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Tuberculosis and Cancer in European and North American Literature

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Tuberculosis and Cancer in European and North American Literature Writing Illness: Tuberculosis and Cancer in European and North American Literature DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Kristen M. Hetrick, B.A., M.A. Graduate Program in Germanic Languages and Literatures The Ohio State University 2012 Committee Members: Helen Fehervary, Advisor Barbara Becker-Cantarino Gregor Hens Copyright by Kristen M. Hetrick 2012 Abstract This dissertation addresses the use of two of the great scourges in world history, tuberculosis and cancer, in the literary texts of North America and Europe. The focus of this work is on these two diseases due to their prominent status in the western world over the last several centuries. They also possess several significant commonalities: each has held the distinction of being one of the most feared diseases, each has been responsible for the deaths of countless people, and each has had a significant literary presence in Europe and North America. I first provide a chapter on each disease detailing its biological, medical, and social histories. Each chapter on the literary texts then includes discussions of noteworthy examples from a wide range of cultures in this investigation of each disease’s three primary manifestations in literature. The longer focused analyses of each paradigm concentrate on works from Germany and North America, as these literary traditions have produced particularly compelling works concerning tuberculosis and cancer. These focused analyses concern use of tuberculosis in the texts of Erich Maria Remarque, Eugene O’Neill, and Thomas Mann, and the use of cancer in the works of Brigitte Reimann, Maxie Wander, Audre Lorde, Reynolds Price, Thomas Mann, Margaret Atwood, Margaret Edson, and Christa Wolf. My readings of literary texts, both fictional and experiential, examine in part the effects of these illnesses on the perception of self and place in society. These analyses ii rely to some extent on the scholarly literature that has already investigated problems of identity produced by illness in general, both in culture and in literature. What these scholars have not done is examine these themes of identity and the self in society as they relate to specific diseases in literary texts, and I will therefore investigate and expand on them in their manifestations in works concerning tuberculosis and cancer. My readings therefore in part discuss how the unique physical manifestations and cultural realities of cancer and tuberculosis affect the identities and the narratives of their fictional and non- fictional sufferers. I also address how these themes are used in texts in which the author has sought to highlight social or ethical conditions using either of these diseases. Literary portrayals of tuberculosis and cancer are informed by the medical and social facts of each disease. I therefore investigate how authors may alter, expand, or even distort these medical and social facts in their texts so as to achieve their respective intentions. In doing so, authors can reinforce commonly held perceptions or misperceptions of the disease. They may also create new perceptions or associations as they depict the disease in a novel manner. I discuss the ways in which authors within each paradigm either use or go against the medical and social facts of each disease and the effect this then has on the themes the author presents. I also explore why these diseases lend themselves to the particular paradigms authors have traditionally favored for each, and discuss the historical progression of those paradigms. iii This dissertation is dedicated to B. Gene Corley, Steven Dettinger, and Mary Jo Hyatt, whose lives continue to inspire my own. iv Acknowledgements It is my pleasure to acknowledge the long list of individuals who have offered the guidance and support that has made it possible to complete a project of this magnitude. First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to my advisor, Helen Fehervary, for her support, direction, and dedication throughout the completion of this project. At every stage of the process, she offered insightful and helpful feedback and sincere encouragement. My dissertation is immeasurably better due to her suggestions. I would also like to thank my committee members, Gregor Hens and Barbara Becker-Cantarino, for their willingness to serve on this committee and offer astute comments. I would especially like to acknowledge Barbara Becker-Cantarino for agreeing to join my committee late in the project, which enabled me to complete this dissertation when I have. I would like to thank my colleagues and dear friends from the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures at The Ohio State University, in particular Alex Brewer, Kristopher Fromm, Lizzie Gordon, Berit Jany, Jaclyn Kurash, Sara Luly, Jennifer Magro Algarotti, Wonneken Wanske, and Jesse Wood, for all of the great conversations, emotional support, and most of all, for the fun of working together daily. I welcome the opportunity for us to meet again as colleagues and as friends throughout the years to come. v I also owe a debt of gratitude to the leaders and members of the ABD group at the Younkin Success Center. Danielle Langfield, Christopher Smith, and Shannon Thomas in particular have contributed many hours of understanding and encouragement, and I treasure the friendships we have developed through the trials and tribulations of the dissertation process. The friendships of Stephanie Baer; the Denny family; Anthony D’Orazio; Bregtje Hartendorf; Gwynne Junkin; Jessica Kistler; Diana Klingelhafer, Mike and Fran Klingelhafer; Anjana Modi; Missy Redding; Danielle Romanetti; Charles Ruggiero; Mike Shaughnessy; Tina Tuminella; Erick Urbaniak; Hannah Washington; and Melissa and Charlotte Wood have also proven to be invaluable to me in the untold and unique ways each has contributed to my completion of this degree. I would not have ever started down the path to a doctorate without the encouragement of Jenny Kline, Carolyn Kyler, Victoria List, and Greg Redding at my undergraduate college. I thank them for their unwavering belief in me as a scholar and for their guidance throughout my education. I am proud to join them in the professorate of liberal arts colleges. As for my current colleagues and the administration at Doane College, I thank them for their understanding, help, and support during my first year as I learn ever more about this college and find my place among the fine educators that comprise its faculty. Finally, I would like to thank to my family, especially my parents, William and Patti Hetrick; my sisters, Susan Rihn and Bethany Hetrick; my brother-in-law Christopher Rihn; my nephew and niece, Benjamin and Maria Rihn; and my brother, vi Bryan Hetrick. They have supported me in every way imaginable, and I could not have achieved this degree without their willingness to stand behind me and to help me accomplish everything I have. I was also blessed with four grandparents, Olive and Walter Bryan, and Anna and Jack Hetrick, who instilled in me the value of an education and fostered my love of learning. I am only the latest in a long tradition of educators on both sides of my family, and I aim to continue this legacy to the best of my ability. Most importantly, however, my family has served as a constant reminder of what is truly meaningful in life. vii Vita December 27, 1978 .............................................................................. Born-Pittsburgh, PA 2001 .............................................. B.A. in German, mathematics minor, summa cum laude Washington & Jefferson College, Washington, PA 2001-2................................................................................ Max Kade Fellowship Recipient University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 2001-3...................................................................................................... Teaching Assistant University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 2003 ................................................................................................ M.A. in German Studies University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 2003-4....................................................................... Foreign Language Teaching Assistant Fulbright Commission Grantee in Jena, Germany 2004-5..................................................................................... Adjunct Instructor of German Washington & Jefferson College, Washington, PA 2005-6................................................................................ University Fellowship Recipient The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 2006-11................................................................................... Graduate Teaching Associate The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH Fall 2007 ................................................................................. Adjunct Instructor of German Washington & Jefferson College, Washington, PA Summer 2010 ...................................................................................... Instructor of German Middlebury Language Schools, Middlebury, VT 2011-present ......................................................................... Assistant Professor of German Doane College, Crete, NE viii Field of Study Major Field: Germanic Languages & Literatures ix Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Dedication .........................................................................................................................
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