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The Philippines the Philippines Violations of the Laws of War by Both Sides Violations of the Laws of War by Both Sides

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The Philippines the Philippines Violations of the Laws of War by Both Sides Violations of the Laws of War by Both Sides The Philippines Violations of the Laws of War by Both Sides Contents I. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................1 Political Background ..................................................................................................2 II. APPLICATION OF PROTOCOL II AND COMMON ARTICLE THREE TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS TO THE CONFLICT IN THE PHILIPPIN The Applicability of Human Rights Laws ........................................................8 The Philippines: A Non-international Armed conflict.............................9 The Application of Article 3....................................................................................11 When Protocol II can be applied........................................................................14 Customary International Law Applicable to Internal Armed Conflicts.........................................................................................................15 Protection of the Civilian and Other Population under the Rules of War........................................................................................16 Designation of Military Objectives: CAFGU, Police, Vigilantes, U.S. Servicemen................................................................18 Legitimate Military Targets...................................................................................21 Prohibited Acts............................................................................................................22 Protection of Civilians from Displacement for Reasons Related to the Conflict..........................................................................24 Prohibition of Indiscriminate Attacks Affecting Civilians and ............ Civilian Objects; the Principle of Proportio Prohibition of Perfidy................................................................................................27 Due Process Requirements.................................................................................28 Requirement of an Independent and Impartial Tribunal...................30 Means of Defense.......................................................................................................34 Death Penalty................................................................................................................35 III. THE MILITARY, PARAMILITARY GROUPS AND ................... COUNTERINSURGENCY 37 The Central Role of the Philippines Constabulary..................................37 The Philippines Constabulary and Paramilitary Forces.....................40 Vigilantes........................................................................................................................44 Recent CAFGU Violations.........................................................................................47 Private Armies..............................................................................................................49 Counterinsurgency Strategy of the Military..............................................50 The "Clear" Phase........................................................................................................51 "Clearing" and Human Rights Violations.....................................................52 The "Hold" Phase: CAFGUs and CVO.................................................................55 Consolidation and Development......................................................................56 IV. THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE PHILIPPINES AND NEW ...........PEOPLE'S ARMY 57 Origins of the CPP/NPA.............................................................................................57 Organization of the New People's Army.........................................................59 Methods of Operation...............................................................................................61 NPA Violations of the Rules of War...................................................................62 The Sparrows................................................................................................................64 NPA Assassination Targets...................................................................................65 Spies and Informers.................................................................................................66 Infiltrators or "Deep Penetration Agents"....................................................67 Killing Policemen and Others for Weapons...............................................68 Political Murders.........................................................................................................70 Crimes not Connected with the Conflict.......................................................70 Taking of Hostages..................................................................................................... 71 Lack of Due Process...................................................................................................72 Indiscriminate Attacks: Digos Massacre ....................................................76 Violations of the Rules of War ............................................................................83 Indiscriminate Attacks on Civilians and the Rule of Proportionality 83 The Government's Double Standard...............................................................85 War Taxes........................................................................................................................86 V. NEGROS OCCIDENTAL...............................................................................................................89 Background...................................................................................................................89 Vigilantes in Negros ..................................................................................................91 Execution of the Family of Francisco Canete, sitio Ga-as, barangay San Rafael, Hinoba-an, on June 10, 1989...............................................................95 Execution of Felix Lariosa and barangay Councillor Trinidad Acosta, in sitio Bogainbilla, barangay Talacagay, Hinoba-an, April 17 and 18, 1989 ......................................................95 Execution of Freddy Grande in sitio Bogainbilla, barangay Talacagay, Hinoba-an, on May 4, 1989..................96 Execution of Ernesto Gonzalez in sitio Kalapayan, barangay San Rafael, Hinoba-an, on April 2, 1989.................97 Execution of Romeo Roberito, sitio Sa-an, barangay Talacagay, Hinoba-an, on April 18, 1989 ..............................................................98 Massive Forced Displacement and Operation Thunderbolt ............98 Operation Thunderbolt.........................................................................99 Warning to the Civilians....................................................................100 The Evacuation Centers......................................................................101 Political Killings in the Evacuated Areas.................................102 Arrests and Torture at the Evacuation Centers ...................103 The Evacuees Return...........................................................................104 Military Patrols and Threats by the barangay captain of...... Manlocahoc 105 Killings by the NPA.................................................................................106 VI. ZAMBOANGA DEL NORTE......................................................................................................109 Strategic Hamletting: Dumogok, Siayan....................................................109 Background to the Hamletting.......................................................110 The "Live-In" at Dumogok................................................................... 111 Restrictions on Freedom of Movement.....................................112 Torture...........................................................................................................113 Inadequate Provisions for Health Care.....................................113 The NPA, CAFGU and the Military.....................................................114 CAFGU and Military Abuses in Zamboanga del Norte...........................115 A Beheading in Murop, Bacungan.................................................115 A Beheading in Lower Dinuan, Salug.......................................... 116 Harassment by Special CAFGUs, Sirawai................................. 116 Mutilation in Litab, Roxas by Surrenderee ..............................117 Death Threat in Salug...........................................................................117 NPA Abuses....................................................................................................................117 Dumogok......................................................................................................117 Charismatics.............................................................................................118 Killings in Roxas, Zamboanga del Norte................................... 119 VII. KALINGA-APAYAO...................................................................................................................121 Background..................................................................................................................121 Bloodfeud or Ideological Battle?................................................122 Abuses by the CPLA..................................................................................................124
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