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Verification of Chemical Warfare Agent Exposure in Human Samples
Toxichem Krimtech 2013;80(Special Issue):288 Verification of chemical warfare agent exposure in human samples Paul W. Elsinghorst, Horst Thiermann, Marianne Koller Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Bundeswehr, München Abstract Aim: This brief presentation provides an overview of methods that have been developed for the verification of human exposure to chemical warfare agents. Methods: GC–MS detection of nerve agents (V- and G-type) has been carried out with respect to unreacted agents as well as enzyme-bound species and metabolites. Methods involving di- rect SPE from plasma, fluoride-induced release of protein-bound nerve agents in plasma and analysis of their metabolites in plasma and urine have been developed. Exposure to blistering agents, i.e., sulfur mustard, has been verified by GC–MS detection of the unreacted agent in plasma and by LC– and GC–MS analysis of its metabolites in urine. Results: After incorporation nerve agents quickly bind to proteins, e.g., acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase or serum albumin, and only small parts remain freely circulating for a few hours (G-type) or up to 2 days (V-type). Concurrently they are converted to O-alkyl methylphosphonic acids by phosphotriesterases and/or simply by aqueous hydrolysis. As a re- sult, different biomarkers can be detected depending on the time passed between exposure and sampling. Unreacted V-type agents can be detected in plasma for 2 days, the O-alkyl methyl- phosphonic acids in plasma for about 2–4 days and in urine for up to 1 week. Fluoride-indu- ced release of protein-bound nerve agents can be carried out until 3 weeks post exposure. -
NPR72: the Pavlodar Chemical Weapons Plant in Kazakhstan
GULBARSHYN BOZHEYEVA Report The Pavlodar Chemical Weapons Plant in Kazakhstan: History and Legacy GULBARSHYN BOZHEYEVA Gulbarshyn Bozheyeva holds a Ph.D. degree in Chemical Physics from the Kazakh State University. From 1996-97, she was a Visiting Scholar and Research Associate at the Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies. She is now completing a master’s degree in International Development Policy at Duke University. he former Soviet Union’s chemical weapons theless, manufacturing lines and equipment for primary (CW) program consisted of many production and intermediate CW precursors and buildings for fill- plants that created the world’s largest stockpile ing CW munitions were constructed at Pavlodar. The T 1 of chemical weapons. Most of the CW production and plant also acquired personnel with expertise in CW pro- storage facilities were located in Russia, but a few fa- duction.5 cilities existed in other Soviet republics. In recent years, This report is devoted to the role of the Pavlodar Western countries have provided significant financial Chemical Plant in the former Soviet CW program and assistance for dismantling former CW facilities in Rus- its current status. The first part of the report describes sia and converting former CW production facilities for the history of the Pavlodar plant and its military and 2 commercial use. Although a fair amount has been writ- civilian infrastructures. The second part deals with the ten about Russian CW facilities, little is known about CW capability of the plant and the nature of the chemi- the CW programs in other former Soviet republics. -
Warning: the Following Lecture Contains Graphic Images
What the новичок (Novichok)? Why Chemical Warfare Agents Are More Relevant Than Ever Matt Sztajnkrycer, MD PHD Professor of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic Medical Toxicologist, Minnesota Poison Control System Medical Director, RFD Chemical Assessment Team @NoobieMatt #ITLS2018 Disclosures In accordance with the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) Standards, the American Nurses Credentialing Center’s Commission (ANCC) and the Commission on Accreditation for Pre-Hospital Continuing Education (CAPCE), states presenters must disclose the existence of significant financial interests in or relationships with manufacturers or commercial products that may have a direct interest in the subject matter of the presentation, and relationships with the commercial supporter of this CME activity. The presenter does not consider that it will influence their presentation. Dr. Sztajnkrycer does not have a significant financial relationship to report. Dr. Sztajnkrycer is on the Editorial Board of International Trauma Life Support. Specific CW Agents Classes of Chemical Agents: The Big 5 The “A” List Pulmonary Agents Phosgene Oxime, Chlorine Vesicants Mustard, Phosgene Blood Agents CN Nerve Agents G, V, Novel, T Incapacitating Agents Thinking Outside the Box - An Abbreviated List Ammonia Fluorine Chlorine Acrylonitrile Hydrogen Sulfide Phosphine Methyl Isocyanate Dibotane Hydrogen Selenide Allyl Alcohol Sulfur Dioxide TDI Acrolein Nitric Acid Arsine Hydrazine Compound 1080/1081 Nitrogen Dioxide Tetramine (TETS) Ethylene Oxide Chlorine Leaks Phosphine Chlorine Common Toxic Industrial Chemical (“TIC”). Why use it in war/terror? Chlorine Density of 3.21 g/L. Heavier than air (1.28 g/L) sinks. Concentrates in low-lying areas. Like basements and underground bunkers. Reacts with water: Hypochlorous acid (HClO) Hydrochloric acid (HCl). -
A Theoretical Study of the Hydrolysis Mechanism of A-234; the Suspected Novichok Agent in the Skripal Cite This: RSC Adv., 2020, 10, 27884 Attack†
RSC Advances View Article Online PAPER View Journal | View Issue A theoretical study of the hydrolysis mechanism of A-234; the suspected novichok agent in the Skripal Cite this: RSC Adv., 2020, 10, 27884 attack† a a b b Yadhav A. Imrit, Hanusha Bhakhoa, Tetiana Sergeieva, Sergi Danes,´ Nandini Savoo, a Mohamed I. Elzagheid, c Lydia Rhyman, ad Diego M. Andrada b and Ponnadurai Ramasami *ad A-234, [EtO–P(]O)(F)–N]C(Me)–N(Et)2], is the suspected A-type nerve agent used in the Skripal attack on the 4th of March 2018. Studies related to the structure and reactivity of this compound are limited. We, therefore, aimed at understanding the underlying hydrolysis mechanism of A-234 within the DFT framework. The attack of the water molecule can occur at the phosphinate and acetoamidine reactive centres. Our theoretical findings indicate that the hydrolysis at the acetoamidine centre is thermodynamically favoured compared to the hydrolysis at the phosphinate centre. The hydrolysis at the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. acetoamidine moiety may proceed via two pathways, depending on the nitrogen atom participating in Received 9th June 2020 the hydrolysis. The main pathway consists of four distinct channels to reach the final product, with the Accepted 17th July 2020 concerted 1,3-proton shift favoured kinetically and thermodynamically in the gas phase and water as DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05086e solvent. The results are in good agreement with the literature, although some differences in the reaction rsc.li/rsc-advances mechanism were observed. 1 Introduction including A-234 (Scheme 1, structure B). -
Daily Comment
Daily Comment By Bill O’Grady, Thomas Wash, and Patrick Fearon-Hernandez, CFA Looking for something to read? See our Reading List; these books, separated by category, are ones we find interesting and insightful. We will be adding to the list over time. [Posted: September 3, 2020—9:30 AM EDT] Global equity markets are generally lower this morning. The EuroStoxx 50 is up 1.5% from its last close. In Asia, the MSCI Asia Apex 50 closed down 0.2% from the prior close. Chinese markets were lower, with the Shanghai Composite down 0.6%, and the Shenzhen Composite up 0.8%. U.S. equity index futures are signaling a lower open. We have a new report available, the Q3 2020 Asset Allocation Quarterly Rebalance Chart Book. Every quarter, the Asset Allocation Committee reviews and makes adjustments to our Asset Allocation portfolios, which we detail in the Asset Allocation Quarterly. As a supplement to that report, this video chart book reviews our asset allocation process, details the changes to the portfolios, and offers a deep dive into the macro environment that underlies our portfolio decisions. The macro presentation is a discussion of the economy and the political and geopolitical environment. Going forward, we plan to make this chart book available in the weeks following the quarterly rebalance date for the Asset Allocation portfolios. Perhaps the biggest news this morning is that equity markets are set to open lower. Equities have continued to rally in an orderly fashion, with the major indices setting new record highs. Stocks have been lifted by improving earnings, low interest rates, moderate inflation and expectations of accommodative policy. -
Doubts About Novichok
Doubts About Novichok By Professor Paul Mckeigue, Professor Piers Robinson, and Region: Europe, Russia and FSU Jake Mason Theme: Intelligence, Media Disinformation Global Research, April 05, 2018 In-depth Report: FAKE INTELLIGENCE Introduction In view of the seriousness of the rapidly worsening relations between the West and Russia, and the quickly evolving military events in the Middle East, especially Syria, we have taken the step to publish relevant evidence-based analysis with respect to the Skripal incident of 4 March 2018. This update to our earlier briefing note covers new material that has become available. We welcome comments and corrections which can be sent to Piers Robinson or provided on this site. Summary Official statements from the UK government claim that the “military grade nerve agent” detected in Salisbury was “part of a group of nerve agents known as Novichok” that the Russian chemist Vil Mirzayanov alleged had been developed in the Soviet Union in a secret programme. The structures of these compounds, labelled A-230, A-232, A-234, A-242 and A-262, were published by Mirzayanov in a book in 2008, twelve years after he emigrated to the US. Other than Mirzayanov’s story, there is no evidence that these compounds were ever synthesized in either the Soviet Union or Russia, or that the “Novichok” programme ever existed. The use of the term “Novichoks” to describe this A-230 series of compounds, which are real chemical structures, is therefore tendentious. An account by another Russian chemist Vladimir Uglev, often cited as corroboration of Mirzayanov’s story, appears on close examination to be about the development of a class of nerve agents denoted GV which have been studied in several countries including Czechoslovakia and the US. -
Chemical Warfare Agents
Manuscript for Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology August 2019 CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS This is the pre-print manuscript of an article published in the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/0471238961 The published version of the article is available at the Wiley website: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/0471238961.0308051308011818.a01.pub3 How to cite: Costanzi, S. (2020). Chemical Warfare Agents. In Kirk‐Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, (Ed.). doi:10.1002/0471238961.0308051308011818.a01.pub3 Stefano Costanzi Department of Chemistry and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience American University, Washington, D.C. [email protected] Chemical weapons are weapons that exploit the toxicity of chemicals to bring about death or harm. The toxic chemicals on which chemical weapons are based are known as chemical warfare agents. The elimination of this entire category of weapons is the aim of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction, also known as Chemical Weapons Convention or CWC, which was opened for signature in 1993 and entered into force in 1997. Administered and implemented by the Hague- based Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), the CWC is an international treaty that enjoys almost universal embracement, having been ratified or acceded by 193 States Parties. Importantly, the CWC poses a complete and absolute ban on chemical weapons, mandating State Parties to renounce “(a) to develop, produce, otherwise acquire, stockpile or retain chemical weapons, or transfer, directly or indirectly, chemical weapons to anyone; (b) to use chemical weapons; (c) to engage in any military preparations to use chemical weapons; (d) to assist, encourage or induce, in any way, anyone to engage in any activity prohibited to a State Party” under the Convention (CWC Article II, Paragraph 1) (1-3). -
Eastside Christian Church
HIGHLANDS NEWS-SUN Saturday, July 21, 2018 VOL. 99 | NO. 202 | $1.00 YOUR HOMETOWN NEWSPAPER SINCE 1919 AN EDITION OF THE SUN “I wouldn’t feel guilty. Final school administrative slots filled Arlene, we are a tiny By MARC VALERO Park Middle five in Food and Nutrition call 863-471-5733 or town. We can’t support STAFF WRITER School and Services, 13 school support 863-471-5737. Culverhouse staff and openings for school As some schools con- everyone.” SEBRING — The final was the reading bus drivers and school bus tinue to look for teachers, Councilwoman Debra Worley said, school administrative coach at attendants. Memorial Elementary positions have been filled Lake Country The district will be holding Principal Courtney Floyd referring to Councilwoman Arlene Tuck’s comment with Superintendent Brenda Elementary a teacher recruiting event said Friday, “We are fully that council members would all feel guilty if the Longshore making recom- School. from 5-7 p.m. Wednesday, staffed so we are super Lake Placid Police Department took over the job mendations on two assistant CULVERHOUSE While the Aug. 1 in the large confer- excited about that.” of policing the schools or did nothing to support principal positions. administrative ence room at the George She hired three teachers the program and something happened. Pending the expected positions are filled, the dis- Douglas Administrative for the new school year. approval by the School trict continues to advertise Building, 426 School St., “We had a couple who had Board of Highlands County, for teachers, with the first Sebring. moved out of the district for the new assistant principals day of school on Aug. -
Converting Former Soviet Chemical Weapons Plants
Jonathan B. Tucker ince Russia possesses the world’s largest stockpile This essay lays out a brief history of the CWPF con- of chemical weapons (CW)—a declared total of version issue and the contending U.S. and Russian posi- S40,000 metric tons—Russian ratification and tions. It then suggests a compromise approach based on implementation of the 1993 Chemical Weapons Conven- industrial joint ventures that would enable Moscow to tion (CWC) will be critical to the success of the global convert its former CWPFs in an economic manner, while chemical disarmament and non- satisfying the concerns of proliferation regime. To date, the United States and other however, Moscow’s ratification VIEWPOINT: countries that conversion be has been delayed by political, irreversible and verifiable. economic, and environmental CONVERTING FORMER concerns associated with CW CW PRODUCTION destruction and the conversion SOVIET CHEMICAL ACTIVITIES of former Soviet chemical weapon production facilities WEAPONS PLANTS Before, during, and after (CWPFs) to legitimate com- World War II, the Soviet by Jonathan B. Tucker mercial activities.1 Union produced many tens of thousands of tons of chemi- Whereas American CWPFs cal weapons (both blister were all single-purpose military facilities that have lain and nerve agents) at multiple facilities, most of them in dormant for years, former Soviet CWPFs are integrated the Volga River basin.4 On April 10, 1987, President into large civilian chemical production complexes and Mikhail Gorbachev declared that the Soviet Union would share the same industrial infrastructure. For example, sev- henceforth cease all development and production of CW eral buildings that once produced nerve agents are em- agents. -
Green Cross Russia and the Destruction of Chemical Weapons
GREEN CROSS RUSSIA AND THE DESTRUCTION OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS Professor Sergei Baranovsky Executive Director, Green Cross Russia As Russia’s preparations to ratify the Chemical Weap- A Presidential Decree of 24 March 1995 requires that all ons Convention and to begin the destruction of its chemical chemical weapons destruction be conducted in the regions weapons enter their final stages, it becomes essential that where the weapons are presently stored, comprising 7 sites there be a credible independent source of information on the within the Russian Federation. The decree also created a problems of chemical weapons destruction. Green Cross high-level Interdepartmental Commission on Chemical Russia is attempting to develop such information and to Disarmament to oversee and expedite Russia’s chemical make it available for public education and for the design demilitarization activities. and evaluation of chemical weapons destruction measures As a first step, CHEMTRUST developed a computer- that protect public health and ensure ecological safety. ized data base containing geological, ecological, demo- Green Cross Russia is an affiliate of Green Cross Inter- graphic, medical and other information for analysis of national, an international organization with offices in 18 possible risks associated with the stockpile of 6400 tons of countries working to bring together decision-makers, inde- lewisite (an arsenic-containing blister agent) stored in bulk pendent experts and grassroots movements from all sectors containers at a site near the town of -
Federal Register / Vol
19938 Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 71 / Thursday, April 15, 2021 / Notices including those within Chapter 9 of the post all comments on the Commission’s expand education offerings to inform Exchange Rulebook.49 The Commission internet website (http://www.sec.gov/ investors of the benefits and risks of believes that it is consistent with the rules/sro.shtml). Copies of the trading micro-options. The changes to Act to apply Exchange rules governing, submission, all subsequent the proposal and additional information among other things, customer accounts, amendments, all written statements in Amendment No. 1 do not raise any margin requirements, and trading halt with respect to the proposed rule novel regulatory issues and assist the procedures to the proposed micro- change that are filed with the Commission in evaluating the options that are otherwise applicable to Commission, and all written Exchange’s proposal and in determining other index options. The Commission communications relating to the that it is consistent with the Act. believes that the Exchange’s rules proposed rule change between the Accordingly, the Commission finds governing the trading of the index Commission and any person, other than good cause, pursuant to Section 19(b)(2) options on the Exchange help to ensure those that may be withheld from the of the Act,51 to approve the proposed the maintenance of fair and orderly public in accordance with the rule change, as modified by Amendment markets for micro-options, which is provisions of 5 U.S.C. 552, will be No. 1, on an accelerated basis. available for website viewing and consistent with the protection of VI. -
Federal Register/Vol. 86, No. 71/Thursday, April 15, 2021/Notices
Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 71 / Thursday, April 15, 2021 / Notices 19939 U.S. Small Business Administration, ORGANIC CHEMISTRY AND Treasury, in consultation with the 409 3rd Street SW, Suite 6050, TECHNOLOGY, 33RD SCIENTIFIC Secretary of State, the Attorney General, Washington, DC 20416, (202) 205–6734. RESEARCH AND TESTING INSTITUTE, and other relevant agencies, to have SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Notice is the 27TH SCIENTIFIC CENTER, the provided, or attempted to provide, hereby given that as a result of the MAIN INTELLIGENCE DIRECTORATE, financial, material, technological or President’s major disaster declaration on ALEXANDER YEVGENIYEVICH other support for, or goods or services 04/08/2021, Private Non-Profit MISHKIN, and ANATOLIY in support of, any activity or transaction organizations that provide essential VLADIMIROVI CHEPIGA engaged, or described in clause (2) above or any services of a governmental nature may attempted to engage, in activities or person whose property and interests in file disaster loan applications at the transactions that have materially property are blocked pursuant to the address listed above or other locally contributed to, or pose a risk of Order; and (4) any person determined announced locations. materially contributing to, the by the Secretary of the Treasury, in The following areas have been proliferation of weapons of mass consultation with the Secretary of State, determined to be adversely affected by destruction or their means of delivery the Attorney General, and other relevant the disaster: (including missiles capable of delivering agencies, to be owned or controlled by, Primary Counties: Clallam, Columbia, such weapons), including any efforts to or acting or purporting to act for or on Grays Harbor, Island, Jefferson, manufacture, acquire, possess, develop, behalf of, directly or indirectly, any Klickitat, Lewis, Mason, Okanogan, transport, transfer or use such items, by person whose property and interests in Pacific, Pend Oreille, Skagit, Russia.