Historical Dictionary of the Philippines, Second Edition
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Historical Dictionary of the Philippines, Second Edition Artemio R. Guillermo May Kyi Win The Scarecrow Press Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East Edited by Jon Woronoff Asia 1. Vietnam, by William J. Duiker. 1989. Out of print. See No. 27. 2. Bangladesh, 2nd ed., by Craig Baxter and Syedur Rahman. 1996. Out of print. See No. 48. 3. Pakistan, by Shahid Javed Burki. 1991. Out of print. See No. 33. 4. Jordan, by Peter Gubser. 1991 5. Afghanistan, by Ludwig W. Adamec. 1991. Out of print. See No. 47. 6. Laos, by Martin Stuart-Fox and Mary Kooyman. 1992. Out of print. See No. 35. 7. Singapore, by K. Mulliner and Lian The-Mulliner. 1991 8. Israel, by Bernard Reich. 1992 9. Indonesia, by Robert Cribb. 1992. Out of print. See No. 51. 10. Hong Kong and Macau, by Elfed Vaughan Roberts, Sum Ngai Ling, and Peter Bradshaw. 1992 11. Korea, by Andrew C. Nahm. 1993. Out of print. See No. 52. 12. Taiwan, by John F. Copper. 1993. Out of print. See No. 34. 13. Malaysia, by Amarjit Kaur. 1993. Out of print. See No. 36. 14. Saudi Arabia, by J. E. Peterson. 1993. Out of print. See No. 45. 15. Myanmar, by Jan Becka. 1995 16. Iran, by John H. Lorentz. 1995 17. Yemen, by Robert D. Burrowes. 1995 18. Thailand, by May Kyi Win and Harold Smith. 1995 19. Mongolia, by Alan J. K. Sanders. 1996. Out of print. See No. 42. 20. India, by Surjit Mansingh. 1996 21. Gulf Arab States, by Malcolm C. Peck. 1996 22. Syria, by David Commins. 1996. Out of print. See No. 50. 23. Palestine, by Nafez Y. Nazzal and Laila A. Nazzal. 1997 24. Philippines, by Artemio R. Guillermo and May Kyi Win. 1997. Out of print. See No. 54. Oceania 1. Australia, by James C. Docherty. 1992. Out of print. See No. 32. 2. Polynesia, by Robert D. Craig. 1993. Out of print. See No. 39. 3. Guam and Micronesia, by William Wuerch and Dirk Ballendorf. 1994 4. Papua New Guinea, by Ann Turner. 1994. Out of print. See No. 37. 5. New Zealand, by Keith Jackson and Alan McRobie. 1996 New Combined Series 25. Brunei Darussalam, by D. S. Ranjit Singh and Jatswan S. Sidhu. 1997 26. Sri Lanka, by S. W. R. de A. Samarasinghe and Vidyamali Samarasinghe. 1998 27. Vietnam, 2nd ed., by William J. Duiker. 1998 28. People’s Republic of China: 1949–1997, by Lawrence R. Sullivan, with the assistance of Nancy Hearst. 1998 29. Afghanistan, 2nd ed., by Ludwig W. Adamec. 1997. Out of print. See No. 47. 30. Lebanon, by As’ad AbuKhalil. 1998 31. Azerbaijan, by Tadeusz Swietochowski and Brian C. Collins. 1999 32. Australia, 2nd ed., by James C. Docherty. 1999 33. Pakistan, 2nd ed., by Shahid Javed Burki. 1999 34. Taiwan (Republic of China), 2nd ed., by John F. Copper. 2000 35. Laos, 2nd ed., by Martin Stuart-Fox. 2001 36. Malaysia, 2nd ed., by Amarjit Kaur. 2001 37. Papua New Guinea, 2nd ed., by Ann Turner. 2001 38. Tajikistan, by Kamoludin Abdullaev and Shahram Akbarzedeh. 2002 39. Polynesia, 2nd ed., by Robert D. Craig. 2002 40. North Korea, by Ilpyong J. Kim. 2003 41. Armenia, by Rouben Paul Adalian. 2002 42. Mongolia, 2nd ed., by Alan J. K. Sanders. 2003 43. Cambodia, by Justin Corfield and Laura Summers. 2003 44. Iraq, by Edmund A. Ghareeb with the assistance of Beth K. Dougherty. 2004 45. Saudi Arabia, 2nd ed., by J. E. Peterson. 2003 46. Nepal, by Nanda R. Shrestha and Keshav Bhattarai. 2003 47. Afghanistan, 3rd ed., by Ludwig W. Adamec. 2003 48. Bangladesh, 3rd ed., by Craig Baxter and Syedur Rahman. 2003 49. Kyrgyzstan, by Rafis Abazov. 2004 50. Syria, 2nd ed., by David Commins. 2004 51. Indonesia, 2nd ed., by Robert Cribb and Audrey Kahin. 2004 52. Republic of Korea, 2nd ed., by Andrew C. Nahm and James E. Hoare. 2004 53. Turkmenistan, by Rafis Abazov. 2005 54. Philippines, 2nd ed., by Artemio Guillermo. 2005 Historical Dictionary of the Philippines Second Edition Artemio R. Guillermo and May Kyi Win Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East, No. 54 The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Oxford 2005 SCARECROW PRESS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.scarecrowpress.com PO Box 317 Oxford OX2 9RU, UK Copyright © 2005 by Artemio R. Guillermo All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Guillermo, Artemio R. Historical dictionary of the Philippines / Artemio R. Guillermo.—2nd ed. p. cm.—(Historical dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East ; no. 54) Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 0-8108-5490-2 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Philippines—History—Dictionaries. I. Title. II. Series: Historical dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East ; 54. DS667.G85 2005 959.9—dc22 2004030020 ∞™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Manufactured in the United States of America. Contents List of Tables vii Editor’s Foreword ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Acronyms and Abbreviations xv Chronology xix Maps xxxi Introduction 1 THE DICTIONARY 17 Appendix 445 Bibliography 455 About the Authors 583 v List of Tables Population of the Philippines 445 Population by Region 446 Simple Literacy of the Population 447 Education 448 Agriculture 449 Natural Resources 450 Foreign Trade 451 Industry Sector/Table 452 Labor and Employment 453 Commonwealth and Republic Presidents 454 vii Editor’s Foreword The Philippines is Asia with a difference. Or rather, many differences. It was colonized earlier and remained under foreign domination longer than its neighbors. The policies imposed by the Spanish and Americans were different, and as Filipinos adapted them, these differences were further accentuated. Alone among Asian countries, the Philippines em- braced Catholicism, and the church plays a notable role. Almost inex- plicably, despite its fertile soil and plentiful natural resources, it did not partake in the Asian “economic miracle” and economic growth barely keeps up with population growth. Still, although some differences are negative, others are positive. The present political system is exception- ally open and democratic, the media are the freest in the region, and its culture is certainly one of the richest anywhere. This book presents the Philippines in many aspects, showing what it has in common with other Asian countries and what makes it special. Some entries cover the time of Spanish and American domination, but also on earlier practices, some of which have survived. There are entries on the long struggle for independence and the very distinctive periods since then. Other entries focus on many decisive events and essential institutions. Numerous entries cover its cities, provinces, and geogra- phy. Above all, there are entries on the people, patriots and politicians, soldiers and businessmen, and writers and artists. The chronology helps us look back over time while the bibliography enables us find out more about this country, which is all the more fascinating for its differences. The second edition of the Historical Dictionary of the Philippines was updated and expanded by Artemio R. Guillermo, one of the authors of the first edition. Dr. Guillermo, who was born in the Philippines, studied in the United States, specializing in journalism and communication. From 1955 to 1968, he worked as a journalist, businessman, and educator in the Philippines, before returning to the United States to teach journalism and ix x•EDITOR’S FOREWORD communication. He has since retired but very obviously, to judge by the many additions, keeps thoroughly abreast of events. Alas, May Kyi Win, the other author, passed away in 2002 after many years as curator of the Donn V. Hart Southeast Asia Collection at Northern Illinois University. This book is, in some ways, a tribute to her, but especially to one of Asia’s most fascinating and unique countries. Jon Woronoff Series Editor Preface This revised and updated edition offers a wider range of subjects in or- der to present a concise and fair account of the historical context of the Philippines. Filipinos have been led to believe that their history started only when Western colonizers “discovered” them. These invaders tried their best to wipe out evidences of a literate and highly developed soci- ety. Only later researches by Filipinos, foreign scholars, and archaeolo- gists have turned up trenchant evidences of a civilized society. They had laws, a government in the form of the barangay, and a system of writ- ing. The Laguna Copper Plate Inscription, ancient syllabary, and Tabon Caves artifacts are proofs that pre-Hispanic Filipinos had a distinctive ethos, folk epics, language, and most of the criteria of a functioning so- ciety. Epic poetry was the highest form of ancient Filipino literary her- itage. The past and present periods yielded a plethora of historical events, dynamic personalities, and institutions that provided the high points of the country’s arduous journey in democracy and the road to civilization. Particular attention was devoted to persons who made up the society, their contribution, dominant beliefs and values, the issues on which they were divided or united, the nature and extent of their in- volvement with national institutions, and their attitudes toward the so- cial system and political order.