DOCSLIB.ORG

Viktorija RUSINAIT BELARUSIAN POLITICAL NOMADISM

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Viktorija RUSINAIT BELARUSIAN POLITICAL NOMADISM VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY Viktorija RUSINAIT BELARUSIAN POLITICAL NOMADISM Doctoral dissertation Social sciences, political sciences (02 S) Kaunas, 2017 1 UDK 323.2(476) Ru-142 Dissertation was prepared at Vytautas Magnus University during 2011-2017. Research supervisors: Prof. dr. Gintautas Mažeikis (Vytautas Magnus University, Social sciences, Political sciences, 02 S) – 2013-2017. Doc. dr. Egl Butkeviien (Kaunas University of Technology, Social sciences, Sociology 05 S) – 2011-2013. Scientific consultant: Prof. Ph.D. Francesco Privitera (University of Bologna, Social sciences, Political sciences 02 S) ISBN 978-609-467-312-2 2 VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETAS Viktorija RUSINAIT BALTARUSIŠKAS POLITINIS NOMADIŠKUMAS Mokslo daktaro disertacija Socialiniai mokslai, politikos mokslai (02 S) Kaunas, 2017 3 Disertacija rengta 2011-2017 metais Vytauto Didžiojo universitete. Moksliniai vadovai: Prof. dr. Gintautas Mažeikis (Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, socialiniai mokslai, politikos mokslai, 02 S) – 2013-2017. Doc. dr. Egl Butkeviien (Kauno technologijos universitetas, socialiniai mokslai, sociologija 05 S) – 2011-2013. Mokslinis konsultantas: Prof. Ph.D. Francesco Privitera (Bolonijos universitetas, Italija, socialiniai mokslai, politikos mokslai, 02 S). 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS FIGURES, TABLES AND PICTURES ..................................................................................... 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 9 1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS FOR RESEARCHING BELARUSIAN POLITICAL NOMADISM ............................................. 20 1.1 Post-structuralist Concepts for Understanding and Interpreting Belarusian Political Nomadism ................................................................................................................................ 20 1.2 Strategies, Methods and Instruments for Researching Belarusian Political Nomadism 34 2 SOURCES OF BELARUSIAN POLITICAL NOMADISM.......................................... 53 2.1 Police Rule in Belarus: Obstructing the Development of Civil Society ...................... 53 2.2 Belarusian Political Nomadism in the Context of Transnational Civil Society ........... 83 2.3 From Belarusian Identity to Belarusian Subjectivity ................................................... 96 3 CASE STUDY: BELARUSIAN POLITICAL NOMADS IN LITHUANIA .............. 110 3.1 Exploring Transnational Subjectivities ...................................................................... 110 3.2 The Police: Unspoken Laws for the Political Nomad ................................................ 121 3.3 The Political: Migrating Belarusian Civil Society and their Nomadic Strategies ..... 131 CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................................... 146 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................... 150 5 FIGURES, TABLES AND PICTURES Figure 1. Belarusians’ choices, if there were a referendum on Belarus joining the EU .............. 62 Figure 2. Belarusians’ choices, if a referendum on integration with Russia were held today ..... 62 Figure 3. Timeline of Russia-Belarus crises ................................................................................ 69 Figure 4. Number of registered civil society organisations in Belarus, 1998-2015 ..................... 75 Figure 5. Timeline of central events and most important bills hindering the development of civil society. ................................................................................................................................. 77 Figure 6. Refugees and asylum seekers from Belarus. ................................................................ 88 Figure 7. Instrumentalist understanding of identity. .................................................................. 106 Table 1. Research method selection ............................................................................................. 41 Table 2. Snowball sampling risks, and strategies to overcome them. .......................................... 46 Table 3. Corruption in Belarus ..................................................................................................... 60 Table 4. NGO activities by donor locations ................................................................................. 93 Table 5. Identity typology based on acquisition and usage ......................................................... 97 Picture 1. Druzhba pipelines in Belarus. ...................................................................................... 65 Picture 2. Major Russian gas pipelines to Europe ........................................................................ 66 Picture 3. Mapping closest personal relationships. .................................................................... 115 Picture 4. Mapping historical and mental proximities. .............................................................. 118 Picture 5. Mapping citizenship geographies. ............................................................................. 120 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would have not been possible without the help and support of many people. First, my supervisors. Gintautas, you have created the space for me to develop. I appreciate the freedom you have given me to grow as a researcher I want to be and the support you provided when needed. Francesco, thank you for the ongoing encouragement, mentorship and guidance throughout these years. Even thousands of kilometres away, your support gave me confidence whenever I was most in need of it to continue working, you have encouraged me to look deeper and work harder, to strive to be better. I sincerely thank you both. Jay Daniel Mininger, thank you for the opportunities to discuss my work with you, your support, feedback and excellent advice. Your on-point criticism helped me grow, leaving the space not to fix things, but to find my own approach. You are a truly great teacher. My readers Dionizas Litvaitis, Migl Bareikyt, Kanstantsin Lashkevich – thank you for the discussions, your suggestions to the draft and attention to detail. My thesis would not be as it is without your help. Thank you, Ales Herasimenka and Vital Byl for the interesting discussions and guidance in the Belarusian field. I wish you the best of luck in your own academic endeavours. Thank you, Kristina Jrait and Auks Balytien for showing interest in my work and support, Jurij Dobriakov for your help with Russian language and Laksiej Lavonyk for helping me to get started in my research. A very special gratitude goes out to all the research informants for dedicating your time, sharing your experiences, your thoughts and emotions. It inspired me all the way. Thank you, Anaïs Marin, Almira Ousmanova, Jurga Jonutyt, Rstis Kamuntaviius and Šarnas Liekis for agreeing to serve as the thesis defence committee members, your time dedicated for my work and your insights. I wish to thank CEU Summer University and IWM Summer School and all the colleagues I met there for opening up intellectual territories in communication policy, advocacy, political economy and history. I have benefited greatly from the library resources at the University of Bologna “R. Ruffili” Central Library in Forli, IWM Institute for Human Sciences in Vienna and Vilnius University 7 TSPMI Library in Vilnius. My gratitude goes to the Lithuanian Foundation for their financial support. Finally, my family: Dionizas Litvaitis, Freja Gama, Gina Rusinien, Zuzana Šimaitien and Jrat Bajarnien, thank you for your love, encouragement and invaluable support. This work would be impossible without you. 8 INTRODUCTION Research Background The European Union (EU) invests significant resources into bilateral cooperation between the EU and Belarus through its European Neighbourhood Policy framework, European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights, Neighbourhood Programmes (Bosse and Korosteleva-Polglase 2009). From 2007 to 2014, through its European Neighbourhood Policy Instrument, the EU designated €94 million for assistance to Belarus, including €22.5 million for engagement with civil society, media and local authorities, including targeted scholarship programmes (European Commission, 2016). The vectors guiding these investments are the maintenance of a productive and safe neighbourhood, and democratisation. Despite these resources being allocated, and the recognition by the EU of the importance of freedom of speech, including political speech (Venice Commission, Council of Europe, 2011), significant barriers still exist to the functioning of civil society in Belarus. Human rights are continually undermined and disregarded (Amnesty International, 2013; UN Human Rights Council, 2014; Civil Society. Dialogue for Progress, 2014; Economic Commission for Europe, 2005; USAID, 2013) Although the constitution of the Republic of Belarus contains democratic provisions, such as respect for individuals’ rights and freedoms, the country’s authoritarian government creates and enforces obstacles including legal provisions, persecution, and lawsuits against public participation (Venice Commission, Council of Europe, 2011). An authentic and active third sector is one of the main pillars of a democratic society; in Belarus, NGOs and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Politics of Multilingualism in Roma Education in Early Soviet Union and Its Current Projections Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Vesselin
    www.ssoar.info Politics of multilingualism in Roma education in early Soviet Union and its current projections Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Vesselin Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Marushiakova, E., & Popov, V. (2017). Politics of multilingualism in Roma education in early Soviet Union and its current projections. Social Inclusion, 5(4), 48-59. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v5i4.1128 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY Lizenz (Namensnennung) zur This document is made available under a CC BY Licence Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden (Attribution). For more Information see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.de Social Inclusion (ISSN: 2183–2803) 2017, Volume 5, Issue 4, Pages 48–59 DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i4.1128 Article Politics of Multilingualism in Roma Education in Early Soviet Union and Its Current Projections Elena Marushiakova * and Vesselin Popov School of History, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9BA, UK; E-Mails: [email protected] (E.M.), [email protected] (V.P.) * Corresponding author Submitted: 14 August 2017 | Accepted: 16 October 2017 | Published: 22 December 2017 Abstract This article presents the history of the politics of multilingualism (or lack thereof) in regard to Roma (formerly known as ‘Gypsies’). In the 1920s and 1930s in the newly established Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, against a backdrop of pro- claimed principles of full equality of all peoples1 living in the new state, commenced a rapid creation of schools for Roma children with instruction in Romani mother-tongue along with special training of Roma teachers.
    [Show full text]
  • 2. Historical, Cultural and Ethnic Roots1
    2. HISTORICAL, CULTURAL AND ETHNIC ROOTS1 General features of ethnic identity evolution history, to develop autonomous state structures, in the eastern part of Europe their lives have mostly been determined by out- side forces with diverse geopolitical interests. Differences may be observed between Eastern The uncertain political situation of past cen- and Western Europe in terms of the ethnogenesis turies gave rise – along the linguistic, cultural of the peoples and the development of their eth- and political fault lines – to several ethnic groups nic identity. In the eastern half of the continent, with uncertain identities, disputed allegiances rather than be tied to the confines of a particular and divergent political interests. Even now, there state, community identity and belonging have exist among the various groups overlaps, differ- tended to emerge from the collective memory of ences and conflicts which arose in earlier periods. a community of linguistic and cultural elements The characteristic features of the groups have not or, on occasion, from the collective memory of a been placed in a clearly definable framework. state that existed in an earlier period (Romsics, In the eastern half of Europe, the various I. 1998). The evolution of the eastern Slavic and ethnic groups are at different stages of devel- Baltic peoples constitutes a particular aspect of opment in terms of their ethnic identity. The this course. We can, therefore, gain insights into Belarusian people, who speak an eastern Slavic the historical foundations of the ethnic identity language, occupy a special place among these of the inhabitants of today’s Belarus – an identity groups.
    [Show full text]
  • © Copyright by Ann Littmann Rappoport 1978 SOVIET POLICIES TOWARD ITS UNION REPUBLICS: A
    790820A RAPPOPORT t ANN LITTMANN SOVIET POLICIES TDWARD ITS JNION REPUBLICS A COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS OF "NATIONAL INTEGRATION". THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, PH.D., 1978 University, Microfilm s International .TOO N / I I U HOAD. ANN AHIJOH. Ml 4H1<K> © Copyright by Ann Littmann Rappoport 1978 SOVIET POLICIES TOWARD ITS UNION REPUBLICS: A COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS OF "NATIONAL INTEGRATION" DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Ann Littmann Rappoport ***** The Ohio State University 1978 Reading Committee: Approved By Philip D. Stewart, Ph.D. R. William Liddle, Ph.D. Loren K. Waldman, Ph.D. M) Adviser \ Department of Political Science Dedicated to the most special Family with all my love. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A lengthy appendix might be in order to adequately acknowledge those persons who provided valuable assistance to this dissertation. Many of their names do indeed appear throughout the footnotes and bibliography of this study. Certain others are acknowledged for the inspira­ tion they provided me through their dedicated teaching. My sincere appreciation goes to my thesis and Major Adviser, Prof. Philip D. Stewart, who supported and somehow tactfully guided this undertaking. I also thank Prof. R. William Liddle and Prof. Loren K. Waldman, for their incisive comments, especially at the time of this study's "debut" presentation. Professor Waldman1s suggestion to investigate the Lieberson Diversity Measure as a means for approaching my compositional problem, made a great independent contribution toward this study while also serving to provide my Entropy Index with additional credibility. In preparing and typing this manuscript, the work of Mrs.
    [Show full text]
  • Botrychium Simplex E. Hitchc. (Ophioglossaceae) – a New Species for the Native Flora of Ukraine
    Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 43: 7-12, 2016 BRC www.brc.amu.edu.pl DOI 10.1515/biorc-2016-0015 Submitted 8.04.2016, Accepted 23.09.2016 Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc. (Ophioglossaceae) – a new species for the native flora of Ukraine Ivan Yu. Parnikoza1* & Zbigniew Celka2 1Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics NAS of Ukraine, Zabolotnoho 150, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine 2Department of Plant Taxonomy, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland * corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract. The work presents the results of herbarium survey that resulted in findingBotrychium simplex E. Hitchc. – a new for the native Ukrainian flora species of the family Ophioglossaceae. A specimen of this taxon was found in the National Herbarium of Ukraine in the M. G. Kholodny Institute of Botany of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in Kyiv (KW) among the specimens of Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. originating from the surroundings of Kharkiv. Thus, this finding indicates the most south-eastern locality of B. simplex in Europe found so far. Key words: least moonwort, common moonwort, rare species, Ukraine, herbarium, Kyiv, KW 1. Introduction have been conducted in Ukraine for over 10 years (see Parnikoza 2002, 2010; Chorney et al. 2004; Parnikoza The genus Botrychium Sw. is represented in the & Tsukanova 2005; Melnik 2009, Bezsmertna & Heluta world flora by 25 species (Mabberley 2008), while 2013; Votkalchuk et al. 2014; Parnikoza & Celka 2016). in Europe by seven (Valentine & Moore 2007). The The aim of this work is to provide information on majority of European species of Botrychium belong Botrychium simplex, a species not previously identified to threatened taxa on the scale of whole Europe (e.g., and listed in the native flora of Ukraine.
    [Show full text]
  • Title of Thesis: ABSTRACT CLASSIFYING BIAS
    ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis Directed By: Dr. David Zajic, Ph.D. Our project extends previous algorithmic approaches to finding bias in large text corpora. We used multilingual topic modeling to examine language-specific bias in the English, Spanish, and Russian versions of Wikipedia. In particular, we placed Spanish articles discussing the Cold War on a Russian-English viewpoint spectrum based on similarity in topic distribution. We then crowdsourced human annotations of Spanish Wikipedia articles for comparison to the topic model. Our hypothesis was that human annotators and topic modeling algorithms would provide correlated results for bias. However, that was not the case. Our annotators indicated that humans were more perceptive of sentiment in article text than topic distribution, which suggests that our classifier provides a different perspective on a text’s bias. CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Gemstone Honors Program, University of Maryland, 2018 Advisory Committee: Dr. David Zajic, Chair Dr. Brian Butler Dr. Marine Carpuat Dr. Melanie Kill Dr. Philip Resnik Mr. Ed Summers © Copyright by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang 2018 Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincerest gratitude to our mentor, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Constructions and Instrumentalization of the Past: a Comparative Study on Memory Management in the Region
    CBEES State of the Region Report 2020 Constructions and Instrumentalization of the Past A Comparative Study on Memory Management in the Region Published with support from the Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies (Östersjstiftelsen) Constructions and Instrumentalization of the Past A Comparative Study on Memory Management in the Region December 2020 Publisher Centre for Baltic and East European Studies, CBEES, Sdertrn University © CBEES, Sdertrn University and the authors Editor Ninna Mrner Editorial Board Joakim Ekman, Florence Frhlig, David Gaunt, Tora Lane, Per Anders Rudling, Irina Sandomirskaja Layout Lena Fredriksson, Serpentin Media Proofreading Bridget Schaefer, Semantix Print Elanders Sverige AB ISBN 978-91-85139-12-5 4 Contents 7 Preface. A New Annual CBEES Publication, Ulla Manns and Joakim Ekman 9 Introduction. Constructions and Instrumentalization of the Past, David Gaunt and Tora Lane 15 Background. Eastern and Central Europe as a Region of Memory. Some Common Traits, Barbara Trnquist-Plewa ESSAYS 23 Victimhood and Building Identities on Past Suffering, Florence Frhlig 29 Image, Afterimage, Counter-Image: Communist Visuality without Communism, Irina Sandomirskaja 37 The Toxic Memory Politics in the Post-Soviet Caucasus, Thomas de Waal 45 The Flag Revolution. Understanding the Political Symbols of Belarus, Andrej Kotljarchuk 55 Institutes of Trauma Re-production in a Borderland: Poland, Ukraine, and Lithuania, Per Anders Rudling COUNTRY BY COUNTRY 69 Germany. The Multi-Level Governance of Memory as a Policy Field, Jenny Wstenberg 80 Lithuania. Fractured and Contested Memory Regimes, Violeta Davoliūtė 87 Belarus. The Politics of Memory in Belarus: Narratives and Institutions, Aliaksei Lastouski 94 Ukraine. Memory Nodes Loaded with Potential to Mobilize People, Yuliya Yurchuk 106 Czech Republic.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Golden Aging Golden Aging Prospects for Healthy, Active, and Prosperous Aging in Europe and Central Asia Maurizio Bussolo, Johannes Koettl, and Emily Sinnott © 2015 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 18 17 16 15 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The fi ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily refl ect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifi cally reserved. Rights and Permissions This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions: Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: Bussolo, Maurizio, Johannes Koettl, and Emily Sinnott.
    [Show full text]
  • Katyn Massacre
    Katyn massacre This article is about the 1940 massacre of Polish officers The Katyn massacre, also known as the Katyn Forest massacre (Polish: zbrodnia katyńska, 'Katyń crime'), was a mass murder of thousands of Polish military officers, policemen, intellectuals and civilian prisoners of war by Soviet NKVD, based on a proposal from Lavrentiy Beria to execute all members of the Polish Officer Corps. Dated March 5, 1940, this official document was then approved (signed) by the entire Soviet Politburo including Joseph Stalin and Beria. The number of victims is estimated at about 22,000, the most commonly cited number being 21,768. The victims were murdered in the Katyn Forest in Russia, the Kalinin (Tver) and Kharkov prisons and elsewhere. About 8,000 were officers taken prisoner during the 1939 Soviet invasion of Poland, the rest being Poles arrested for allegedly being "intelligence agents, gendarmes, saboteurs, landowners, factory owners, lawyers, priests, and officials." Since Poland's conscription system required every unexempted university graduate to become a reserve officer, the Soviets were able to round up much of the Polish intelligentsia, and the Jewish, Ukrainian, Georgian and Belarusian intelligentsia of Polish citizenship. The "Katyn massacre" refers to the massacre at Katyn Forest, near Katyn-Kharkiv-Mednoye the villages of Katyn and Gnezdovo (ca. 19 km west of Smolensk, memorial Russia), of Polish military officers in the Kozelsk prisoner-of-war camp. This was the largest of the simultaneous executions of prisoners of war from geographically distant Starobelsk and Ostashkov camps, and the executions of political prisoners from West Belarus and West Ukraine, shot on Stalin's orders at Katyn Forest, at the NKVD headquarters in Smolensk, at a Smolensk slaughterhouse, and at prisons in Kalinin (Tver), Kharkov, Moscow, and other Soviet cities.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of the Belarusian National Movement in The
    EVOLUTION OF THE BELARUSIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT IN THE PAGES OF PERIODICALS (1914-1917) By Aliaksandr Bystryk Submitted to Central European University Nationalism Studies Program In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Advisor: Professor Maria Kovacs Secondary advisor: Professor Alexei Miller CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2013 Abstract Belarusian national movement is usually characterised by its relative weakness delayed emergence and development. Being the weakest movement in the region, before the WWI, the activists of this movement mostly engaged in cultural and educational activities. However at the end of First World War Belarusian national elite actively engaged in political struggles happening in the territories of Western frontier of the Russian empire. Thus the aim of the thesis is to explain how the events and processes caused by WWI influenced the national movement. In order to accomplish this goal this thesis provides discourse and content analysis of three editions published by the Belarusian national activists: Nasha Niva (Our Field), Biełarus (The Belarusian) and Homan (The Clamour). The main findings of this paper suggest that the anticipation of dramatic social and political changes brought by the war urged national elite to foster national mobilisation through development of various organisations and structures directed to improve social cohesion within Belarusian population. Another important effect of the war was that a part of Belarusian national elite formulated certain ideas and narratives influenced by conditions of Ober-Ost which later became an integral part of Belarusian national ideology. CEU eTD Collection i Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1. Between krajowość and West-Russianism: The Development of the Belarusian National Movement Prior to WWI .....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Specifics of Modern Educational Migration in the Countries of the Customs Union (Russia, Republic of Belarus, Kazakhstan)
    Yessentayeva, A., Akhemetova, B., Kadirsizova, S, et al., (2019) /Vol. 8 Núm. 19: 130-137/ Marzo - abril 2019 130 Artículo de investigación The specifics of modern educational migration in the countries of the Customs Union (Russia, Republic of Belarus, Kazakhstan) ОСОБЕННОСТИ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЙ МИГРАЦИИ В СТРАНАХ ТАМОЖЕННОГО СОЮЗА Los detalles de la migración educativa moderna en los países de la Unión Aduanera (Rusia, Republica de Belarus, Kazakstan) Recibido: 15 de febrero de 2019. Aceptado: 18 de marzo de 2019 Written by: Assel Yessentayeva46 Bigaysha Z. Akhmetova47 Shynar B. Kadirsizova48 Karas Kaziev49 Gani Baiulov50 Guldensin O. Rakhimbekova51 Saltanat K. Akhtanova52 Abstract Resumen The article describes the types of student El artículo describe los tipos de migración migration and methodological approaches to its estudiantil y los enfoques metodológicos para su study. The global trends in educational migration estudio. Se analizan las tendencias mundiales de and the development of this process in Belarus in la migración educativa y el desarrollo de este the period 1999–2014 are analyzed. The countries proceso en Bielorrusia en el período 1999- of origin are highlighted, and factors that 2014. Se destacan los países de origen y se contribute to attracting educational migrants to indican los factores que contribuyen a atraer the Republic of Belarus are indicated. One of the migrantes educativos a la República de characteristic trends in the development of the Bielorrusia. Una de las tendencias características modern education system is the rapid growth of en el desarrollo del sistema educativo moderno student migration throughout the twentieth es el rápido crecimiento de la migración century. The scale of academic mobility and estudiantil a lo largo del siglo XX.
    [Show full text]
  • Number 120 the Western Borderlands of The
    NUMBER 120 THE WESTERN BORDERLANDS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, 1710-1870 Edward Thaden Colloquium Paper presented June 30, 1980, at Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies The Wilson Center THE WESTERN BORDERLANDS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, 1710-1870 I The Podolian cycle of Wlodzimierz Odojewski chronicles the futile efforts of two young noblemen in the extreme southeastern corner of interwar Poland to fight during 1943-44 for what they thought was the Polish cause. A P~lish trilogy on this theme, published in 1962, 1964, and 1973, reminds us of the fascination the borderlands, or kresy, have had for Poles and of the domination they and other non-native elites and rulers once exercised over a vast region stretching from the Gulf of Bothnia in the north to the Dniester River in the south and from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Dnieper in the east. Great Russians, Poles, Germans, and Swedes competed for the control of this area since the thirteenth century. In it the major religions of Europe--Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism--clashed. Its indigenous population consisted of Estonian, Finnish, Latvian, Lithuanian, Belorussian, Polish, and Ukrainian peasants, who were generally serfs or at least economically dependent on landowners alien to them in language and culture. Only in certain areas of Finland and P·oland did the peasants speak the language of the local nobility. Between 1710 and 1815 the Russian Empire annexed western borderlands that, in 1815, accounted for about one-fifth of the land area of European Russia exclusive of the Caucasus. From the very beginning Russian rulers and their officials wanted to bring this area closer to the rest of the empire, and under Catherine II and, again, under Nicholas I a concerted effort was made to introduce Russian laws, institutions, and language.
    [Show full text]
  • International Reports 2/2020
    KONRAD-ADENAUER-STIFTUNG 2|2020 INTERNATIONAL REPORTS Nationalism Nationalism Between Identity Formation, Marginalisation, and INTERNATIONAL REPORTS 2|2020 REPORTS INTERNATIONAL Isolation INTERNATIONAL REPORTS 2 | 2020 Editorial Dear Readers, “It is very important to us that together we find a strong response to the coronavirus. It knows no borders, it knows no nationalities.” These are the words of Ursula von der Leyen, President of the European Commission, with regard to the coronavirus crisis. The outbreak of COVID-19 and the subsequent sustained pandemic have created a new level of global emergency in early 2020. This includes the closure of borders and introduction of border controls within the European Union. Narratives of threat and crisis can play into the hands of populists, as has been the case during the coronavirus pandemic. Political actors, who assert that belonging to a nation or state is based on descent, seek to exploit such situations to rationalise their policies of exclusion and isolationism. Of course, nationalism can also come in other guises. The idea of national unity within a society can, in principle, serve as a cohesive element that creates identity in a positive sense. However, particularly for democracies, nationalists and populists who exaggerate the idea of national unity pose a real challenge. They follow a familiar pattern by looking for scapegoats and spouting supposedly simple solutions. Over recent years, many parts of Europe have also seen the rise of right-wing, populist, and Eurosceptic parties. These parties have their differences, particularly as regards their stance towards the EU, but they have been gradually gaining seats in national parliaments and the Euro- pean Parliament.
    [Show full text]