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Historicky Casopis 2 2007.Pdf Historický časopis, 55, 2, 2007 O B S A H Š t ú d i e H u r b a n i č, Martin: Byzancia a Avarský kaganát v rokoch 623 – 624 .................. 229 C a p r o ş, Iulia: Košickí študenti na Univerzite v Krakove v 15. a na začiatku 16. storočia............................................................................ 249 B a h e n s k á, Marie: (Ne)zájem žen o účast v politice na stránkách českého ženského tisku ve druhé polovině 19. století a na počátku 20. století.................. 267 S i m o n, Attila: K niektorým aspektom kolonizácie južného Slovenska v období prvej republiky...................................................................................... 289 Vo n d r á š e k, Václav: Luďácký exil v prvních měsících po komunistickém převratu v Československu ................................................... 309 A r c h í v S e g e š, Dušan – B y s t r i c k ý, Valerián: Reflexia medzivojnového politického vývoja na Slovensku očami Varšavy................................................. 339 R e c e n z i e Memoria Austriae. Bd. I Menschen, Mythen, Zeiten; Bd. II Bauten, Orte Regionen; Bd. III Unternehmer, Firmen, Produkte (Tibor Pichler) ............ 365 R o m s i c s, I.: Trianonská mierová zmluva.(Roman Holec) ................................... 367 K á z m e r o v á, Ľ. – K a t u n i n e c, M.: Dilemy Karola Sidora (Milan Zemko) . 371 H a ľ k o, J.: Ave crux. Život a dielo biskupa Ambróza Lazíka (Jan Pešek) .............. 373 G L O S Y – B I B L I O G R A F I A K R O N I K A Historický časopis, 55, 2, 2007 C O N T E N T S A r t i c l e s H u r b a n i č, Martin: Byzantium and the Avar Khaganate in the years 623-624 ..... 229 C a p r o ş, Iulia: Students from Košice at the University of Cracow in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries............................................................... 249 B a h e n s k á, Marie: Interest and lack of interest of women in participation in politics according to Czech women’s magazines from the second half of the nineteenth and beginning of the 20th centuries ........ 267 S i m o n, Attila: On some aspects of the colonization of southern Slovakia in the period of the First Republic................................................................................. 289 Vo n d r á š e k, Václav: The Ľudák exiles in the first months after the communist coup in Czechoslovakia....................................................... 309 A r c h i v e s S e g e š, Dušan – B y s t r i c k ý, Valerián: Reflections on inter-war political developments in Slovakia through the eyes of Warsaw.................................... 339 R E V I E W – A N N O T A T I O N S – B I B L I O G R A P H Y – C H R O N I C L E I N H A L T S t u d i e n H u r b a n i č, Martin: Byzanz und das Awarische Chaganat in den Jahren 623 – 624........................................................................................ 229 C a p r o ş, Iulia: Studenten aus Košice (Kaschau) an der Universität von Krakau im 15. und frühen 16. Jahrhundert.................................................... 249 B a h e n s k á, Marie: Das (Nicht-) Interesse der Frauen an der Beteiligung in der Politik auf den Seiten der tschechischen Frauenpresse in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. und zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts...................... 267 S i m o n, Attila: Zu einigen Aspekten der Kolonisation der Südslowakei zur Zeit der Ersten Republik................................................................................ 289 Vo n d r á š e k, Václav: Das Exil der Ludaken in den ersten Monaten nach dem kommunistischen Umsturz in der Tschechoslowakei.......................... 309 A r c h i v S e g e š, Dušan – B y s t r i c k ý, Valerián: Eine Reflexion der internationalen politischen Entwicklung in der Slowakei mit den Augen Warschaus........................ 339 K R I T I K – G L O S S E N – B I B L I O G R A P H I E – C H R O N I K Historický časopis, 55, 2, 2007 Historický časopis ROČNíK 55, 2007, ČíSLO 2 Š T ÚD ie ByZANCIA a Avarský KAgANáT v rokoch 623 – 624* Martin H urbanič HURBANIČ, Martin. Byzantium and the Avar Khaganate in the years 623-624. Historický časopis, 2007, 55, 2, pp. 229-248, Bratislava. About 620 the Emperor Heraclius succeeded in concluding a temporary peace with the Avars and concentrating his forces exclusively in the struggle with Persia. In 622, during the first great offensive, the tactical and military maturity of the Byzan- tine army was demonstrated for the first time. However, Heraclius still could not use the strategic initiative enough in this period. The complicated relations with the Khaganate forced the Emperor to return to Constantinople and begin negotiations for a new peace treaty. The planned meeting with the Khagan of the Avars almost ended in personal catastrophe for the Emperor. Without regard for this incident, both sides had an interest in concluding peace. While the Byzantine side needed to continue the war with Persia, the Avars had to devote attention to stabilizing the situation in the Khaganate after the outbreak of Samo’s revolt. The agreement reached at the turn of the years 623/624 lasted until the Avar siege of Constanti- nople in 626. Avars. Avar Khaganate. Byzantium, Heraclius. V nedeľu 5. júna roku 623 sa malo mesto Herakleia (dnes turecké Eregli) stať dejis- kom nezvyčajného diplomatického stretnutia. V tomto neveľkom provinčnom centre pri pobreží Marmanského mora bolo naplánované obnovenie mierovej zmluvy medzi by- zantským cisárom Herakleiom (610 – 641) a avarským kaganom. Namiesto spečatenia dohody však avarská jazda, ukrytá v zalesnenom teréne, odrezala byzantskému sprie- vodu spiatočnú cestu. Samému cisárovi sa len vďaka náhode podarilo predísť osobnej katastrofe a prísť do Konštantínopola skôr než jeho prenasledovateľom. Zatiaľ čo sa Herakleios zachránil útekom, Avari spustošili nechránené predmestia byzantskej metro- poly a odvliekli so sebou za Dunaj veľké množstvo zajatcov. Tento nejasný incident sa stal prológom dramatického a veľkolepého vyvrcholenia avarsko-byzantskej mocenskej konfrontácie počas obliehania Konštantínopola v prvých augustových dňoch roku 626.1. 1 V historiografii je tento incident tradične nazývaný ako „avarské prepadnutie“ Pozri: BAyNES, Norman. The Date of Avar Surprise. In Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 1912, roč. 12, s. 110-128. Doterajšia sumarizu- júca literatúra k tejto udalosti: STRATOS, Andreas. Byzantium in the Seventh Century, I trs. M. Ogil- vie-grant. Amsterdam 1968, s. 154-160; POHL, Walter. Die Awaren. Ein Steppenvolk in Mitteleuropa 567 – 822. München 1988, s. 245-248. 229 Historický časopis, 55, 2, 2007 Zmarené diplomatické stretnutie bolo významným medzníkom byzantsko-avarských vzťahov, o čom svedčia viaceré zachované súdobé pramene.2 Aj novodobá historiografia venovala tejto udalosti náležitú pozornosť, a to najmä otázke jej datovania. Dva hlavné naračné pramene – anonymná Chronicon paschale a Chronografia Theofana Confessora (Homologeta) totiž prinášajú rozdielne časové údaje, v ktorých sa mal zmienený inci- dent odohrať. Podľa prvého z nich sa mal udiať v nedeľu 5. júna 623,3 zatiaľ čo podľa druhého roku 617 – 618.4 Čo sa tohto problému týka, starší bádatelia zväčša vychádzali z chronologického rámca Theofanovej kroniky. Po čiastočných korekciách ohľadom jej datovania bol termín incidentu preložený do roku 619.5 Vzhľadom na výhrady zo strany Normana Baynesa došlo k opätovnej zmene datovania tejto udalosti. Všeobecne akcep- tovaným sa stal ním stanovený hypotetický dátum 5. júna roku 617.6. 2 Prvú skupinu prameňov k spomínaným udalostiam predstavujú byzantské kroniky: anonymná Chro- nicon Paschale (7. stor.), Historia syntomos (nazývaná aj Breviarium) konštantínopolského patriarchu Nikefora (prelom 8 – 9. stor.) a Chronografia Theofana Homologeta/Confessora (9. stor.). Posledne menované kroniky sú neskoršieho dáta, obsahujú však súdobý materiál. Neskoršie byzantské naračné pramene neprinášajú k skúmanému problému nič nové. Druhá skupina prameňov je zastúpená materiál- mi homiletickej a panegyrickej povahy. Ide predovšetkým o dve anonymné homílie pripísané diakonovi konštantínopolského Chrámu sv. Sofie Theodorovi Synkellovi –In depositionem pretiosae vestis (po 623) a De obsidione Constantinopolis (pravd. 627). Do tejto skupiny patria aj poémy Synkellovho súčasníka georgia Pisidu De expeditione persica (622 – 623), Bellum avaricum (po 626) a Heraclias (630). Tieto materiály (až na niektoré cenné výnimky) ponúkajú zväčša komprimované a rétoricky podfarbené sumáre k skúmaným udalostiam bez uvedenia bližších konkrétností. Do poslednej skupiny materiálov patria dve latinské anonymné kroniky: Continuatio Hispana (8. stor.) a Continuatio Havniensis Prosperi (7. stor.), ktoré prinášajú takmer identickú zmienku viažucu sa k avarskému incidentu z roku 623. 3 Kronika uvádza 11. indikciu (september 622 – august 623), 13. rok Herakleiovej vlády (október 622 – sep-. tember 623), 5. deň mesiaca júna, nedeľu. Pozri Chronicon Paschale, ed. L. Dindorf, vol. 1, Corpus scriptorum historiae Byzantinae, Bonn 1832, s. 712,12-13. 4 Theofanes zaraďuje incident pod rok 6110 alexandrijskej éry bez udania dňa a mesiaca, čo v prepočte zodpovedá roku 617 – 618. THEOPHANES CONFESSOR, Chronographia, ed. C. de Boor, Theophanis chronographia I, Leipzig 1883, s. 301, 25-26. 5 Už starší bádatelia zistili, že v skúmanom období Theofanov annus mundi o rok zaostáva za indikciou. Všeobecne akceptovaným dátumom avarského incidentu sa teda stal rok 619. Pozri BURy, John. A His- tory of the Later Roman Empire. From Arcadius to Irene, 395 – 800, II. London 1889, s. 222; PERNICE, Angelo. L´imperatore Eraclio. Saggio di storia bizantina. Firenze 1905, s. 97, pozn. 1. Tento dátum sa ob- javuje aj v niektorých novších syntézach k dejinám Avarov: SZyMAŃSKI, Wojciech - DąBROWSKA, Elżbieta. Awarzy – Węgrzy. Wroclaw 1979, s. 41. 6 BAyNES, Date, ref. 1, s. 110-128. Anglický historik sa pridržiaval Theofanovej kroniky. Podľa jej dato- vania totiž v roku 623 Herakleios viedol boje s Peržanmi, čo vylučovalo cisárovu účasť na pripravova- nom diplomatickom stretnutí s Avarmi.
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