DOCSLIB.ORG

Green Cross Russia and the Destruction of Chemical Weapons

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Green Cross Russia and the Destruction of Chemical Weapons GREEN CROSS RUSSIA AND THE DESTRUCTION OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS Professor Sergei Baranovsky Executive Director, Green Cross Russia As Russia’s preparations to ratify the Chemical Weap- A Presidential Decree of 24 March 1995 requires that all ons Convention and to begin the destruction of its chemical chemical weapons destruction be conducted in the regions weapons enter their final stages, it becomes essential that where the weapons are presently stored, comprising 7 sites there be a credible independent source of information on the within the Russian Federation. The decree also created a problems of chemical weapons destruction. Green Cross high-level Interdepartmental Commission on Chemical Russia is attempting to develop such information and to Disarmament to oversee and expedite Russia’s chemical make it available for public education and for the design demilitarization activities. and evaluation of chemical weapons destruction measures As a first step, CHEMTRUST developed a computer- that protect public health and ensure ecological safety. ized data base containing geological, ecological, demo- Green Cross Russia is an affiliate of Green Cross Inter- graphic, medical and other information for analysis of national, an international organization with offices in 18 possible risks associated with the stockpile of 6400 tons of countries working to bring together decision-makers, inde- lewisite (an arsenic-containing blister agent) stored in bulk pendent experts and grassroots movements from all sectors containers at a site near the town of Kambarka in the of society to find and implement practical measures for en- Udmurt Republic. CHEMTRUST is also gathering data on vironmental protection and sustainable development. The public health in Saratov Oblast, near the former chemical uniqueness of Green Cross lies in its focus on conflict pre- weapons test site at Shikhany and also in the vicinity of the vention and the need for reconciliation of competing per- town of Gornyi, near which some 1200 tons of lewisite and spectives through information and dialogue, not through mustard are stored. confrontation. Russian Green Cross has established Udmurt and Green Cross Russia has close contacts with non-govern- Saratov local affiliates in order to insure and grass-roots mental environmental organizations, scientific institutions participation and local credibility in its CHEMTRUST pro- and governmental authorities at local and national levels. jects. Openness is all the more important because, until the Earlier this month, it supported the passage at first reading beginning of perestroika and the visit of international ob- of draft legislation in the State Duma that provides a legal servers to Shikhany in 1987, the public was kept in igno- basis for the destruction of Russia’s chemical weapons and rance even of the existence of massive stocks of chemical will work for enlightened environmental and public health warfare agents in our country. provisions in the law as it works its way through the remain- Effective forms and methods of public education and der of the legislative process. participation are essential to the successful introduction of A major Green Cross activity is the Legacy Programme, the new safe technologies of chemical weapons neutraliza- intended to facilitate environmentally sound cleanup of tion and destruction. Toward this end, Green Cross Russia toxic hazards resulting from the Cold War. The programme organized a two-day open hearing on the destruction of was proposed by Mikhail Gorbachev, President of Green chemical warfare agents stored at Gornyi, namely lewisite Cross International, and is being implemented through three and mustard. The hearing, held during 17–18 October 1995 GCI affiliates — Green Cross Russia, Global Green USA in the city of Saratov on the Volga river, sought to establish and Green Cross Switzerland. mutual understanding between local citizens and environ- One of the most active Legacy Programme activities, mental NGOs on the one side and authorities and ministries operated by Green Cross Russia with financial support from on the other, leading to practical steps for safe destruction of Green Cross Switzerland, is CHEMTRUST, promoting the Gornyi chemical weapons stocks. safe practical solutions to problems of chemical weapons Participants in the Saratov hearing, entitled “From Con- destruction. frontation to Cooperation”, included individuals from the Forthcoming events The Council for Arms Control and CDISS, A Regional Seminar on the CWC organ- The thirteenth plenary session of the Lancaster University, are organizing a joint ized by Austrian authorities in conjunction OPCW Preparatory Commission will be seminar on the control of chemical & bio- with the OPCW PTS will take place in Vi- held in The Hague during 18–22 March logical weapons to be held at King’s Col- enna on 6–8 March 1996. A similar semi- 1996. The fourteenth will take place on lege London on 18 January 1996. Contact nar will be held in Tehran during February 22–26 July, and the fifteenth is scheduled +44 1249 782542 for details. on dates yet to be announced. for 9–13 December 1996. CWCB 30 Page 2 December 1995 Saratov Regional Duma, the Saratov Regional Administra- Specific subjects addressed included issues of plant con- tion, the Saratov Regional Committee on Nature Protection, struction and operation in Gornyi, public health, remedia- the Saratov Medical University, the administration of the tion of the Gornyi site, and specific CW weapons Krasnopartisanskiy District (in which the CW agents are destruction technologies and their features. Notably, repre- actually located), the State Duma of the Russian Federation, sentatives of Ministry of Defense took an active part and the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry for the Environment addressed numerous questions posed by other participants and Natural Resources, the Ministry of Public Health, the and by members of the audience. Interagency Commission on Chemical Weapons Destruc- Although important questions remain, the Saratov hear- tion, the Presidential Committee on the Chemical and Bio- ing clearly served to open valuable new channels of com- logical Weapons Conventions, the State Scientific Research Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology munication. Many participants expressed the view that it (GosNIIOKhT), the Russian Academy of Sciences, the in- cleared up certain misunderstandings and opened the way dustrial consortium MetalChim and representatives of to cooperation in addressing the real problems of chemical Green Cross International and Green Cross Russia. weapons destruction. It was recommended that similar The Saratov hearings discussed the complex of politi- hearings be held at other locations of chemical weapons cal, ecological, social, medical, economic, technological stockpiling and destruction. Accordingly, Green Cross and other problems, connected with the chemical weapons Russia is planning to convene its next open hearing on destruction stored on the territory of the Saratov oblast. chemical weapons destruction in Kambarka in May. Deposited CWC Ratifications as of 12 December 1995 Fiji — 20 January 1993 Peru — 20 July 1995 Mauritius — 9 February 1993 Algeria — 14 August 1995 Seychelles — 7 April 1993 Austria — 17 August 1995 Sweden — 17 June 1993 Poland — 23 August 1995 Norway — 7 April 1994 Ecuador — 6 September 1995 Australia — 6 May 1994 South Africa — 13 September 1995 Albania — 11 May 1994 Japan — 15 September 1995 Maldives — 31 May 1994 Canada — 26 September 1995 Cook Islands — 15 July 1994 Argentina — 2 October 1995 Spain — 3 August 1994 Slovak Republic — 27 October 1995 Bulgaria — 10 August 1994 El Salvador — 30 October 1995 Germany — 12 August 1994 Georgia — 27 November 1995 Sri Lanka — 19 August 1994 Namibia — 27 November 1995 Mexico — 29 August 1994 Italy — 8 December 1995 Turkmenistan — 29 September 1994 Uruguay — 6 October 1994 Paraguay — 1 December 1994 Imminent Ratifications Lesotho — 7 December 1994 Belarus Greece — 22 December 1994 Benin Tajikistan — 11 January 1995 Brazil Mongolia — 17 January 1995 Cameroon Armenia — 27 January 1995 Côte d’Ivoire Finland — 7 February 1995 Czech Republic Oman — 8 February 1995 Ethiopia Romania — 15 February 1995 Hungary France — 2 March 1995 India Switzerland — 10 March 1995 Latvia Croatia — 23 May 1995 Papua New Guinea Monaco — 1 June 1995 Saudi Arabia Netherlands — 30 June 1995 United Arab Emirates Denmark — 13 July 1995 United Kingdom December 1995 Page 3 CWCB 30.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Industrialization of Housing Construction As a Tool for Sustainable Settlement and Rural Areas Development
    E3S Web of Conferences 164, 07010 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf /202016407010 TPACEE-2019 Industrialization of housing construction as a tool for sustainable settlement and rural areas development Olga Popova1,*, Polina Antufieva1 , Vladimir Grebenshchikov2 and Mariya Balmashnova2 1Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov, 163002, Severnaya Dvina Emb., 17, Arkhangelsk, Russia 2 Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, 26, Yaroslavskoeshosse, 129337, Moscow, Russia Abstract. The development of the construction industry, conducting construction in accordance with standard projects, and transforming the construction materials industry in hard-to-reach and sparsely populated areas will make significant progress in solving the housing problem. Industrialization of housing construction is a catalyst for strong growth of the region’s economy and the quality of life of citizens. The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology for assessing the level of industrialization of the territory’s construction complex and its development potential for increasing the volume of low-rise housing stock. Research tasks: 1) assessment of the need to develop housing construction, including low-rise housing, on a particular territory; 2) development of a methodology for calculating the level of industrialization of construction in the area under consideration to determine the possibility of developing low-rise housing construction in this area in the proposed way; 3) approbation of the method using the example of rural areas of the Arkhangelsk region. It was revealed that the districts of the Arkhangelsk region have medium and low levels of industrialization. The districts that are most in need of an increase in the rate of housing construction have been identified.
    [Show full text]
  • Novichok Agent - Wikipedia
    18-3-2018 Novichok agent - Wikipedia Novichok agent Novichok (Russian: Новичо́к, "newcomer") is a series of nerve agents the Soviet Union and Russia developed between 1971 and 1993.[a][2][3] Russian scientists who developed the agents claim they are the deadliest nerve agents ever made, with some variants possibly five to eight times more potent than VX,[4][5] and others up to ten times more potent than soman.[6] They were designed as part of a Soviet program codenamed "FOLIANT".[7][1] Five Novichok variants are believed to have been weaponised for military use.[8] The most versatile was A-232 (Novichok-5).[9] Novichok agents have never been used on the battlefield. Theresa May, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, said that one such agent was used in the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal in England in March 2018.[10] Russia officially denies producing or researching Novichok agents.[11] In 2013, the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Scientific Advisory Board reported that it had insufficient information to comment on the existence or properties of Novichok agents,[12] and in 2011 it noted there was no peer reviewed paper on Novichok agents in scientific literature.[13] Contents Design objectives Disclosure Development and test sites Description of Novichok agents Chemistry Effects Use Poisoning of Kivelidi Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal See also References Further reading External links Design objectives These agents were designed to achieve four objectives:[14][15] To be undetectable using standard 1970s and 1980s NATO chemical detection equipment; To defeat NATO chemical protective gear; To be safer to handle; To circumvent the Chemical Weapons Convention list of controlled precursors, classes of chemical and physical form.
    [Show full text]
  • NPR72: the Pavlodar Chemical Weapons Plant in Kazakhstan
    GULBARSHYN BOZHEYEVA Report The Pavlodar Chemical Weapons Plant in Kazakhstan: History and Legacy GULBARSHYN BOZHEYEVA Gulbarshyn Bozheyeva holds a Ph.D. degree in Chemical Physics from the Kazakh State University. From 1996-97, she was a Visiting Scholar and Research Associate at the Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies. She is now completing a master’s degree in International Development Policy at Duke University. he former Soviet Union’s chemical weapons theless, manufacturing lines and equipment for primary (CW) program consisted of many production and intermediate CW precursors and buildings for fill- plants that created the world’s largest stockpile ing CW munitions were constructed at Pavlodar. The T 1 of chemical weapons. Most of the CW production and plant also acquired personnel with expertise in CW pro- storage facilities were located in Russia, but a few fa- duction.5 cilities existed in other Soviet republics. In recent years, This report is devoted to the role of the Pavlodar Western countries have provided significant financial Chemical Plant in the former Soviet CW program and assistance for dismantling former CW facilities in Rus- its current status. The first part of the report describes sia and converting former CW production facilities for the history of the Pavlodar plant and its military and 2 commercial use. Although a fair amount has been writ- civilian infrastructures. The second part deals with the ten about Russian CW facilities, little is known about CW capability of the plant and the nature of the chemi- the CW programs in other former Soviet republics.
    [Show full text]
  • American Historical Society of Germans from Russia
    Journal of the American Historical Society of Germans from Russia Fall 2019 Volume 42, No. 3 Editor, Robert Meininger Professor Emeritus, Nebraska Wesleyan University Editorial & Publications Coordinator, Allison Hunter-Frederick AHSGR Headquarters, Lincoln, Nebraska Editorial Board Irmgard Hein Ellingson Timothy J. Kloberdanz, Professor Emeritus Bukovina Society, Ellis, KA North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND Velma Jesser, Retired Educator Eric J. Schmaltz Calico Consulting, Las Cruces, NM Northwestern Oklahoma State University, Alva, OK William Keel University of Kansas, Lawrence, KA MISSION STATEMENTS The American Historical Society of Germans from Russia is an international organization whose mission is to discover, collect, perserve, and share the history, cultural heritage, and genealogical legacy of German settlers in the Russian Empire. The International Foundation of American Historical Society of Germans from Russia is responsible for exercising financial stewardship to generate, manage, and allocate resources which advance the mission and assist in securing the future of AHSGR. Cover Illustration A Lutheran church in the Village of Jost. Photo provided by Olga Litzenburg. To learn more, see page 1. Contents Jost (Jost, Obernberg, Popovkina, Popovkino; no longer existing) By Dr. Olga Litzenberger....................................................................................................................................1 Maternal Instincts By Christine Antinori ..........................................................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • Journal American Historical Society of Germans from Russia
    Journal of the American Historical Society of Germans from Russia Winter 1998 Volume 21. No. 4 Editor JO ANN KUHR AHSGR Headquarters, Lincoln, Nebraska Editorial Board IRMGARD HEDM ELLINGSON PETER J.KLASSEN Bukovina Society, Ellis, K.S California State University, Fresno ARTHUR E.FLEGEL TIMOTHY KLOBERDANZ Certified Genealogist, Menio Park, CA North Dakota State University, Fargo ADAM GIESINGER GEORGE KUFELDT University of Manitoba, Canada, emeritus Anderson University, Indiana, emeritus CHRIS LOVETT NANCY BERNHARDT HOLLAND Emporia State University, Kansas Trinity College, Burlington, VT LEONAPFEIFER WILLIAM KEEL Fort Hays State University, Kansas, emeritus University of Kansas, Lawrence On the cover: Wearing a traditional Russian fur hat, en- tertainer John Denver stands outside the U.S. Embassy in Moscow, Russia, 1984. He The Journal of the American Historical Society of Germans from Russia is published quarterly by AHSGR. was one of the first American recording Members of the Society receive a quarterly Journal and Newsletter. Members qualify for discounts on artists to be allowed to do a public concert in material available for purchase from AHSGR. Membership categories are: Individual, $50; the former USSR. John Denver used this Family, $50; Contributing. $75; Sustaining. $100; Life, $750. Memberships are based on a calendar year, due each January I. Dues in excess of $50 may be tax-deductible as allowed by law. Applications for membership photo for a Christmas card that he sent out should be sent to AHSGR, 631 D Street, Lincoln, NE 68502-1199. to friends and relatives. (Picture by Norman The Journal welcomes the submission of articles, essays, family histories, anecdotes, folklore, book Gershman.
    [Show full text]
  • Balakovo NPP: Supply of Safety Related Steam Blow Off Valves Type BRU-A
    Balakovo NPP: Supply of safety related steam blow off valves type BRU-A Description Introduction Balakovo nuclear power station (Russian: Балаковская АЭС) is located in the city of Balakovo, Saratov Oblast, Russia, about 900 kilometers south-east of Moscow. It consists of four operational reactors. Owner and operator of the nuclear power station is Rosenergoatom. The plant has four VVER-1000 reactors (1000 MW each). All units are VVER- 1000 model V320. These units were connected to the grid in May 1986 and January 1988 for Units 1 and 2 and in April 1989 and December 1993 for units 3 and 4. Background The On-Site Assistance (OSA) programmes are a corner stone of the Tacis nuclear safety co- operation with the Russian Federation. Companies or consortia with experience of NPP operation in the EU are contracted by the EC to work on site at a nuclear power plant of the Beneficiary country. The aims are to provide the transfer of know-how, in particular through soft assistance, which addresses the human element of safety (i.e. safety culture, quality assurance, maintenance, management and training,…) and to upgrade the safety of the plant through the supply of equipment. At the time of this contract, OSA contracts were in place at seven NPPs in Russia (Kola, Balakovo, Kalinin, Leningrad, Smolensk, Beloyarsk and Novovoronezh). BRU-A valves are used to dump steam from steam generators to the atmosphere in case turbine is not available and steam pressure is too high. Each unit is equipped with 4 steam dump valves, one for each main steam line.
    [Show full text]
  • Client Satisfaction with Home Care Services in Rural Russia
    K:\IAC\THogan\EMAIL INCOMING\NEW REPORTS TO WORK ON\DKosmynin\New Deliverable\07274- 332.rpt.doc CLIENT SATISFACTION WITH HOME CARE SERVICES IN RURAL RUSSIA Prepared for Prepared by Raymond Struyk, Alexandra Alexandrova, Igor Belyakov, and Kirill Chagin Improved Local Governance and Economic Development: Transition to Smart Growth United States Agency for International Development Contract No. 118-A-00-01-00135-00 THE URBAN INSTITUTE 2100 M Street, NW Washington, DC 20037 (202) 833-7200 July 2004 www.urban.org UI Project 07274-332 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................................II CONTEXT..........................................................................................................................................2 ASSESSMENT METHOD ....................................................................................................................2 RESULTS ..........................................................................................................................................9 CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................................12 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................14 Mr. Struyk is a Senior Fellow at the Urban Institute, Washington. The other authors are, respectively, Director of Social Sector Research, Senior
    [Show full text]
  • Converting Former Soviet Chemical Weapons Plants
    Jonathan B. Tucker ince Russia possesses the world’s largest stockpile This essay lays out a brief history of the CWPF con- of chemical weapons (CW)—a declared total of version issue and the contending U.S. and Russian posi- S40,000 metric tons—Russian ratification and tions. It then suggests a compromise approach based on implementation of the 1993 Chemical Weapons Conven- industrial joint ventures that would enable Moscow to tion (CWC) will be critical to the success of the global convert its former CWPFs in an economic manner, while chemical disarmament and non- satisfying the concerns of proliferation regime. To date, the United States and other however, Moscow’s ratification VIEWPOINT: countries that conversion be has been delayed by political, irreversible and verifiable. economic, and environmental CONVERTING FORMER concerns associated with CW CW PRODUCTION destruction and the conversion SOVIET CHEMICAL ACTIVITIES of former Soviet chemical weapon production facilities WEAPONS PLANTS Before, during, and after (CWPFs) to legitimate com- World War II, the Soviet by Jonathan B. Tucker mercial activities.1 Union produced many tens of thousands of tons of chemi- Whereas American CWPFs cal weapons (both blister were all single-purpose military facilities that have lain and nerve agents) at multiple facilities, most of them in dormant for years, former Soviet CWPFs are integrated the Volga River basin.4 On April 10, 1987, President into large civilian chemical production complexes and Mikhail Gorbachev declared that the Soviet Union would share the same industrial infrastructure. For example, sev- henceforth cease all development and production of CW eral buildings that once produced nerve agents are em- agents.
    [Show full text]
  • Investment Passport of the Saratov Region Investment Passport of the Saratov Region
    INVESTMENT PASSPORT OF THE SARATOV REGION INVESTMENT PASSPORT OF THE SARATOV REGION LADIES AND GENTLEMEN! The main priorities for the Saratov region are and will be a sustainable economy, investment attraction, creating a de- veloped infrastructure, and the well-being of its residents. Today, we are actively building new roads, industrial enter- prises, schools, and medical centers. We are setting the re- cords in agriculture and successfully solving the problem of import substitution, entering the foreign markets. Among our strong points are cutting-edge ideas, innovations, and power- ful production grounds and human resources. The region has a consistent investment policy. Together with our partner, the agency for strategic initiatives, we have developed new stan- 2 CREATE WITH SARATOV dards and roadmaps for working with investors. JSC “The Saratov region development Corporation” and the annual Saratov economic forum «Moving only forward!» also contribute to improving the business climate. We also associate the fulfillment of the huge investment potential of the region with the implementation of major infrastructure projects – a new modern Gagarin airport was intro- duced in 2019, TOSER operates in the single-industry town of Petrovsk, Saratov agglomeration, and a special economic zone was created in 2020. These and many other projects set the modern spatial and economic development of the territories of municipalities, using their advantages, providing em- ployment, increasing the well-being of people. All this great work gives significant
    [Show full text]
  • Download Article
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 283 International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Ecological Studies (CESSES 2018) The Meaning of the Phytotoxicity of the Soils of Transformational Landscapes in the Southeast of Russia Nikolai Larionov Maxim Larionov School No.2 Urban District Kotelniki Balashov Institute of Saratov State University Novaya Street, 39 K. Marx Street, 29 Kotelniki, Moscow region, Russian Federation 140054 Balashov, Saratov region, Russian Federation 412300 E-mail: [email protected] Irina Siraeva Tatiana Gromova Saratov State University Saratov State University Astrakhanskaya Street, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, 83 Saratov, Russian Federation 410012 Saratov, Russian Federation 410012 Anna Ermolenko Tatiana Zavidovskaya Saratov State University Borisoglebsk Branch of Voronezh State University Astrakhanskaya Street, 83 Narodnaya Street, 43 Saratov, Russian Federation 410012 Borisoglebsk, Russian Federation 397160 Abstract—The levels of the phytotoxicity of soils in different Unfortunately, the areas of transformational landscapes territorial objects of urban landscapes in the south east of are constantly expanding especially because of expanding Russia (using the example of towns of Saratov and Voronezh transport net, environmental management, the development regions) are defined. The levels of degradation of soils using of agriculture, in the process of urbanization. Technogenic the indicators of phytotoxicity are defined with singling out pressing on environment is generally increasing both in zones of ecological trouble. A conclusion is made about a Russia and in the world [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] necessity of ensuring ecological safety in the zones of joint [11] [12] [13]. Especially strong it manifests itself in such influence of motor transport and stationary sources of transformational landscapes as cities and their suburban pollution of Saratov and Voronezh regions in the context of districts [14] [15].
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Environmental Factors on Growth and Development in Humans
    Institute of Experimental Morphology and Anthropology with Museum Bulgarian Anatomical Society Acta morphologica et anthropologica, 13 Sofia • 2008 The Influence of Environmental Factors on Growth and Development in Humans E. Godina, I. Khomyakova, L. Zadorozhnaya Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Moscow State University 2,106 girls and 2,169 boys from 7 to 17 were investigated in 2002-2004 in three urban settlements of the Saratov region: the town of Khvalynsk, and the cities of Saratov and Balakovo. The whole area, particu­ larly the location of Khvalynsk, is characterized by iodine deficiency. The program included about 30 anthropometric measurements, evaluation of developmental stages of secondary sexual characteristics, and information on menarcheal age by the status quo method. For the analysis all data were standard­ ized, and further comparisons were made irrespective of age groups. The significance of differences was assessed by one-way ANOVA. The Khvalynsk children are the smallest in body height and weight with the age of menarche for girls being 13 years 5 months. In Balakovo and Saratov the corresponding fi­ gures were identical: 13 years 2 months. Secular changes in Khvalynsk and Saratov children are dis­ cussed as compared to the literature. Key words: ecology, growth and development, Russian children, environmental adaptation, secu­ lar trend. Introduction The growth process is determined by interactions of endogenous genetical factors (so called “determinants”), endogenous paragenetic factors (“stimulators”) and exo­ genous environmental factors — “modificators” [3]. In this last group the following factors could be named: biogeographical (climate, seasonality, etc) social-economic (parental education and professional Qualification, income, socioeconomic family status, living conditions, etc), psychological, anthropogenic and others [7].
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register / Vol
    19938 Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 71 / Thursday, April 15, 2021 / Notices including those within Chapter 9 of the post all comments on the Commission’s expand education offerings to inform Exchange Rulebook.49 The Commission internet website (http://www.sec.gov/ investors of the benefits and risks of believes that it is consistent with the rules/sro.shtml). Copies of the trading micro-options. The changes to Act to apply Exchange rules governing, submission, all subsequent the proposal and additional information among other things, customer accounts, amendments, all written statements in Amendment No. 1 do not raise any margin requirements, and trading halt with respect to the proposed rule novel regulatory issues and assist the procedures to the proposed micro- change that are filed with the Commission in evaluating the options that are otherwise applicable to Commission, and all written Exchange’s proposal and in determining other index options. The Commission communications relating to the that it is consistent with the Act. believes that the Exchange’s rules proposed rule change between the Accordingly, the Commission finds governing the trading of the index Commission and any person, other than good cause, pursuant to Section 19(b)(2) options on the Exchange help to ensure those that may be withheld from the of the Act,51 to approve the proposed the maintenance of fair and orderly public in accordance with the rule change, as modified by Amendment markets for micro-options, which is provisions of 5 U.S.C. 552, will be No. 1, on an accelerated basis. available for website viewing and consistent with the protection of VI.
    [Show full text]