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Armed Violence in Mindanao: Militia and Private Armies

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Armed Violence in Mindanao: Militia and Private Armies July 2011 Armed Violence in Mindanao: Militia and private armies The Institute of Bangsamoro Studies and the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue The Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD Centre) “Mediation for peace” The Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD Centre) is an independent mediation organisation dedicated to helping improve the global response to armed conflict. It attempts to achieve this by mediating between warring parties and providing support to the broader mediation community. The HD Centre is driven by humanitarian values and its ultimate goal to reduce the consequences of violent conflict, improve security, and contribute to the peaceful resolution of conflict. It maintains a neutral stance towards the warring parties that it mediates between and, in order to maintain its impartiality it is funded by a variety of governments, private foundations and philanthropists. Cover images Front: A member of pro-government militia unit under the command of the AFP aims his World War II-era M-1 Garand rifle as he guards the perimeter of a village in Maguindanao on the eve of national and local elections on 10 May 2010. © Jason Gutierrez/IRIN Back: Close-up shot of 1000 peso featuring the banaue rice terraces. © Shutterstock images Supported by the MacArthur Foundation Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue 114, rue de Lausanne Geneva 1202 Switzerland t + 41 22 908 11 30 f +41 22 908 11 40 e [email protected] w www.hdcentre.org © Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, 2011 July 2011 Armed Violence in Mindanao: Militia and Private Armies The Institute of Bangsamoro Studies and the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue Copyright and credits Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue 114, rue de Lausanne Geneva 1202 Switzerland t + 41 22 908 11 30 f +41 22 908 11 40 e [email protected] w www.hdcentre.org © Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, 2011 Reproduction of all or part of this publication may be authorised only with written consent and acknowl- edgement of the source. Editor: Cate Buchanan ([email protected]) Deputy editor: Adam Cooper Design and layout: Rick Jones ([email protected]) 2 Armed Violence in Mindanao Contents Acknowledgments and contributors ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Terminology and abbreviations ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 Section 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................ 8 Militia in situations of violent conflict 8 Armed violence in Mindanao 9 Motivations and methodology 10 Figure 1: Map of Mindanao 11 Terminology 11 Key findings 12 Conclusion 12 Section 2: Militia entities in Mindanao .............................................................................................................................. 13 Economic drivers 14 Box 1: Population and ethnicity in Mindanao 14 Historical overview of militia formation 15 Table 1: Mandates of the CAFGU Active Auxiliaries, Special CAFGU Active Auxiliaries and Civilian Volunteer Organizations 17 Table 2: Annual CAFGU Active Auxiliary strength 19 Table 3: Comparative benefits for militia type 20 Table 4: Allowances and pay of CAFGU Active Auxiliary members 21 Militia and human rights: A volatile mix 24 Gender patterns in militia 25 Section 3: Security services and forces ......................................................................................................................... 29 Armed Forces of the Philippines 29 Box 2: The availability of weapons in the Philippines 31 Philippine National Police 32 Militia and Private Armies 3 Section 4: Children and youth ....................................................................................................................................................... 36 Section 5: Survey findings .................................................................................................................................................................. 39 Militia demographics 39 Motivations 40 Security and counter-insurgency roles 41 Policies and socio-economic recommendations 43 Reflections on key findings 44 Section 6: Opportunities for policymaking to reduce violence ..................................................... 45 The Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process 45 Box 3: List of peace agreements 46 Dialogue with the MNLF and MILF 47 Specific efforts targeted at militia 48 Section 7: Conclusion and recommendations ....................................................................................................... 50 Annexes .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 55 Annex 1: List of Focus Groups 55 Annex 2: Publication Review Meeting, July 2010 56 4 Armed Violence in Mindanao Acknowledgments and contributors Acknowledgments He is a senior researcher of the Institute of The HD Centre would like to thank the MacArthur Bangsamoro Studies. Foundation for its support over the project period, Rufa Cagoco-Guiam is the Director of the Campus 2009-2011. Institute for Peace and Development at Mindanao The Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue and the State University-General Santos City. She has under- Institute of Bangsamoro Studies also acknowledge taken consultancies for Management Systems the peer reviews provided by Ariel Macaspac and International and the United Nations Development an anonymous reviewer. Their comments and Programme. From 1991 to 1995, she was the first suggestions were invaluable. woman editor-in-chief of The Mindanao Cross. She has an MA in anthropology from Silliman Univer- Contributors sity and undertook further post-graduate work at the University of Hawaii as an East-West Center Cate Buchanan has worked for the Centre for scholar (1982-1986). Rufa Cagoco-Guiam was an Humanitarian Dialogue since 2001 principally man- Asian Public Intellectual Fellow supported by the aging the arms- and violence-reduction portfolio, Nippon Foundation (2008 to 2009). She contributed and in recent years the work related to gender and to sections two and three of this report. mediation in Asia. In 2000, she was the programme associate for disarmament for the Women’s Inter- David Gorman is Mediation Adviser at the Centre national League for Peace and Freedom in Geneva, for Humanitarian Dialogue and serves as Country and then worked for the International Action Representative in the Philippines. For the last 17 Network on Small Arms as the New York liaison years, he has been living and working abroad on officer. Previously she worked in domestic violence several national and international negotiation and refuges and as a legal researcher. In 2005 she was dialogue processes including Palestine/Israel, based in Brazil on secondment to Viva Rio as a Liberia, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Indonesia, Thailand human security adviser. She has a degree from the and the Philippines. He has a Master’s degree in Australian National University. International Relations and another one in Social Policy in Developing Countries from the London Sulog Bra completed a Ph.D. in Extension Education School of Economics. at Universiti Putra Malaysia. He holds an academic rank of Professor V and teaches research methods Abhoud Syed M. Lingga is the Executive Director at the graduate school of Mindanao State University, of the Institute of Bangsamoro Studies in Cotabato Maguindanao Campus. He was former Director City, Philippines. He holds a Master of Arts in for Research and Extension at the university and Islamic Studies as well as a Master of Arts in Edu- has undertaken coaching, consultancy, training cation. He has participated in a number of training and research works with various organizations. sessions including on conflict prevention and peace- Militia and Private Armies 5 building conducted by the United Nations Institute security sector reform, and Islamic education. In for Training and Research; human rights and people’s 2010 he became a member of the Moro Islamic diplomacy by the Diplomacy Training Program of Liberation Front negotiating panel with the Govern- the University of New South Wales; and local gov- ment of the Philippines. ernment and civil society by Friedrich Naumann Stiftung in Germany. He participated in various Mireille Widmer worked with the Centre for sessions of the United Nations Working Group on Humanitarian Dialogue from 2003 to 2007 on Indigenous Populations in Geneva. For some years small arms control and armed violence reduction, he was Associate Professor at the Mindanao State including time in Mindanao and Sulu. She went University in Maguindanao and lecturer at Cotabato on to work with the United Nations Development City State Polytechnic College, Sultan Kudarat Islamic Programme on armed violence reduction and Academy Foundation College and Mindanao State rule of law projects in Haiti, the Central African University Buug College. His research interests are Republic and Somalia. She holds a Master of Arts Bangsamoro self-determination, conflict manage- in Peace and Conflict Studies from University ment, human rights, sustainable development, of Sydney. 6 Armed Violence in Mindanao Terminology and abbreviations Below are the most common acronyms and local
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