University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Fall 2000 Shelley and the nature of nonviolence William James Stroup University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation Stroup, William James, "Shelley and the nature of nonviolence" (2000). Doctoral Dissertations. 2145. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/2145 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. 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Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. SHELLEY AND THE NATURE OF NONVIOLENCE BY WILLIAM JAMES STROUP B.A. The University of Michigan, 1990 M.A. Kent State University, 1994 DISSERTATION Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English September, 2000 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number 9983721 Copyright 2000 by Stroup, William James All rights reserved. UMI* UMI Microform9983721 Copyright 2000 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED c 2000 William James Stroup Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. This dissertation has been examined and approved. Dissertation Director, Michael K. Ferber, Professor of English and the Humanities ciate Professor of English Q-. iU jlu . Brigitte®. Bailey, Associate Pnfessor of English JohnfM. Archer, Professor of English Paul T. Brockelman, Professor of Philosophy So Jtc-Uj Zooo Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. To Amy McIntyre iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to the Graduate School of the University of New Hampshire for a Dissertation Fellowship which allowed me to complete this project. Much of the research for Chapter Four was done at the Cambridge University Libraries, and I thank the Cambridge Summer Program at UNH for a Graduate Research Fellowship which made this work possible. To Michael Ferber I owe a great personal thanks; as Director of this dissertation he has sharpened my thinking immeasurably, and made Himself available to look at drafts and to talk about Shelley since I came to UNH. I wish to thank the rest of my committee—James Krasner, Brigitte Bailey, John Archer, and Paul Brockelman—for their substantial contributions and support of my work as well I would also like to thank Janet Aikins, Susan Schibanofij Regina Hewitt, and James McKusick for timely advice and professional encouragement. I have been fortunate in my graduate student colleagues, and wish to thank everyone from our ongoing dissertation workshop for their patience, friendship, and critical acumen. Any overstatements or errors which remain despite such a wealth of expert advice are entirely my own. My parents, James and Eva Stroup, have been tireless in their support of my education, for which I am ever thankful My other parents, John and Susan McIntyre, have lived with this project for some time as well, and their love of knowledge has also made a difference. I thank Christopher Measzros for first making me aware of ecology and animal rights, and for a lifetime of challenging, sweet friendship. The person to whom this work is dedicated read every draft, and this project is as much hers as it is mine. v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. A NOTE ON TEXTS Shelley’s poetry is cited, whenever possible, from Shelley’s Poetry and Prose (Norton Critical Edition, eds. Donald H. Reiman and Sharon B. Powers, 1977). This work, intended as a student edition, has become standard for scholars as well, for a variety of complex reasons mentioned in this study where appropriate. It includes all of the major poems discussed here except for Shelley’s longest work, Laon and Cythna (1818), which is represented by only a few lines. For this poem only, I have used Neville Rogers’s edition of The Complete Poetical Works o f Percy Bysshe Shelley , Volume II (Oxford: Clarendon, 1975). Rogers is the only modem editor to present the poem in its original version and not in its re-issue asThe Revolt o f Islam. I join Jerrold Hogle in finding Rogers’s otherwise problematic edition the best source for Laon & Cythna until its long- awaited appearance in the Johns Hopkins edition o f The Complete Poetry o f Percy Bysshe Shelley being edited by Reiman and Nefl Fraistat (see Hogle in O’NeQl, 120). Only the first volume of this edition is available at this writing; unfortunately, one cannot expect to see Laon and Cythna until Volume Four. Many other editions have been useful— especially Thomas Hutchinson’s Oxford edition, which reprints Mary Shelley’s notes—and these are cited in the notes and bibliography. For prose citations not in Shelley’s Poetry and Prose I have usedThe Prose Works o fPercy Bysshe Shelley , Volume I (ed. E. B. Murray, Oxford: Oxford UP, 1993), unless otherwise noted. vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................v A NOTE ON TEXTS......................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT..................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................1 I. THE “GREAT HUMANITARIAN TRILOGY”: QUEENMAB, LAON AND CYTHNA, PROMETHEUS UNBOUND 1. Editions and the Shelley Canon ........................................................................ 21 n. Bloodless Victory and Bloodless Feast ............................................................ 25 m. Nonviolence and Natural Diet inPrometheus Unbound.................................... 45 2. NATURAL VIOLENCE CONFRONTED: SHELLEY ON MONT BLANC................................................................64 3. SHELLEY AND GANDHI: A CONNECTION REVALUED I. Making the Connection: Diet and Imperial Culture............................................91 IL Nonviolent Resistance and The Mask o f Anarchy. ........................................... 106 m. Atheism, Holiness, and the Problem of Literary Influence...............................122 4. HENRY SALT ON SHELLEY: ECOLOGICAL IDENTITY AND LITERARY CRITICISM............................................................... 128 Appendix to Chapter Four. “We Must Tell the Truth About Somebody”: G.B.S. on PJJ.S.................. 150 5. DID SHELLEY ABANDON HOPE? THE TRIUMPH OFUFE AND THE CYCLES OF DESPAIR................ 157 BIBLIOGRAPHY..............................................................................................176 APPENDIX: Selected Bibliography of Henry Stephens Salt .................................189 vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT SHELLEY AND THE NATURE OF NONVIOLENCE by William James Stroup University of New Hampshire, September,