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B.A. Part-II ENGLISH LITERATURE (Elective) Semester-IV Literary Masterpieces : Study of Classics

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B.A. Part-II ENGLISH LITERATURE (Elective) Semester-IV Literary Masterpieces : Study of Classics B.A. Part-II ENGLISH LITERATURE (Elective) Semester-IV Literary Masterpieces : Study of Classics LESSON NO. 3.1 P.B. SHELLEY : INTRODUCTION, LIFE AND WORKS STRUCTURE 11.0 Objectives 11.1 P.B. Shelley : His life, Poetry and its General Characteristics 11.2 P.B. Shelley : Poems 11.2.1 To Wordsworth 11.2.2 When the Lamp is Shattered 11.2.3 Songs to the Men of England 11.2.4 Prometheus 11.2.5 Stanzas Written in Dejection 11.3 Unsolved Short questions 11.4 Suggested Reading 11.5 Let us Sum up 11.0 OBJECTIVE This lesson aims to acquaint you with The life, poetry of P.B. Shelley All the poems prescribed in your syllabus Unsolved short-answer questions 11.1 Percy Bysshe Shelley popularly known as Shelley occupies a controversial place amongst the romantic poets of the 19th century. Whereas Matthew Arnold calls him “a beautiful and ineffectual angel, beating in the void his luminous wings in vain,” T.S. Eliot repudiates him for attacking conventional marriage and defending free love in such passages as the following in “Epipsychidion”: I never was attached to the great sect. Whose doctrine is that each one should select Out of the world a mistress or a friend. As against the condemnation at the hands of traditionalists, George Bernard Shaw, more or less an iconoclast in this respect holds that he became a Socialist reading Shelley. A character in Aldous Huxley’s novel, Point Counter Point (incidentally the prototype of which is none other than D.H. Lawrence) calls him a slug, while Stephen Spender thinks of him as a highly spiritualized creature. As against the alleged lack of earthiness, sensuality and concreteness, he finds Shelley very sensitive and endowed with profound awareness of life. B.A. Part-II (Semester-IV) 2 English Literature (Elective) The above controversy has three strains intertwined in itself, i.e. it relates to his defiant and disturbed personality, his revolutionary and philanthropic vision, lyrical and ethereal poetry. His personality developed as an amalgam of his rejection of his aristocratic family, his acceptance of marriage as spiritual union of man and woman and his involvement in the financial problems of his friends. He was the eldest son of Timothy Shelley, a wealthy landowner, who subsequently became a baronet. Though heir to considerable wealth and property, Shelley did not feel at home in the aristocratic surroundings of his family. In fact, he seemed to be an exact converse of what a gentleman should be in such surroundings. He particularly looked down upon his father who had the hard-headed and practical- minded mentality of a country squire. To all intents and purposes then, his obdurate father became the very prototype of the persecutor and his obduracy generated in him a life long persecution mania. Shelley could not get rid of this persecution mania in spite of the deep affection his younger sister showed towards him and whom, in his childhood, he entertained with ghost-stories. Philosophic and hypersensitive as he was, he developed this psychic factor into one headstrong contempt for “the harsh and grating strife of tyrants and foes”. Alongwith he tried to develop an in-built resistance against tyranny being perpetuated by inhuman forces and agencies. The following passage from his early “Laon and Cythna” relates how he promised to exercise this inbuilt resistance: I will be wise, And just and free, and mild, if in me lies, Such power, for I grow weary to behold The selfish and the strong still tyrannies Without reproach of Check. The earliest occasion for the exercise of this right came when he tried to liberate his sisters from the forces of unreason represented by his father. For example, he tried for the marriage of his sister with Hogg in whom, according to Wilfred Scott, he tried to find his male-self, as Hogg tried to find his female self in Shelley. The most significant occasion however, came with the publication of his pamphlet, The Necessity of Atheism (1811). The publication of this pamphlet caused his expulsion from the University of Oxford. Thus, his University career ended in a fiasco which, due to extraneous reasons, though has acquired the status of a literary event and has become part and parcel of literary history. This expulsion made him persona non granta so far as his home went and all the more antagonized his father. Extravagant and catastrophic through his behaviour, he did not feel discouraged at all. Under the impact of his uncontrollable and undisciplined impulses, he was driven into his first marriage, B.A. Part-II (Semester-IV) 3 English Literature (Elective) the motive in all its pristine form being the liberation of a woman from tyrannical circumstances. Shelley in this way, married his sister’s school-friend, Harriet Westbrook whom he considered to have been persecuted at school which he explicitly regarded as her prison house. It does not appear that Shelley cared deeply for Harriet but when she implored him to save her from suffering at home and tyrannous cruelty at school, he could not resist such an appeal. After marriage, Shelley tried to drag Harriet through such complicated experiences as she could ill afford to live through. For example, he provided ample opportunity to Hogg to seduce her. As Newman Ivey White has observed in his book, Life of Shelley, “It was obviously Shelley’s pleasure in beholding her union with Hogg”. If this seduction did not take place, it was entirely on account of virtue being on the side of Harriet rather than of Hogg or Shelley. All the same, it was not viciousness or perversion that justified this seduction in the eyes of Shelley. Instead, it was the excess of spirituality that led him to justify it in all respects. Consequently, it was this excess of spirituality that led Shelley to inculcate the influence of William Godwin, regarded at the time an inspired prophet of free thought, and enter into marriage with his daughter, Mary Godwin. William Godwin’s book, Political Justice greatly influenced his early writings like Queen Mab and Revolt of Islam in which he has expressed his fascination for free love, his contempt for the bigotry of political and religious systems upon his belief in the efficacy of reason and intellect, etc. More than this influence upon his early writing, was Godwin’s influence on his conduct. As Stephen Spender has observed, The subsequent relationship between Godwin and Shelley was a tragicomic nemesis which overtook them both.” Elaborating his observation further he remarks, “They met in empyrean or Utopian idealism, and were equally matched with exalted weapons, which there aloft, each turned against the other. Shelley applied the philosopher’s message of free love to the person of his own daughter whom he bore away from her home; Godwin used the philosophy of the redistribution of wealth for the purpose of entangling the poet in the shares of his own debts.” However, his elopement with Mary Godwin was not meant to punish her father, with whom he had relationship of what in The Revolt of Islam, ‘he called “As Eagle and a Serpent wreathed in fight.” No doubt pleasure was involved in showing the Eagle: Hung with lingering wings over the flood And started with its yells the wide air’s solitude Yet he was infatuated with Mary Godwin because she had intellectual acumen which Harriet had lacked inherently. “The partner of my life”, Shelley told his friend Peacock “should be one who can feel poetry and understand philosophy”. B.A. Part-II (Semester-IV) 4 English Literature (Elective) Mary Godwin seemed to respond to his needs. Carried away by the feeling of understanding her and being understood by her, Shelley lived with Mary in a world of idealistic unrealism accentuated by his sojourn in Europea. During these days, he wrote his first excellent poem “Alastor or the Spirit of Solitude” meant to be a vaguely autobiographical account of a young poet’s unsuccessful attempt to recapture his envisioned ideal. Nevertheless this world of idealistic unrealism was to change into that of idealistic ruthlessness because Mary had her own ménage, a trios in her sister, Claire Clairemont, the jilted and rejected beloved of Lord Byron. Shelley felt attracted to her as previously he had been to Harriet and with all his utopian magnanimity caused her to become the bane of his married life. Thus, under a baneful influence from the very beginning Shelley’s marriage with Mary froze into a guilt-ridden and burdensome union. Contribution in no small measure was made to it by the death of his two children, Clare and William which occurred almost simultaneously and strongly estranged Mary from Shelley and all his friends. At the same time, Shelley was not interminably involved in the debts of William Godwin, who, metaphorically speaking was the dead-bird of Coleridge tied tightly around the neck of the poet. Inexorably driven thus into the worked of his own mind, Shelley not only felt solitary, but accepted the bitter fact of his solitude as well. Paradoxically, this solitude afforded joy as well as sorrow because now if a woman could enter into his worlds at all, it was only as an intellectual idea or Platonic ideal. Wrapped in intellectual idea came Emilia Viviani about whom he wrote ‘Epipsychidion’ celebrating her as the ‘Being whom my spirit often met on its visioned wanderings’ upon the land “beautiful as a wreck of Paradise”. Another such woman was Jane Williams, the wife of his close friend Edward Williams. She came into his life with all the aura of a Platonic ideal, addressed as the most beautiful song written by him at the fag end of his life.
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