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THE PHILIPPINES, 1942-1944 James Kelly Morningstar, Doctor of History

ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: WAR AND RESISTANCE: THE PHILIPPINES, 1942-1944 James Kelly Morningstar, Doctor of History, 2018 Dissertation directed by: Professor Jon T. Sumida, History Department What happened in the Philippine Islands between the surrender of Allied forces in May 1942 and MacArthur’s return in October 1944? Existing historiography is fragmentary and incomplete. Memoirs suffer from limited points of view and personal biases. No academic study has examined the Filipino resistance with a critical and interdisciplinary approach. No comprehensive narrative has yet captured the fighting by 260,000 guerrillas in 277 units across the archipelago. This dissertation begins with the political, economic, social and cultural history of Philippine guerrilla warfare. The diverse Islands connected only through kinship networks. The Americans reluctantly held the Islands against rising Japanese imperial interests and Filipino desires for independence and social justice. World War II revealed the inadequacy of MacArthur’s plans to defend the Islands. The General tepidly prepared for guerrilla operations while Filipinos spontaneously rose in armed resistance. After his departure, the chaotic mix of guerrilla groups were left on their own to battle the Japanese and each other. While guerrilla leaders vied for local power, several obtained radios to contact MacArthur and his headquarters sent submarine-delivered agents with supplies and radios that tie these groups into a united framework. MacArthur’s promise to return kept the resistance alive and dependent on the United States. The repercussions for social revolution would be fatal but the Filipinos’ shared sacrifice revitalized national consciousness and created a sense of deserved nationhood. The guerrillas played a key role in enabling MacArthur’s return.
Colonial Contractions: the Making of the Modern Philippines, 1565–1946

Colonial Contractions: The Making of the Modern Philippines, 1565–1946 Colonial Contractions: The Making of the Modern Philippines, 1565–1946 Vicente L. Rafael Subject: Southeast Asia, Philippines, World/Global/Transnational Online Publication Date: Jun 2018 DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.268 Summary and Keywords The origins of the Philippine nation-state can be traced to the overlapping histories of three empires that swept onto its shores: the Spanish, the North American, and the Japanese. This history makes the Philippines a kind of imperial artifact. Like all nation- states, it is an ineluctable part of a global order governed by a set of shifting power rela tionships. Such shifts have included not just regime change but also social revolution. The modernity of the modern Philippines is precisely the effect of the contradictory dynamic of imperialism. The Spanish, the North American, and the Japanese colonial regimes, as well as their postcolonial heir, the Republic, have sought to establish power over social life, yet found themselves undermined and overcome by the new kinds of lives they had spawned. It is precisely this dialectical movement of empires that we find starkly illumi nated in the history of the Philippines. Keywords: Philippines, colonialism, empire, Spain, United States, Japan The origins of the modern Philippine nation-state can be traced to the overlapping histo ries of three empires: Spain, the United States, and Japan. This background makes the Philippines a kind of imperial artifact. Like all nation-states, it is an ineluctable part of a global order governed by a set of shifting power relationships.
The Philippines: Dismantling Rebel Groups

The Philippines: Dismantling Rebel Groups Asia Report N°248 | 19 June 2013 International Crisis Group Headquarters Avenue Louise 149 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i Recommendations..................................................................................................................... iii I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. Rethinking Assistance to Former Rebels ......................................................................... 4 A. The Cautionary Tale of the MNLF ............................................................................. 4 B. The Dubious Legacy of Buybacks .............................................................................. 5 III. The Cordillera: Trial and Error ........................................................................................ 8 A. The History of the Conflict ........................................................................................ 8 B. The July 2011 Closure Agreement ............................................................................. 11 1. The many faces of the CPLA ................................................................................. 11 2. Terms ...................................................................................................................
Fall 2006 an Incident in Bataan Lt

Philippine Scouts Heritage Society Preserving the history, heritage, and legacy of the Philippine Scouts for present and future generations Fall 2006 An Incident in Bataan Lt. Col. Frank O. Anders, the S-2 (intelligence) officer, for the 57th Infantry is now deceased. He distinguished himself during the defense of Bataan by frequently infiltrating behind Japanese lines collecting intelligence. For his courage, he received a Bronze Star with Oak Leaf Cluster. Surviving combat and POW incarceration, he wrote “Bataan: An Incident” in 1946 while recovering from injuries that would lead to his retirement shortly thereafter. His family connection to the Philippines stretched over two generations, as Anders’ father served in Manila during the Spanish American War, receiving a Medal of Honor, the nation’s highest military award for valor in combat. In 1961 father and son visited the Philippines together to retrace the paths each had taken in his own war. Because of its length, the Anders article will be serialized over two issues. It also is being published in the current issue of the Bulletin of the American Historical Collection, Ateneo de Manila University in the Philippines. Editor by Lt. Col. Frank O. Anders land—terraced paddies yellow with rip- the China Sea northwest of the Island For 250 years or more the solid ado- ened grain. Beyond were the solid of Luzon in the Philippines. be stone church had withstood the rav- walled fields of cane, higher and more ages of nature and man. Earthquake, fire, rolling. And above, looking out over The Zambales looked down, as they tidal wave and typhoon had battered and cane and rice and church, with its town, had looked down for centuries, while marred the structure, but still it stood, its fringe of fish ponds, and then the first Moro pirates, then Chinese adven- lofty and secure, with its stone terraces bay—looking down on this and the turers, then Spanish Conquistadores and and latticed, stone-walled courtyard.
World War Ii in the Philippines

WORLD WAR II IN THE PHILIPPINES The Legacy of Two Nations©2016 Copyright 2016 by C. Gaerlan, Bataan Legacy Historical Society. All Rights Reserved. World War II in the Philippines The Legacy of Two Nations©2016 By Bataan Legacy Historical Society Several hours after the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the Philippines, a colony of the United States from 1898 to 1946, was attacked by the Empire of Japan. During the next four years, thou- sands of Filipino and American soldiers died. The entire Philippine nation was ravaged and its capital Ma- nila, once called the Pearl of the Orient, became the second most devastated city during World War II after Warsaw, Poland. Approximately one million civilians perished. Despite so much sacrifice and devastation, on February 20, 1946, just five months after the war ended, the First Supplemental Surplus Appropriation Rescission Act was passed by U.S. Congress which deemed the service of the Filipino soldiers as inactive, making them ineligible for benefits under the G.I. Bill of Rights. To this day, these rights have not been fully -restored and a majority have died without seeing justice. But on July 14, 2016, this mostly forgotten part of U.S. history was brought back to life when the California State Board of Education approved the inclusion of World War II in the Philippines in the revised history curriculum framework for the state. This seminal part of WWII history is now included in the Grade 11 U.S. history (Chapter 16) curriculum framework. The approval is the culmination of many years of hard work from the Filipino community with the support of different organizations across the country.
CONTENT and CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS of SELECTED PRIMARY SOURCES LEARNING OBJECTIVES: at the End of the Topic Sessi

GE1712 TOPIC TITLE: CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PRIMARY SOURCES LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of the topic session, the students should be able to: LO4: Construct a comparison between the context of the primary sources to the current situation of the country; and LO5: Integrate the contributions of the various primary sources in understanding Philippine history. MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT: o Computer with speakers o LCD projector o File/s (02 Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources) 02 LCD Slides 1.ppsx 02 Handout 1.pdf 02 Handout 2.pdf 02 Activity 1.pdf 02 Activity 2.pdf 02 Quiz 1 Answer Key.pdf 02 Quiz 1.pdf 02 Video 1.pdf 02 Worksheet 1.pdf o Software requirements MS PowerPoint Windows Media Player / VLC Media Player TOPIC PREPARATION: o The instructor must have an open communication with the students since they will be the ones who will be discussing the following case points in this module, as well as provide seatworks. Therefore, provide the students with appropriate rubrics should they decide to have an essay as seatwork. o The instructor must review the following case points to aid the students during their reciprocal teaching: Antonio Pigafetta’s First Voyage Around the World Juan de Plasencia’s Customs of the Tagalogs Emilio Jacinto’s Kartilla ng Katipunan Emilio Aguinaldo’s Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan National Historical Institute’s Documents of the 1898 Declaration of Philippine Independence, The Malolos Constitution, and the First Philippine Republic Content and Contextual Analysis
Holidays and Observances, 2020

Holidays and Observances, 2020 For Use By New Jersey Libraries Made by Allison Massey and Jeff Cupo Table of Contents A Note on the Compilation…………………………………………………………………….2 Calendar, Chronological……………….…………………………………………………..…..6 Calendar, By Group…………………………………………………………………………...17 Ancestries……………………………………………………....……………………..17 Religion……………………………………………………………………………….19 Socio-economic……………………………………………………………………….21 Library……………………………………...…………………………………….…...22 Sources………………………………………………………………………………....……..24 1 A Note on the Compilation This listing of holidays and observances is intended to represent New Jersey’s diverse population, yet not have so much information that it’s unwieldy. It needed to be inclusive, yet practical. As such, determinations needed to be made on whose holidays and observances were put on the calendar, and whose were not. With regards to people’s ancestry, groups that made up 0.85% of the New Jersey population (approximately 75,000 people) and higher, according to Census data, were chosen. Ultimately, the cut-off needed to be made somewhere, and while a round 1.0% seemed a good fit at first, there were too many ancestries with slightly less than that. 0.85% was significantly higher than any of the next population percentages, and so it made a satisfactory threshold. There are 20 ancestries with populations above 75,000, and in total they make up 58.6% of the New Jersey population. In terms of New Jersey’s religious landscape, the population is 67% Christian, 18% Unaffiliated (“Nones”), and 12% Jewish, Muslim, Buddhist, and Hindu. These six religious affiliations, which add up to 97% of the NJ population, were chosen for the calendar. 2% of the state is made up of other religions and faiths, but good data on those is lacking.
The History of Filipino Women's Writings by Riitta Vartti Sivu on Päivitetty 2.1.2007, Riitta Vartti, [email protected] Updated

The History of Filipino Women's Writings by Riitta Vartti Sivu on päivitetty 2.1.2007, Riitta Vartti, [email protected] updated An article from Firefly - Filipino Short Stories (Tulikärpänen - filippiiniläisiä novelleja) Riitta Vartti (ed.), Kääntöpiiri, Helsinki 2001 The Philippines can be proud not only because of the country's high literacy rate but also because of her women authors who write and publish in the many languages of the country, both in the Philippines and abroad in diaspora. The development of women's writing is tied to the history of the country and the language question - from oral tradition to silencing of women under Spanish rule, from the English period under American rule to the date when more literature is written in vernacular. In this article is told more about the writers who are not represented elsewhere in the book "Firefly". The Language Question They spoke the language of his childhood, the language he never used in Manila because it was not cosmopolitan enough. Lakambini A. Sitoy: Bones (a short story in the collection Mens Rea) My family thinks in Spanish, feels in Tagalog, prays in Pidgin Latin, and speaks English. Sylvia Mayuga In the Philippines, people speak several tens of languages and dialects which belong to the Southeast Asian Malay group of languages. Tagalog, Visayan (bisaya) and Ilocano are among the most common native languages with their several dialects. Before the Spaniards colonized the islands in the 1500s, many of the indigenous peoples had also already developed their own writing system (1). However, in the Philippines just like in many other former colonized countries, majority of the writing middle class has not much used the languages of their people.
The Pacific War Memorial and Second World War Remembrance

Journal of American Studies, (), , – © Cambridge University Press . This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/./), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. doi:./S First published online June A “Monument to the American and Filipino Alliance for Freedom”: The Pacific War Memorial and Second World War Remembrance KIMBERLEY LUSTINA WEIR The Pacific War Memorial on Corregidor Island in the Philippines was erected by the United States government to commemorate Filipino and American soldiers who had lost their lives during the Second World War. Inaugurated in , it was the first American memorial on Philippine soil since the United States had recognized the Philippines as an independent country in , following almost fifty years of colonial rule. This article interprets the monu- ment and the wider Corregidor memoryscape. It examines how the United States, the Philippines and the Second World War are depicted both within and around the memorial and what this suggests about the creation and persistence of colonial memory. The article explores the tensions between colonial and decolonized remembrance, and the extent to which the Pacific War Memorial serves as a historical marker for the United States’ achieve- ments in the Philippines. When Philippine President Ferdinand E. Marcos dedicated the PacificWar Memorial (Figure )on June , he described it as a “monument to the American and Filipino alliance for freedom.” The structure, which stands on Corregidor Island in Manila Bay, was particularly significant for an American overseas memorial, as it was built to commemorate the Philippine as well as the American forces that had lost their lives in the Pacific theatre during the Second World War.
FOURTEENTH CONGRESS of the . T ~~~.~~~~~~~

FOURTEENTH CONGRESS OF THE 1 11. REPUBLIC OF THE PEULIPPINES ) i pC'[ -9 I> i . t ..~4 First Regular Session 1 SENATE ~~~.~~~~~~~UY :.-. INTRODUCED BY SENATOR ANTONIO F. TRILLANES AND SENATOR MAR ROUS EXPLANATORY NOTE It has been observed that a number of major streets in Metro Manila have been renamed in honor of past presidents of the country, namely, Manuel L. Quezon, Jose P. Laurel, Manuel A. Roxas, Elpidio Quirino and Ramon Magsaysay. Be that as it may, there is no major street in this premier metropolis that has been named or a monument of substance built in honor of General Emilio Aguinaldo, the President of the First PhiIippine Republic. President Aguinaldo, whose presidency was inaugurated on June 12, 1898 in Kawit, Cavite, remains to be unappreciated and underrepresented especially in matters that can exalt him for his unprecedented leadership. Considering that we are celebrating the 1 anniversary of First Philippine Republic next year (2008), it is a propitious time to give honor to the distinguished Filipino who was one of the leaders who signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bat0 and was the president of the Supreme Council of the Biak-na-Bat0 Republican Government, and who also led the resistance against the American imperialist forces. This bill, therefore, seeks to give due recognition to the valor and statesmanship of General Aguinaldo by renaming Circumferential Road 5 (from SLEX to Commonwealth Avenue), located in Metro Manila, as Emilio Aguinaldo Avenue. The role of Aguinaldo, the military leader of the Republic, is entitled to a "long-delayed place of honor" in the national pantheon of heroes.
Translation and the Problem of Realism in Philippine Literature in English1

View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Ateneo de Manila University: Journals Online Garcia / Translation and the Problem of Realism 99 TRANSLATION AND THE PROBLEM OF REALISM IN PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH1 J. Neil C. Garcia University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City [email protected] Abstract To the degree that Philippine literature in English is translational it cannot be realistic: realism is a signifying practice that presupposes a monocultural ground, upon which the “consensus” of representational fidelity can happen. And yet, much of the criticism of this literature, as produced by Filipinos themselves, has generally failed to take note of this crucial precondition, enacting a ruinous category mistake that, among other things, unwittingly confounds contemporary departures from the referential towards the “avant-garde” and/or antimimetic modes, as these are espoused by young Filipino poets and fictionists alike. Finally, this paper argues that the various literary practices encoded in Philippine anglophone writing still need to be postcolonially specified, their translated or syncretic qualities critically recognized and acknowledged, and that this kind of interpretive labor needs to be made not only by locally engaged critics but also by Filipino writers who purport to champion more theoretically informed and self-reflexive “performances” or texts. Keywords anglophone, poetry, Filipino, mimetic, category mistake, avant-garde About the Author J. Neil C. Garcia teaches creative writing and comparative literature in the University of the Philippines, Diliman, where he serves as Director of the university press and a fellow for poetry in the Institute of Creative Writing.
Traditions in Philippine Literature and History: Synthesis and Analysis

Journal of Global Media Studies Vol. 24 ［４校］ P.55 Traditions in Philippine Literature and History: Synthesis and Analysis Michael N. Quiros ※ Abstract This paper takes a different look at Philippine literature and history. By viewing the literature of a nation as an embodiment of its historical consciousness, it is able to reveal much about: Who is the Filipino today? What makes up and drives Philippine society and culture? To answer these questions, this paper looks into five major literary traditions of Philippine literature -- Native, Islamic, Spanish, American, and Nationalist – which in turn belong to any of the three historical periods of Philippine history: Pre-Colonial, Colonial, and Post-Colonial. Each of these traditions is also characterized by its own set of genre and generative themes in line with the spirit of the times. The paper concludes that all these five major literary traditions make up the Filipino today and are a driving force behind Philippine culture and society. Key words: Philippine Literature, Philippine History Introduction As the title suggests, this paper is about Philippine literary history inasmuch as it is about the socio-cultural history of the Philippines. Webbing the two themes together is made possible by the correspondence between the country’s historical periods and literary traditions, namely, Pre-Colonial (Native and Islamic), Colonial (Spanish and American), and Post-Colonial (Nationalist) respectively.1 According to Northrop Frye, litera- ture is like a looking glass through which “the whole cultural history of the nation that produced it comes into focus” and that it is possible to see “the cultural history of the nation by looking through that imagination” which is the language and realm of literature (cited in Willinsky 1998, 236).