DOCSLIB.ORG

A Grammar of Tshangla Brill's Tibetan Studies Library

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Grammar of Tshangla Brill's Tibetan Studies Library A Grammar of Tshangla Brill's Tibetan Studies Library Edited by Henk Blezer Alex McKay Charles Ramble Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region Edited by George L. Van Driem VOLUME 5!10 A Gratntnar of Tshangla By Erik E. Andvik BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2010 Partial funding for the publication of this volume was provided by SIL International. On the cover: A Tshanglapa abi and meme check out passersby from the doorway of their home in Kangpara. Photo by the author. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Andvik, Erik E. A grammar of Tshangla I by Erik E. Andvlk. p. em. - (Brill's Tibetan studies library. Languages of the greater Himalayan region, ISSN 1568-6183; v. 5/10) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-90-04-17827-4 (alk. paper) 1. Tshangla language-Grammar. I. Title. II. Series. PL365l.T84A63 2010 495'.4-dc22 2009054007 ISSN 1568-6183 ISBN 978 90 04 17827 4 Copyright 2010 by Koninklljke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklljke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS To Elin, Maria, and Simon CONTENTS List of Tables xi List of Figures xiii List of Morpheme Glosses XV Acknowledgements xvii Chapter One Introduction 1 1.1 The research 1 1.2 Organisation of the description 3 1.3 Introduction to the Tshangla language 4 Chapter Two Phonology 8 2.1 Consonants 8 2.2 Vowels 12 2.3 Syllable structure and clusters 14 2.4 Word structure and stress 17 2.5 Tone 20 Chapter Three Lexicon and Word Classes 21 3.1 Nouns 21 3.2 Verbs 22 3.3 Adjectives 39 3.4 Adverbs 42 3.5 Postpositions 50 3.6 Personal pronouns 52 3.7 Honorifics 54 Chapter Four Morphophonemics 58 4.1 Case marker devoicing 58 4.2 Verbal morphophonemics 60 4.3 Degemination 70 Chapter Five Noun Phrase 77 5.1 Overview of the noun phrase 77 5.2 Pre-nominal constituents of the noun phrase 78 5.3 Post-nominal constituents of the noun phrase 89 5.4 Personal pronouns 100 5.5 Reflexive noun phrase ................................................................. 100 viii CONTENTS 5.6 Genitive noun phrase 105 5.7 Unmarked dependency 106 5.8 Apposition 107 5.9 Hierarchical structure of the noun phrase 108 Chapter Six The Clause, Syntactic Roles and Transitivity 114 6.1 Argument suppression vs. zero anaphora 114 6.2 Syntactic roles 118 6.3 Transitivity 123 Chapter Seven Case Marking 124 7.1 Agentive/instrumental -gi 124 7.2 Locative/dative -ga 155 7.3 Genitive -ga 160 7.4 Ablative -gai 162 Chapter Eight Sentence, Clause and Predicate 171 8.1 Clause types 171 8.2 Predicate types 172 8.3 Copular predicate with ca or la 174 8.4 Copular predicate with gila 178 8.5 Verbal predicates 182 8.6 Predicate types in non-final clauses 183 Chapter Nine Sentence Types and Sentence Moods 184 9.1 The non-declarative sentence moods 185 9.2 The interrogative sentence type 192 9.3 Interaction between sentence type and sentence mood 199 Chapter Ten Finite Clauses: Tense, Aspect and Mirativity 205 10.1 Affirmative verb paradigm 205 10.2 Negative verb paradigm 217 10.3 Mirativity 227 10.4 Gila 234 Chapter Eleven Relative Clauses 238 11.1 Relative clauses in -khan 238 11.2 Relative clauses in -sa 246 11.3 Relative clauses in -wa 248 11.4 Relative clauses in -le 258 11.5 Relativised forms of dakpe 'to say' 262 CONTENTS ix Chapter Twelve Other Embedded Clauses 267 12.1 Embedded question complement with mo 267 12.2 Noun complement clauses 275 12.3 Clausal object of a postposition 277 12.4 Nominalised complement 278 Chapter Thirteen Adverbial Clauses 280 13.1 Non-final adverbial clauses 281 13.2 Participial adverbial clauses 288 Chapter Fourteen Complementation 307 14.1 Semantic parameters of complement-taking verbs 308 14.2 Complement-taking verbs that share matrix subject/agent 312 14.3 Complement-taking verbs that share matrix patient 318 14.4 Verbs that allow both matrix arguments to be shared 321 14.5 Complement clause vs. adverbial clause 326 14.6 Complement clause vs. relative clause 329 14.7 Embedding 332 14.8 Double-shared arguments 336 14.9 Complex complementation 336 14.10 Aspect marking on complement clauses 336 Chapter Fifteen Concatenation: The Non-final Construction 338 15.1 Non-final vs. participial constructions 338 15.2 Degrees of clause merging with -nyi 339 15.3 Clause chaining 342 15.4 Serial predicates 346 15.5 Ambiguous utterances and underlying structure 359 15.6 Serial verbs 366 15.7 Grammaticalisation of serial verbs 372 15.8 Grammaticalisation of serial predicates 378 15.9 Idiomatic serial predicate constructions 392 15.10 Overview of grammaticalisation of concatenated constructions 393 Chapter Sixteen Daknyi and Anyi 395 16.1 Daknyi 395 16.2 Anyi 401 16.3 Grammaticalisation .................................................................. 413 X CONTENTS Chapter Seventeen Versatile Particles 417 17.1 Thur 418 17.2 Ta (tu) 419 17.3 Te 424 17.4 Rang 427 17.5 Bu 434 17.6 Sha 439 17.7 Marked topic particle sho 441 Chapter Eighteen Sentence-Level Pragmatic Devices 454 18.1 Postposing 454 18.2 Deictic centre pragmatic devices 461 18.3 Sentence-final particles 465 Chapter Nineteen Summary and Conclusion 472 19.1 'Meta-constructions': concatenation and nominalisation 472 19.2 Grammaticalisation 473 Bibliography 475 Index ............................................................................................................. 483 LIST OF TABLES 1. Consonant chart 8 2. Vowel chart 12 3. Non-finite verb suffixes 23 4. Personal pronouns 53 5. Honorific nouns 55 6. Honorific verbs-honorific patient/recipient 56 7. Honorific verbs-honorific agent/actor 56 8. Verb classes 61 9. Stem extenders 62 10. Exceptional nasal-final and liquid-final verbs 65 11. Classification of verb suffixes according to root consonant alternation and stem extender 67 12. Exceptional vowel-final verbs 68 13. Verb suffix parameters 69 14. Degemination of /mm/ 70 15. Oral stop degemination 71 16. Coronal stop geminates (non-reduced) 71 17. Reduction of coronal and palatal nasal sequences 72 18. Velar degemination 73 19. Labial spirantised degemination 75 20. Velar spirantised degemination 76 21. Demonstratives 80 22. Discourse connectors using onya 'there/that' 85 23. Predicate types and clause types 173 24. The non-mirative affirmative verb paradigm 205 25. The non-mirative negative verb paradigm 217 26. Newari negative spreading 358 27. Serial verb constructions 366 28. Verb-derived postpositions ................................................................ 379 LIST OF FIGURES 1. Tshangla in Shafer's classification of the Bodie division 7 2. Elements in the noun phrase 78 , 3. Internal structure of the noun phrase 'core 110 4. Noun phrase with quantifier 111 5. Noun phrase with post-posed modifier and quantifier 112 6. Entire noun phrase with post-nominal clitic particles 113 7. Overview of clause types 171 8. Compositionality in the verbal constituent 206 9. Relative clause structure with awa 331 10. Complement clause structure with awa 332 11. Underlying structure of concatenated constructions 341 12. Concatenation continuum ................................................................. 393 LIST OF MORPHEME GLOSSES 1s 1st person singular pronoun 2s 2nd person singular pronoun 3 3rd person pronoun (unmarked for number) 1p 1st person plural pronoun 2p 2nd person plural pronoun 3p 3rd person plural pronoun ABL Ablative case particle (-gai) ADH Adhortative mood suffix (-khe) AGT Agentive/instrumental case particle (-gi) COP Copula ( ca, la, na) (-chi/-ji in past tense negative) DEM Demonstrative (uthu, otha, unyu, onya) DIR Directional marker (-ta) DUAL Dual pronoun marker EMPH Emphatic particle (-rang) FOC Contrastive focus particle (bu) 'also, even, even though' IMP Imperative mood suffix (-sho/-co/-i) INF Infinitive participial suffix (-le) ITJ Interjection ( oi, wai, etc.) LOC Locative/dative/genitive case particle (-ga) NEG Negative prefix (rna-) NF Non-final verbal suffix (-nyi, -than, -deke) NOM Nominaliser participial suffix (-wa) OPT Optative mood suffix (-chen) PL Plural particle (-ba) PRT Particle PTC Other participial suffix (-la!-lu) QUES Question particle (mo, ya) REL Relativiser suffix (-khan, -sa) RFLX Reflexive particle/emphatic (-ten) SE Stem extender (verb roots ending in V) SUB Subjunctive mood suffix (-du!-tu) TOP Contrastive topic marker (khepa, cho ~ sho) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe a debt of gratitude to all of you who have helped me make A Gram­ mar of Tshangla a reality. Thanks especially to Professor Scott DeLancey, my advisor and supervising committee chairman, for expert advice and guidance on Tibeto-Burman and many other topics throughout my aca­ demic program. Thanks to Professor T. Givan, for inspiring discussions and feedback on Tshangla grammar in a wider context. Thanks to Pro­ fessor Doris Payne, for many hours of meticulous proofing of the origi­ nal dissertation which has become this book, and for helpful suggestions for improving its analysis and clarity. Thanks also to Dr. Austin Hale, for numerous thoughtful comments on earlier papers on Tshangla, and for insightful and enjoyable discussions on aspects of Tibeto-Burman linguis­ tics. Thanks to friends and colleagues in SAG, for friendship and practical help to me and my family while living and travelling in South Asia. I'm extremely grateful to my family, for their willingness to try all kinds of living situations, for making a home out of each of them, and for their love and encouragement as they shared with me the hills and valleys of this experience.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • On Bhutanese and Tibetan Dzongs **
    ON BHUTANESE AND TIBETAN DZONGS ** Ingun Bruskeland Amundsen** “Seen from without, it´s a rocky escarpment! Seen from within, it´s all gold and treasure!”1 There used to be impressive dzong complexes in Tibet and areas of the Himalayas with Tibetan influence. Today most of them are lost or in ruins, a few are restored as museums, and it is only in Bhutan that we find the dzongs still alive today as administration centers and monasteries. This paper reviews some of what is known about the historical developments of the dzong type of buildings in Tibet and Bhutan, and I shall thus discuss towers, khars (mkhar) and dzongs (rdzong). The first two are included in this context as they are important in the broad picture of understanding the historical background and typological developments of the later dzongs. The etymological background for the term dzong is also to be elaborated. Backdrop What we call dzongs today have a long history of development through centuries of varying religious and socio-economic conditions. Bhutanese and Tibetan histories describe periods verging on civil and religious war while others were more peaceful. The living conditions were tough, even in peaceful times. Whatever wealth one possessed had to be very well protected, whether one was a layman or a lama, since warfare and strife appear to have been endemic. Security measures * Paper presented at the workshop "The Lhasa valley: History, Conservation and Modernisation of Tibetan Architecture" at CNRS in Paris Nov. 1997, and submitted for publication in 1999. ** Ingun B. Amundsen, architect MNAL, lived and worked in Bhutan from 1987 until 1998.
    [Show full text]
  • THE SEVEN CHAPTERS of PRAYER Dear Reader, This Is a Free PDF of This Valuable Prayer Book Well Known in the Tibetan Tradition
    !"#$%&'()"%$(&*%)'*+%,- THE SEVEN CHAPTERS OF PRAYER Dear Reader, this is a free PDF of this valuable prayer book well known in the Tibetan tradition. We offer this book for free to make these prayers available for praxis. Before printing this PDF please consider to buy the book. The book is well suited for repeated praxis. It consist of sewn pages made from 100% chlorine & acid free and long lasting paper in hard cover. You can buy it on several online stores or directly by the publisher: http://www.wandel-verlag.de/en/ With your direct orders you support our small publication house. Other order possibilities include: Amazon, DE: http://www.amazon.de/shops/editionkhordong Wisdom Books, UK: http://www.wisdom-books.com/ Snow Lion, USA: http://www.snowlionpub.com/ Namse Bangdzo Bookstore, USA: http://www.namsebangdzo.com/ Thank you. May peace prevail on earth. Yours, edition khordong WANDEL VERLAG berlin 2010 www.khordong.net www.wandel-verlag.de THE SEVEN CHAPTERS OF PRAYER as taught by PADMA SAMBHAVA of Urgyen known in Tibetan as Le‘u bDun Ma arranged according to the system of Khordong Gompa by Chhimed Rigdzin Rinpoche translated by Chhimed Rigdzin Rinpoche & James Low WANDEL VERLAG berlin 2010 edition khordong Front cover: Thangka mural of Padmasambhava at Tashiding Gompa, Sikkim, India photo by Alex “Kunga” Boncourt, Hamburg Back cover photo of Chhimed Rigdzin Rinpoche by Hans-Maria Darnov, Munich, July 1995 © 2008 Chhimed Rigdzin Rinpoche and James Low Published by WANDEL VERLAG berlin 2010 First published 1981 by The ‘Chhi-Med Rig-‘Dzin Society, Kalimpong & Rewalsar, India This revised edition was first published by Khordong e.V., Berlin, 2008 All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • )53Lt- I'\.' -- the ENGLISH and FOREIGN LANGUAGES UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD 500605, INDIA
    DZONGKHA SEGMENTS AND TONES: A PHONETIC AND PHONOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION KINLEY DORJEE . I Supervisor PROFESSOR K.G. VIJA Y AKRISHNAN Department of Linguistics and Contemporary English Hyderabad Co-supervisor Dr. T. Temsunungsang The English and Foreign Languages University Shillong Campus A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics SCHOOL OF LANGUAGE SCIENCES >. )53lt- I'\.' -- THE ENGLISH AND FOREIGN LANGUAGES UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD 500605, INDIA JULY 2011 To my mother ABSTRACT In this thesis, we make, for the first time, an acoustic investigation of supposedly unique phonemic contrasts: a four-way stop phonation contrast (voiceless, voiceless aspirated, voiced and devoiced), a three-way fricative contrast (voiceless, voiced and devoiced) and a two-way sonorant contrast (voiced and voiceless) in Dzongkha, a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Western Bhutan. Paying special attention to the 'Devoiced' (as recorded in the literature) obstruent and the 'Voiceless' sonorants, we examine the durational and spectral characteristics, including the vowel quality (following the initial consonant types), in comparison with four other languages, viz .. Hindi. Korean (for obstruents), Mizo and Tenyidie (for sonorants). While the 'devoiced' phonation type in Dzongkha is not attested in any language in the region, we show that the devoiced type is very different from the 'breathy' phonation type, found in Hindi. However, when compared to the three-way voiceless stop phonation types (Tense, Lax and Aspirated) in Korean, we find striking similarities in the way the two stops CDevoiced' and 'Lax') employ their acoustic correlates. We extend our analysis of stops to fricatives, and analyse the three fricatives in Dzongkha as: Tense, Lax and Voiced.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Evidential Systems of Tibetan Languages
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2017 Review of Lauren Gawne Nathan W. Hill (eds.). 2016. Evidential systems of Tibetan languages. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 40(2), 285–303 Widmer, Manuel DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/ltba.00002.wid Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-168681 Journal Article Accepted Version Originally published at: Widmer, Manuel (2017). Review of Lauren Gawne Nathan W. Hill (eds.). 2016. Evidential systems of Tibetan languages. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 40(2), 285–303. Linguistics of the Tibeto- Burman Area, 40(2):285-303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/ltba.00002.wid Review of Evidential systems of Tibetan languages Gawne, Lauren & Nathan W. Hill (eds.). 2016. Evidential systems of Tibetan languages. de Gruyter: Berlin. vi + 472 pp. ISBN 978-3-11-047374-2 Reviewed by Manuel Widmer 1 Tibetan evidentiality systems and their relevance for the typology of evidentiality The evidentiality1 systems of Tibetan languages rank among the most complex in the world. According to Tournadre & Dorje (2003: 110), the evidentiality systeM of Lhasa Tibetan (LT) distinguishes no less than four “evidential Moods”: (i) egophoric, (ii) testiMonial, (iii) inferential, and (iv) assertive. If one also takes into account the hearsay Marker, which is cOMMonly considered as an evidential category in typological survey studies (e.g. Aikhenvald 2004; Hengeveld & Dall’Aglio Hattnher 2015; inter alia), LT displays a five-fold evidential distinction. The LT systeM, however, is clearly not the Most cOMplex of its kind within the Tibetan linguistic area.
    [Show full text]
  • Difficulty in Teaching Dzongkha1 in an English Medium System
    DIFFICULTY IN TEACHING DZONGKHA1 IN AN ENGLISH MEDIUM SYSTEM LUNGTAEN GYATSO 2 espite its small size, Bhutan has several vernaculars spoken in different regions. In the past, the geography of the country with Dsteep mountains, cliffs, gorges, dense forests and rivers have been a natural barrier, preventing frequent movement of people from one region to another. These communities remained isolated from each other for many years. As a result, vernaculars of each community could not spread far to other regions and thus remained confined to their own locality. Even today, these dialects exist, some of which are spoken by a handful of people. ”As you catch your first glimpse of Bhutan from the air, it is easy to see why such diverse ethnic groups should have survived in this tiny Himalayan kingdom. Jutting southwards from the main mountain range, ridges kept the valley isolated for centuries. Even today, many remain several days walk from the nearest road”, writes Solange Hando, Kent, UK in the Tashi Delek in-flight magazine of Druk Air3 April-May-June issue, 2003. She also adds, “Archeological finds suggest that people inhabited these mountains as early as 2000 BC and a Monyul4 state may have existed around 500 BC, long before the first recorded settlers 1400 years ago”. Of all the languages in the country, Dzongkha is established and accepted as the national language of Bhutan. Its history dates back to the times of the Buddha or even much before. It is identified as one of the native languages, the so-called Prakriti5. The twelfth century records reveal that spoken Dzongkha was used as the language of the royal court, the military elite, and erudite scholars.
    [Show full text]
  • On Kurtöp Morphophonemics1 Gwendolyn Hyslop University Of
    On Kurtöp Morphophonemics 1 Gwendolyn Hyslop University of Oregon 1.0 Introduction Kurtöp is an East Bodish language of Bhutan (van Driem 1995a) which has been described only marginally in the literature. Lowes (2006) and Hyslop (to appear a) addressed the phonology and, to some extent Hyslop (to appear c) has addressed the lexicon of Kurtöp. However, to date little examination of morphology or syntax has been carried out. Based on primarily on fieldwork conducted in Bhutan (naturally occurring data and elicitation), this paper offers the first description of Kurtöp morphophonemics. This article begins with background information on the Kurtöp language in section 2. Section 3 is devoted to the phonological alternation present in verbal stems. Section 4 illustrates the morphophonological alternations associated with the perfective morpheme –pala . Section 5 offers a brief summary of the article. 2.0 Background Kurtöp is spoken in Dungkar, which lies within the political district of Lhüntse, approximately 50 kilometers west of the border with Arunachal Pradesh in India, and 15 kilometers south of the border with Tibet, shown in Figure 1 below. Van Driem (1995a) estimates there are 10,000 speakers of Kurtöp. 1 This paper has benefitted from the assistance and support of many people and institutions. In Bhutan I am grateful to Kuenga Lhendup and the entire community of Tabi, Bhutan, for sharing their language with me. Research in Bhutan has been possible thanks to George van Driem and Pema Wangdi, Dr’âsho Sanggä Dôji, and Dr’âsho Tashi Phuntshog of the Dzongkha Development Commission. At the University of Oregon my gratitude is owed to Scott DeLancey, Spike Gildea and the field methods class of 2005-2006 for their comments, discussion and ideas.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae
    CURRICULUM VITAE NAME: STEPHEN A WATTERS 516 Dyer Ave Waco, TX 76708 (254) 366 - 7844 e-mail: [email protected] ACADEMIC DEGREES: PhD in Linguistics, Rice University, 2018 Thesis: A Grammar of Dzongkha: phonology, words, and simple sentences Master of Arts in Linguistics, University of Texas at Arlington, 1996 Thesis: A Preliminary Study of Prosody in Dzongkha Bachelor of Arts in Linguistics, University of Washington, 1990 (with an emphasis in database management) Associate of Arts, Peninsula College, Washington, 1986 AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Linguistic Field Research, Linguistic Typology, Languages of the Himalaya, Language Documentation, Translation, Tone Language in relation to human flourishing PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: TEACHING: Adjunct Faculty, Baylor University, Jan 2015 to 2018 Instructor, Linguistic Analysis, Rice University, Fall 2014 Teaching Assistant, Linguistic Analysis, Rice University, Fall 2013 Teaching Assistant, Introduction to Linguistics, Rice University, Spring 2013 Visiting Lecturer, Central Department of Linguistics, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu Nepal, 1998 to 2009 LINGUISTIC FIELD WORK: Visiting Research Scholar, Central Department of Linguistics, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, 1998 to 2007 Sociolinguistic researcher, Indian sub-continent, SIL International, 1986 to 1988 CONSULTING and ADMINISTRATION: Translation Consultant, SIL Intl, 2001 to present International Consultant to LinSuN (Linguistic Survey of Nepal), Government of Nepal, 2007 to 2010 Technical Studies Department Coordinator, SAG, SIL Intl, 2006 to 2008 RESEARCH and APPOINTMENTS: Adjunct Researcher, LCRC, James Cook University, 2020 to present Visiting Fellow, LCRC, James Cook University, 2019 Research Director, SIL Intl, 2019 to present Pike Scholar, Pike Center for Integrative Scholarship, SIL Intl, 2019 to present Fellow, Institute for Studies of Religion, Baylor University, 2018 to present AWARDS: The James T.
    [Show full text]
  • Map by Steve Huffman Data from World Language Mapping System 16
    Tajiki Tajiki Tajiki Shughni Southern Pashto Shughni Tajiki Wakhi Wakhi Wakhi Mandarin Chinese Sanglechi-Ishkashimi Sanglechi-Ishkashimi Wakhi Domaaki Sanglechi-Ishkashimi Khowar Khowar Khowar Kati Yidgha Eastern Farsi Munji Kalasha Kati KatiKati Phalura Kalami Indus Kohistani Shina Kati Prasuni Kamviri Dameli Kalami Languages of the Gawar-Bati To rw al i Chilisso Waigali Gawar-Bati Ushojo Kohistani Shina Balti Parachi Ashkun Tregami Gowro Northwest Pashayi Southwest Pashayi Grangali Bateri Ladakhi Northeast Pashayi Southeast Pashayi Shina Purik Shina Brokskat Aimaq Parya Northern Hindko Kashmiri Northern Pashto Purik Hazaragi Ladakhi Indian Subcontinent Changthang Ormuri Gujari Kashmiri Pahari-Potwari Gujari Bhadrawahi Zangskari Southern Hindko Kashmiri Ladakhi Pangwali Churahi Dogri Pattani Gahri Ormuri Chambeali Tinani Bhattiyali Gaddi Kanashi Tinani Southern Pashto Ladakhi Central Pashto Khams Tibetan Kullu Pahari KinnauriBhoti Kinnauri Sunam Majhi Western Panjabi Mandeali Jangshung Tukpa Bilaspuri Chitkuli Kinnauri Mahasu Pahari Eastern Panjabi Panang Jaunsari Western Balochi Southern Pashto Garhwali Khetrani Hazaragi Humla Rawat Central Tibetan Waneci Rawat Brahui Seraiki DarmiyaByangsi ChaudangsiDarmiya Western Balochi Kumaoni Chaudangsi Mugom Dehwari Bagri Nepali Dolpo Haryanvi Jumli Urdu Buksa Lowa Raute Eastern Balochi Tichurong Seke Sholaga Kaike Raji Rana Tharu Sonha Nar Phu ChantyalThakali Seraiki Raji Western Parbate Kham Manangba Tibetan Kathoriya Tharu Tibetan Eastern Parbate Kham Nubri Marwari Ts um Gamale Kham Eastern
    [Show full text]
  • Languages and Technology in Bhutan
    Languages and Technology in Bhutan Bhutan and Languages Policy • Land area : 38,394 sq km • Enshrined in Constitution: • Population : 734,374 (2018) • Section 8, Article 1: “Dzongkha is the national language of Bhutan” • Linguistically rich country with 19 different • Section 1, Article 4: “language” and “literature” languages spoken to be preserved, protected and promoted • The Bhutanese languages are classified under • Dzongkha Development Commission is mandated Central Bodhish, East Bodhish, Bodic, and Indo- to formulate language plans and policies, develop Aryan (van Driem 1998) and promote Dzongkha, the national language • All the languages of Bhutan with the exception of and document, preserve and promote other Dzongkha, Tshangla, and Lhotsham, fall under the indigenous languages of Bhutan category of “endangered” languages. • Three languages, namely Monkha, Lhokpu, and Language policy of Bhutan Gongduk are critically endangered. can be summarized in the • One dialect kown as Olekha, a variety of Monkha form of Quadrilingual spoken in Rukha under Wangdue Dzongkhag, is a Model moribund. • ’Ucän Script is used to write Dzongkha it is consists Mother Tongue in this of thirty consonant symbols and four vowel model is the sum total of all symbols. Other languages can also be written the mother tongues in using the same script. Bhutan. Language Technology • Currently, it is limited to input, storage and display for Dzongkha • So far, very less has been done in terms of Natural Language Processing (NLP): • Dzongkha word segmentation using syllable feature – 95% accurate • Dzongkha part of speech tagging -90% accurate • Dzongkha automatic speech recognition -66% accurate • Not being able to develop technology for Dzongkha and other indigenous languages of Bhutan is a threat to our languages and culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Evidential Systems of Tibetan Languages Trends in Linguistics Studies and Monographs
    Lauren Gawne, Nathan W. Hill (Eds.) Evidential Systems of Tibetan Languages Trends in Linguistics Studies and Monographs Editor Volker Gast Editorial Board Walter Bisang Jan Terje Faarlund Hans Henrich Hock Natalia Levshina Heiko Narrog Matthias Schlesewsky Amir Zeldes Niina Ning Zhang Editor responsible for this volume Walter Bisang and Volker Gast Volume 302 Evidential Systems of Tibetan Languages Edited by Lauren Gawne Nathan W. Hill ISBN 978-3-11-046018-6 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-047374-2 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-047187-8 ISSN 1861-4302 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the internet http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Typesetting: Compuscript Ltd., Shannon, Ireland Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Contents Nathan W. Hill and Lauren Gawne 1 The contribution of Tibetan languages to the study of evidentiality 1 Typology and history Shiho Ebihara 2 Evidentiality of the Tibetan verb snang 41 Lauren Gawne 3 Egophoric evidentiality in Bodish languages 61 Nicolas Tournadre 4 A typological sketch of evidential/epistemic categories in the Tibetic languages 95 Nathan W. Hill 5 Perfect experiential constructions: the inferential semantics of direct evidence 131 Guillaume Oisel 6 On the origin of the Lhasa Tibetan evidentials song and byung 161 Lhasa and Diasporic Tibetan Yasutoshi Yukawa 7 Lhasa Tibetan predicates 187 Nancy J.
    [Show full text]
  • Map by Steve Huffman Data from World Language Mapping System 16
    Mandarin Chinese Evenki Oroqen Tuva China Buriat Russian Southern Altai Oroqen Mongolia Buriat Oroqen Russian Evenki Russian Evenki Mongolia Buriat Kalmyk-Oirat Oroqen Kazakh China Buriat Kazakh Evenki Daur Oroqen Tuva Nanai Khakas Evenki Tuva Tuva Nanai Languages of China Mongolia Buriat Tuva Manchu Tuva Daur Nanai Russian Kazakh Kalmyk-Oirat Russian Kalmyk-Oirat Halh Mongolian Manchu Salar Korean Ta tar Kazakh Kalmyk-Oirat Northern UzbekTuva Russian Ta tar Uyghur SalarNorthern Uzbek Ta tar Northern Uzbek Northern Uzbek RussianTa tar Korean Manchu Xibe Northern Uzbek Uyghur Xibe Uyghur Uyghur Peripheral Mongolian Manchu Dungan Dungan Dungan Dungan Peripheral Mongolian Dungan Kalmyk-Oirat Manchu Russian Manchu Manchu Kyrgyz Manchu Manchu Manchu Northern Uzbek Manchu Manchu Manchu Manchu Manchu Korean Kyrgyz Northern Uzbek West Yugur Peripheral Mongolian Ainu Sarikoli West Yugur Manchu Ainu Jinyu Chinese East Yugur Ainu Kyrgyz Ta jik i Sarikoli East Yugur Sarikoli Sarikoli Northern Uzbek Wakhi Wakhi Kalmyk-Oirat Wakhi Kyrgyz Kalmyk-Oirat Wakhi Kyrgyz Ainu Tu Wakhi Wakhi Khowar Tu Wakhi Uyghur Korean Khowar Domaaki Khowar Tu Bonan Bonan Salar Dongxiang Shina Chilisso Kohistani Shina Balti Ladakhi Japanese Northern Pashto Shina Purik Shina Brokskat Amdo Tibetan Northern Hindko Kashmiri Purik Choni Ladakhi Changthang Gujari Kashmiri Pahari-Potwari Gujari Japanese Bhadrawahi Zangskari Kashmiri Baima Ladakhi Pangwali Mandarin Chinese Churahi Dogri Pattani Gahri Japanese Chambeali Tinani Bhattiyali Gaddi Kanashi Tinani Ladakhi Northern Qiang
    [Show full text]
  • BOOK REVIEW 藏语词族研究 ZANGYU CIZU YANJIU (A STUDY on WORD FAMILIES in TIBETAN) by ZHANG JICHUAN 张济川 Beijing: Shehui Kexue Wenxian Chubanshe, 2009 [366 Pages
    Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area Volume 34.1 — April 2011 BOOK REVIEW 藏语词族研究 ZANGYU CIZU YANJIU (A STUDY ON WORD FAMILIES IN TIBETAN) BY ZHANG JICHUAN 张济川 Beijing: Shehui Kexue Wenxian Chubanshe, 2009 [366 pages. ISBN: 978-7-5097-1060-9] Guillaume Jacques CRLAO/CNRS1 Unlike Classical Indo-European languages like Greek and Sanskrit, whose morphology is well understood in spite of their intricate complexity, the morphology of Sino-Tibetan languages is still poorly studied, even for a major literary language such as Tibetan. This sad state of affairs is due in part to the fact that the languages whose historical phonology is best studied, Chinese and Lolo- Burmese, have poorly preserved Proto-Sino-Tibetan morphology. The book under review is the first systematic attempt at an exhaustive analysis of Tibetan derivational and flexional morphology. Building on previous work, in particular Li’s (1933) seminal article on Tibetan historical phonology and Coblin’s (1976) work on verbs, Zhang Jichuan provides a detailed survey of Tibetan morphology. The author is particularly well placed to write such a book. He is not only an able linguist, well known for his descriptive work on Tshangla (Zhang 1986) and for his study of Baima Tibetan historical phonology (Zhang 1997), but he also speaks Lhasa Tibetan beautifully. Unlike many other mainland Chinese scholars of his generation, he is also fluent in English and familiar with Western Tibetology. The book is divided into three main chapters. The first chapter (word families, 词族, pp. 3-187) includes a list of all the word families that Zhang Jichuan could find in the known lexicon of Classical Tibetan.
    [Show full text]