DOCSLIB.ORG

Determination of Surfactants from Foam-Formed Products

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Determination of Surfactants from Foam-Formed Products Determination of surfactants from foam-formed products Master’s Thesis University of Jyväskylä Department of Chemistry 15.10.2018 Janika Viitala i ABSTRACT In this Master’s thesis, determination of surfactant residues from solid foam-formed samples was studied. The residues of an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), and a non- ionic surfactant Tween 20 (polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate), were determined from foam-formed hand sheets. The measured surfactant residues were compared with the theoretical values calculated from the water content of the sample before drying phase and the surfactant dosage. In addition to analysis of surfactant residues, determination of 4- dodecylbenzenesulphonic acid (4-DBSA, anionic surfactant) in water solution by UV spectrophotometry was studied. The literature part considers the chemistry of surfactants and introduces the relatively new concept of papermaking, foam forming. The main focus in the literature part is in the analysis methods of surfactants. Sample pre-treatment methods and the use of spectrophotometry, chromatography and atomic spectroscopy in the determination of surfactants are discussed. In addition, the chemical legislation, toxicological concerns of surfactants and the regulations concerning paper and board in food contact materials are discussed. To determine surfactant residues, two different determination methods were used for both surfactants. SDS residues were determined by spectrophotometry and by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Tween 20 residues were determined by spectrophotometry and by high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Ultrasound-assisted nitric acid digestion was used as a sample preparation method for the ICP-OES analysis. Before the chromatographic determination, Tween 20 was extracted from the sample by methanol in Soxhlet extraction. In the spectrophotometric determination, SDS and Tween 20 were extracted by water. The results showed that surfactant residues increased as the surfactant dosage increased and when the dry matter content of the sample (before the last drying stage) decreased. ICP-OES and spectrophotometric methods gave very similar results for SDS residues. The results indicated that SDS was effectively extracted from the fibre network by water. The amount of SDS residues was affected by water hardness, the temperature of the water-fibre suspension and the addition of a non-ionic surfactant or cationic starch. When the water hardness was °dH = 5, the measured SDS residues were clearly higher than the theoretical values. This is due to the formation of insoluble calcium dodecyl sulphate Ca(DS)2 that remains in the fibre network. The amount of SDS residues decreased when water hardness decreased, temperature was raised ii or a non-ionic surfactant (Tween 20) was added. The addition of cationic starch resulted in the increase of SDS residues. Tween 20 could be determined by both HPLC-DAD and spectrophotometry. HPLC-DAD gave higher results compared to the spectrophotometric determination, because Tween 20 was not fully extracted by water. When water, ethanol and acetone were compared as extraction solvents in Soxhlet extraction, the results showed clearly that more Tween 20 was extracted by ethanol and acetone than water. The amount of Tween 20 residues was not observed to be higher than theoretically estimated. iii TIIVISTELMÄ Tässä Pro gradu -tutkielmassa tutkittiin surfaktanttien (eli pinta-aktiivisten aineiden) jäämiä kiinteistä vaahtorainatuista näytteistä. Työn päätavoitteena oli kehittää sopivat näytteenkäsittely- ja määritysmenetelmät surfaktanttijäämien määrittämiseksi. Työssä määritettiin yhden anionisen surfaktantin, natrium dodekyylisulfaatin (SDS), ja yhden nonionisen surfaktantin, Tween 20:n (polyoksietyleenisorbitaanimonolauraatti), jäämiä vaahtorainatuista käsiarkeista. Mitattuja surfaktanttijäämiä verrattiin teoreettisiin arvoihin, jotka laskettiin näytteen kuiva-ainepitoisuudesta ennen kuivausvaihetta ja surfaktantin annoksesta. Surfaktanttijäämien analysoinnin lisäksi tutkittiin 4- dodekyylibentseenisulphonihapon (4-DBSA, anioninen surfaktantti) määritystä vesiliuoksesta UV-spektrofotometrillä. Kirjallinen osa käsittelee surfaktanttien kemiaa ja esittelee suhteellisen uuden paperinvalmistusmenetelmän, vaahtorainauksen. Päähuomio on kohdennettu surfaktanttien analyysimenetelmiin. Näytteenkäsittelymenetelmät ja spektrofotometrian, kromatografian sekä atomispektroskopian käyttö surfaktanttien määrityksessä on käsitelty. Lisäksi käydään läpi kemikaalilainsäädäntöä, surfaktantteihin liittyviä toksikologisia huolenaiheita sekä ruokapakkauksissa käytettävää paperia ja kartonkia koskevia säädöksiä. Surfaktanttijäämien määrittämiseksi käytettiin kahta eri määritysmenetelmää kummallekin surfaktantille. SDS-jäämät määritettiin spektrofotometrillä ja induktiivisesti kytketyllä plasma- optisella emissiospektrometrillä (ICP-OES). Tween 20 -jäämät määritettiin spektrofotometrillä sekä korkean erotuskyvyn nestekromatografilla, jossa oli diodirivi-detektori. ICP-OES - analyysissä näytteenkäsittelymenetelmänä käytettiin ultraääniavustettua typpihappohajotusta. Ennen kromatografista määritystä, Tween 20 uutettiin näytteestä metanolilla käyttäen Soxhlet- uuttoa. Spektrofotometrisessa määrityksessä SDS ja Tween 20 uutettiin veteen. Tulokset osoittivat, että surfaktanttijäämät kasvoivat, kun surfaktantin annos kasvoi ja kun näytteen kuiva-ainepitoisuus (ennen viimeistä kuivausvaihetta) laski. ICP-OES-laitteella ja spektrofotometrillä saadut tulokset SDS-jäämille olivat hyvin samanlaisia. Tulokset osoittivat, että SDS uuttui kuituverkostosta vedellä tehokkaasti. SDS-jäämien määrään vaikutti näytteen valmistuksessa käytetyn veden kovuus, vesi-kuitu -suspension lämpötila ja nonionisen surfaktantin tai tärkkelyksen lisäys. Kun veden kovuus oli °dH = 5, mitatut SDS-jäämät olivat selkeästi korkeampi kuin teoreettiset arvot. Tämä johtuu liukenemattoman kalsium dodekyyli sulfaatin CaDS2 muodostumisesta, joka jää kuituverkostoon. SDS-jäämien määrä laski, kun veden kovuus laski, lämpötilaa nostettiin tai lisättiin nonionista surfaktanttia (Tween 20). Kationisen tärkkelyksen lisäys nosti SDS-jäämien määrää. iv Tween 20 voitiin määrittää sekä HPLC-DAD-laitteella että spektrofotometrillä. HPLC- DAD:lla saatiin korkeampi tuloksia kuin spektrofotometrisellä menetelmällä, koska Tween 20 ei uuttunut täysin vedellä. Kun vettä, etanolia ja asetonia verrattiin uuttoliuottimina Soxhlet- uutossa, tulokset osoittivat selkeästi, että etanoli ja asetoni uuttivat enemmän Tween 20 - surfaktanttia kuin vesi. Tween 20 -jäämien määrän ei havaittu olevan teoreettisia arvoja suurempia. v PREFACE This Master’s thesis was done in co-operation with the University of Jyväskylä and VTT Jyväskylä as a part of a Future Fibre Products 2020 program. The thesis was done between October 2017 and August 2018. The experimental work was performed between October 2017 and April 2018. The literature references for this work were searched using mainly Google Scholar, Web of Science and VTT library search engines. I would like to acknowledge my supervisors, Ph. Lic. Timo Lappalainen from VTT Jyväskylä, and Ph.D. Jarmo Louhelainen from the University of Jyväskylä, for the great guidance, advice, inspiration and encouragement during this work. Special thanks to Ph.D. Ari Väisänen, Ph.D. Hannu Pakkanen and research assistant Jouni Väli-Torala for the assistance and ideas with the analytical instruments. I would like to thank the technical research team of VTT Jyväskylä for all the help in practical laboratory work. I would also like to thank my spouse, family and friends. Your support and encouragement have been invaluable during this work. Future Fibre Products 2020 is a jointly funded ERDF (European Regional Development Fund) project. The project started on 1.6.2017 and will end on 31.5.2020. The goal of the program is to develop new sustainable and value-added fibre based products for either replacing oil-based current products or to develop completely new fibre-based solutions for different sectors. Jani Lehto is the project owner at VTT and Tech. Lic. Harri Kiiskinen is the project manager. Jyväskylä 15.10.2018 Janika Viitala vi CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ i TIIVISTELMÄ .......................................................................................................................... iii PREFACE .................................................................................................................................. v CONTENTS .............................................................................................................................. vi ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................... ix LITERATURE PART ................................................................................................................ 1 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 2 SURFACTANTS ............................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Surfactant types ........................................................................................................... 2 2.1.1 Anionic surfactants ..............................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • PHD-12-MCATEER (2).Pdf
    CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY Daniel McAteer The Development of Novel, Low Sensitivity, Gas-generating Formulations for Hotwire Ignited Devices Department of Engineering and Applied Science PhD Academic Year: 2012 - 2013 Supervisors: Professor J Akhavan & Dr A Contini April 2013 CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY DEAS PhD Academic Year 2012 - 2013 Daniel McAteer The Development of Novel, Low Sensitivity, Gas-generating Formulations for Hotwire Ignited Devices Supervisors: Professor J Akhavan & Dr A Contini April 2013 © Cranfield University 2013. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the written permission of the copyright owner. Abstract A novel, low sensitivity, gas-generating composition was developed to replace an existing primary explosive, potassium picrate, for use in a generic squib device. The novel composition was based on energetic materials researched from the open literature. The chosen materials were synthesised or purchased and combined in order to produce formulations which would reproducibly ignite when contacted with a hotwire. The formulations were assessed for their chemical compatibility and homogeneity by small-scale hazard testing, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The compositions were test fired within squibs coupled to a pressure bomb and the pressure generation and rise time was measured using a piezoelectric gauge. Keywords: Squib, Bridgewire, Electroexplosive Device, Igniter i Acknowledgements I was able to pursue this PhD thanks to the support and encouragement provided by my parents, without them I would not have made it this far. A courtesy note is included for my brother and sisters who, although thoroughly uninterested in my research, were present throughout my studies and offered support of a sort.
    [Show full text]
  • System Documentation
    TOXICS RELEASE INVENTORY DATA DELIVERY SYSTEM TRI-DDS 2001 System Documentation Prepared for: DoD EPCRA TRI Working Group Prepared by: URS Corporation 1093 Commerce Park Drive, Suite 100 Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 Doc #F9906181.MW97 April 2002 Please Note: The following distribution restriction applies only to the TRI-DDS Software. It does not apply to this document. Distribution authorized to the Department of Defense and U.S. DoD contractors only to protect technical or operational data or information from automatic dissemination under the International Exchange Program or by other means (effective 7 February 2002). Other requests shall be referred to the Deputy Undersecretary of Defense, Installation and Environment [DUSD(I&E)]. WARNING - This document contains technical data whose export is restricted by the Arms Export Control Act (Title 22, U.S.C., Sec 2751, et seq.) or the Export Administration Act of 1979, as amended, Title 50, U.S.C., App. 2401 et seq. Violations of these export laws are subject to severe criminal penalties. Disseminate in accordance with provisions of DoD Directive 5230.25. Destroy by any method that will prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document. Table of Contents List of Tables.........................................................................................................................v Chapter 1 OVERVIEW ...........................................................................................................................1-1 1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................1-3
    [Show full text]
  • WO 201 1/056841 Al
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number ι (43) International Publication Date ¾ ί t 12 May 2011 (12.05.2011) WO 201 1/056841 Al (51) International Patent Classification: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every C07C 213/02 (2006.01) C07D 271/12 (2006.01) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BR, BW, BY, BZ, (21) International Application Number: CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DO, PCT/US2010/055248 DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, (22) International Filing Date: HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KN, KP, 3 November 2010 (03.1 1.2010) KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, (25) Filing Language: English NO, NZ, OM, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, RO, RS, RU, SC, SD, (26) Publication Language: English SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (30) Priority Data: 61/257,721 3 November 2009 (03.1 1.2009) U S (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, (71) Applicant (for all designated States except US): PACIF¬ GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, IC SCIENTIFIC ENERGETIC MATERIALS COM¬ ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, PANY [US/US]; 7073 W .
    [Show full text]
  • Making Plastic Explosives from Bleach by the Jolly Roger Potassium
    Making Plastic Explosives from Bleach by The Jolly Roger Potassium chlorate is an extremely volatile explosive compound, and has been used in the past as the main explosive filler in grenades, land mines, and mortar rounds by such countries as France and Germany. Common household bleach contains a small amount of potassium chlorate, which can be extracted by the procedure that follows. First off, you must obtain: 1.A heat source (hot plate, stove, etc.) 2.A hydrometer, or battery hydrometer 3.A large Pyrex, or enameled steel container (to weigh chemicals) 4.Potassium chloride(sold as a salt substitute at health and nutrition stores) Take one gallon of bleach, place it in the container, and begin heating it. While this solution heats, weigh out 63 grams of potassium chloride and add this to the bleach being heated. Constantly check the solution being heated with the hydrometer, and boil until you get a reading of 1.3. If using a battery hydrometer, boil until you read a FULL charge. Take the solution and allow it to cool in a refrigerator until it is between room temperature and 0øC. Filter out the crystals that have formed and save them. Boil this solution again and cool as before. Filter and save the crystals. Take the crystals that have been saved, and mix them with distilled water in the following proportions: 56 grams per 100 milliliters distilled water. Heat this solution until it boils and allow to cool. Filter the solution and save the crystals that form upon cooling. This process of purification is called "fractional crystallization".
    [Show full text]
  • Ammunition) to Manual Small Arms 2.1
    Chapter 2 THEORETICAL AND LEGAL SUPPORT OF CRIMINALISTIC RESEARCH OF CARTRIDGES (AMMUNITION) TO MANUAL SMALL ARMS 2.1. Cartridges (ammunition) as objects criminalistic research (concept, essence, classification) Currently, one of the unresolved problems of assessing the conclu- sion of forensic ballistic examination is the use in its content of terms and their definitions that do not meet modern scientific ideas about the objects under study. This applies to both legislative acts and normative legal acts regulating the conduct of relevant examinations, in particular the study of cartridges (ammunition) used for shooting from small arms, traces of their use. However, the accuracy and unambiguity of terminol- ogy used in forensic ballistic examination of cartridges (ammunition) are important to ensure its uniform understanding and use in both foren- sic and law enforcement activities. It is no coincidence that the literature emphasizes that one of the main elements of the concept of the General theory of forensic examina- tion is the doctrine of the means and forms of communicative activity in the production of forensic examinations; the Central part of this element is the language of the expert, the system of expert concepts and terms designating them. The development and improvement of the General theory of forensic examination largely depend on the development and improvement of its conceptual apparatus, in-depth disclosure of the es- sence of objects, phenomena reflected in each concept [3, p. 103]. R. S. Belkin notes that the introduction of new terms and their definitions into forensic examination as a specific sphere of scientific knowledge is carried out by expanding the existing basis of theoretical provisions and empirical data [36, p.
    [Show full text]
  • FSTC 381-5042, Handbook of Foreign Explosives
    U. S. ARMY MATERIEL COMMAND FSIC 381-5042 HANDBOOK OF FOREIGN EXPLOSIVES U.S. Army Foreign Science and Technology Center Munitions Building, Washington, D.C. 20315 FSTC 381-5CA-2 is published for the information and guidance of all concerned. Comments, and requests for additional copies, should he sent to the Commanding Officer, at the above address. A Category I Intelligence Document. This document was compiled and pro­ ducted by the U.S. Army Foreign Science and Technology Center and is intended for rise within the U.S. Army Materiel Command. This document has not been approved by the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence and therefore does not necessarily represent agreed Depart­ ment of the Army intelligence. DESCRIPTORS Explosives: manufacturing, testing, use, characteristics, loading, com­ parison, strength power, brisance, composition; pyrotechnics; bursting charge; propelling charge; high-explosive ammunition. Project Eld 596 FSTC 381-5042 HANDBOOK OF FOREIGN EXPLOSIVES October 1965 (Based on information available as of June 1964) Prepared by Picatinny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey 07801 for ' U.S. Army Foreign Science and Technology Center Munitions Building Washington, D. C . 20315 ABSTRACT (u) This Handbook of Foreign Explosives contains technical information and reference data on the chemical and physical character­ istics, known variations in nomenclature, and the application of explosive compounds to the various types of ammunition in use by selected countries. TABLE OF CONTENTS Dago Section I. INTRODUCTION ' Purpose _ ^ Scope ' ^ Summary • g Section II. GENERAL INDEX y Section III. COUNTRY INDEX . Belgium France • P q -^ Germany 2U3 Italy 3-17 Japan 360 Soviet Union 388 Spain 429 Sweden .
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Weapons Convention, the United States May Require Special Declarations Related to Chemical Shipments Under Either the ITAR Or the EAR
    Appendix 1 Unit Table A.1. Conversion Factors Overview The International System of Units (SI) is a modernized version of the metric system established by international agreement. The metric system of measurement was developed during the French Revolution and was first promoted in the U.S. by Thomas Jefferson. Its use was legalized in the U.S. in 1866. In 1902, proposed congressional legislation requiring the U.S. Government to use the metric system exclusively was defeated by a single vote. SI provides a logical and interconnected framework for all measurements in science, industry, and commerce. The metric system is much simpler to use than the existing English system since all its units of measurement are divisible by 10. Conversion Factors The following list provides the conversion relationship between U.S. customary units and SI (International System) units. The proper conversion procedure is to multiply the specified value on the left (primarily U.S. customary values) by the conversion factor exactly as given below and then round to the appropriate number of significant digits desired. For example, to convert 11.4 ft to m: 11.4 Â 0.3048 = 3.47472, which rounds to 3.47 m. Do not round either value before performing the multiplication, as accuracy would be reduced. A complete guide to the SI system and its use can be found in ASTM E 380, Metric Practice. Select this link for an explanation of WSDOT's foot to meter conversion method (http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/Reference/metrics/foottometer.htm). Note that Convert.exe (http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/NR/rdonlyres/4A1238B7- 69FC-434E-8BF0-317AA149F5C0/0/convert.exe) uses the 1959 conversion fac- tors for distance (http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/Reference/metrics/foottometer.htm) i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (19) (11 3,712,223 Degn (45) Jan
    United States Patent (19) (11 3,712,223 Degn (45) Jan. 23, 1973 (54) PYROTECHNIC, WHISTLE, AND 3,093,523 6, 1963 Besser ................................ 49/99 X METHOD OF MAKENG 3,103,458 9, 1963 Besser et al.... ... 149/99 X (76 Inventor: Ralph G. Degn, 214 A Universitya 3,309.2503,228,815 3/1967l/1966 FaltermanHenry et al.......... et al... ... 149799 49.42 X Village, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108 3,396,060 8/1968 Piccone.................................. 149 fa2 22 Filed: Oct. 7, 1970 Primary Examiner-Stephen J. Lechert, Jr. (21) Appl. No.: 78,921 Attorney-H. Ross Workman 52 U.S. C. ........................ 102/31, 149/38, 149/39, 57) ABSTRACT 149/40, 149/41, 149142, 149/43, 14.9144 A pyrotechnic whistle and method of producing same (51 int. C. ............................................... CO6d 1100 which prevents a minimum danger of explosion 58 Field of Search ...... 102/3 l; 149/42, 44, 114, 85, formed of a tubular reaction chamber and a 149/38, 39, 40, 41, 43 pyrochemical mixture formed by mixing together a salt of salicylic acid and an oxidizing agent. Finely di 56 References Cited vided titanium is added to the pyrochemical mixture UNITED STATES PATENTS or to other pyrochemical mixtures formed of aromatic acids and oxidizing agents to provide a trail of glitter 3,033,715 5, 1962 Preckel............................... 149/99 X when the pyrochemical mixture reacts. 3,033,718 5f 1962 Preckel... ... 149/99 X 3,088,858 5/963 Camp................................. 149/99 X 10 Claims, No Drawings 3,712,223 1. 2 PYROTECHNEC, WHISTLE, AND METHOD OF very expensive.
    [Show full text]
  • Rules and Regulations Governing Schools in the State of Colorado
    COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT Division of Environmental Health and Sustainability 6 CCR 1010-6 RULES AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING SCHOOLS IN THE STATE OF COLORADO TABLE OF CONTENTS 6.1 Authority .......................................................................................................................................... 2 6.2 Scope and Purpose........................................................................................................................... 2 6.3 Applicability ..................................................................................................................................... 2 6.4 Definitions ........................................................................................................................................ 3 6.5 Incorporation by Reference ............................................................................................................. 7 6.6 Compliance Procedures ................................................................................................................... 7 6.6.1 Inspections ............................................................................................................................. 7 6.6.2 Self-Certification..................................................................................................................... 8 6.6.3 Compliance Assurance ........................................................................................................... 9 6.6.4 Variance Procedures ...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8.404,897 B2 Fronabarger Et Al
    USOO8404897B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8.404,897 B2 Fronabarger et al. (45) Date of Patent: Mar. 26, 2013 (54) FACILE SYNTHESIS OF 3-AMINOPICRIC OTHER PUBLICATIONS ACD International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated May 18, (75) Inventors: John W. Fronabarger, Sun Lakes, AZ R A. NS E. NWAA.R 2011 SS Michael D. Williams,O O Gilbert, AZ in relatedOla Application SeaC eportNo. PCT/US2010/055248, an ritten Upinion pp.e 1-3.e. (US) Borsche and Feske, “Uber den wechselseitigen Austausch von (73) Assignee: Pacific Scientific Energetic Materials Licensitytisch gebund Hvolroxvil oxy und Halalogen , ChemischeSe Company, Chandler, AZ (US) Katritzky. et al., “Direct Amination of Nitrogenzenes by Vicarious Nucleophilic Substitution.” Journal of Organic Chemistry, (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 51(25):5039-5040 (1986). patent is extended or adjusted under 35 Makosza, et al., “Vicarious Nucleophilic Substitution of Hydrogen.” U.S.C. 154(b) by 110 days. Acc. Chem. Res., 20:282-289 (1987). Mitchell, et al., A Versatile Synthesis of 1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6- (21) Appl. No.: 12/939,012 Trinitrobenzene (TATB), 37" International Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT) Conference, Karlsruhe, Germany (2006). (22) Filed: Nov. 3, 2010 Pagoria, et al., “1,1,1-Trimethylhydrazinium Iodide: A Novel, Highly Reactive Reagent for Aromatic Amination via Vicarious (65) Prior Publication Data Nucleophilic Substitution of Hydrogen.” J. Org. Chem... 61 :2934 US 2011 FO1058OO A1 Mayay 5,, 2011 2935 (1996). * cited by examiner Related U.S. Application Data (60) final application No. 61/257,721, filed on Nov.
    [Show full text]
  • 3. Making Plastic Explosives from Bleach by the Jolly Roger
    3. Making Plastic Explosives from Bleach by The Jolly Roger Potassium chlorate is an extremely volatile explosive compound, and has been use d in the past as the main explosive filler in grenades, land mines, and mortar rounds by such countries as France and Germany. Common househo ld bleach contains a small amount of potassium chlorate, which can be extracted by the procedure that follows. First off, you must obtain: 1.A heat source (hot plate, stove, etc.) 2.A hydrometer, or battery hydrometer 3.A large Pyrex, or enameled steel container (to weigh chemicals) 4.Potassium chloride(sold as a salt substitute at health and nutrition stores) Take one gallon of bleach, place it in the container, and begin heating it. Whil e this solution heats, weigh out 63 grams of potassium chloride and add this to the bleach being heated. Constantly check the solution being heated with the hydrometer, and boil until you get a reading of 1.3. If using a battery hydrometer, boil until you read a FULL charge. Take the solution and allow it to cool in a refrigerator until it is between roo m temperature and 0øC. Filter out the crystals that have formed and save them. Boil this solution again and cool as before. Filter and save the crys tals. Take the crystals that have been saved, and mix them with distilled water in the following proportions: 56 grams per 100 milliliters distilled water. Heat this solution until it boils and allow to cool. Filter the solution and save the crystals that form upon cooling.
    [Show full text]
  • Energetic Materials
    DISSERTATION ZUR ERLANGUNG DES DOKTORGRADES DER FAKULTÄT FÜR CHEMIE UND PHARMAZIE DER LUDWIG-MAXIMILIANS-UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN Synthesis, Characterization, Scale-up and Investigation of Structure-property Relationships of High Energy Density Materials Dominik Ernst Dosch aus Wertheim, Deutschland 2021 Erklärung: Diese Dissertation wurde im Sinne von § 7 der Promotionsordnung vom 28. November 2011 von Herrn Professor Dr. Thomas M. Klapötke betreut. Eidesstattliche Versicherung: Diese Dissertation wurde eigenständig und ohne unerlaubte Hilfe erarbeitet. München, den 23 März 2021 __________________ Dominik Dosch Dissertation eingereicht am: 24. März 2021 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Thomas M. Klapötke 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Konstantin Karaghiosoff Mündliche Prüfung am: 29.04.2021 Danksagung An erster Stelle gilt mein Dank meinem Doktorvater Prof. Dr. Thomas M. Klapötke für die freundliche Aufnahme in seinen Arbeitskreis und die interessante Themenstellung für meine Promotion. Außerdem möchte ich mich für die stetige finanzielle und fachliche Unterstützung meiner persönlichen Forschungsvorhaben sowie für seine Begeisterung für die Erforschung hochenergetischer Materialien bei ihm bedanken und nicht zuletzt für das Vertrauen, welches er beim EURENCO Projekt in mich und meine Fähigkeiten als Chemiker gesetzt hat. Herrn Prof. Dr. Konstantin Karaghiosoff danke ich nicht nur für die freundliche Übernahme des Zweitgutachtens dieser Dissertation, sondern auch für seinen unermüdlichen Einsatz für das IT-Team und das X-Ray Team. Seine Anmerkungen und Korrekturen zu diversen Publikationen waren für mich von unschätzbarem Wert und durch seine freundliche und offene Art konnte er mich auch in schwierigen Phasen immer motivieren. Dafür möchte ich dir meinen Dank aussprechen Conny! Ich hoffe, dass das IT Team auch bei künftigen Raubzügen zum LRZ weiterhin fette Beute macht.
    [Show full text]