting (Racey, 1988), and lactation was identified by the in each quadrant (point-centred quarter method; Caus- occurrence of enlarged nipples surrounded by a hairless ton, 1988). Each roost tree and its four neighbours skin area and by extruding milk with a gentle finger constituted a roost plot (Sedgeley and O’Donnell, pressure on the nipple base. The bats were fitted with 1999a). Previous observations carried out in the area 0.48 g LB-2 Holohil radio-transmitters, attached between showed that cavities were mostly absent in trees with a the shoulder blades with Skinbond adhesive after clipping height above ground <3 m and a DBH <30 cm; when the fur, and released ca. 10 minutes after tagging. a cavity was present, this was too small (entrance dia- Captures were conducted under licence from the Park meter <5 cm ca.) and superficial to be used by bats, and authorities.
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