Appendix I Principal Officers of the Second Polish Republic, 1918-39
A. PRESIDENTS
J6zef Pilsudski ( 1867-1935), Head of State 1918-22 Gabriel Narutowicz (1865-1922) 1922 Stanislaw Wojciechowski (1869-1953) 1922-6 Ignacy Moscicki ( 1867-1946) 1926-39
B. PRIME MINISTERS lgnacy Daszynski 1918 (of a Provisional Government in Lublin, 7-14 November) Jt 137 138 Poland Between the Wars, 1918-1939 Walery Slawek 1935 Marian Zyndram-Koscialkowski 1935-6 Felicjan Slawoj-Skladkowski 1936-9 C. FOREIGN MINISTERS Stanislaw Ghtbinski 1918 Wladyslaw Wroblewski 1918 Leon Wasilewski 1918-19 Ignacy Paderewski 1919 Wladyslaw Wroblewski 1919 Stanislaw Patek 1919-20 Eutachy Sapieha 1920-21 Jan DRoman Dmowski 1923 Karol Bertoni 1923-4 Maurycy Zarnoyski 1924 Aleksander Skrzyilski 1924-6 Kajetan Dzierzykraj-Morawski 1926 August Zalewski 1926-32 JozefBeck 1932-9 Appendix II Chronology: Poland, 1914-39 1914 8 August Declaration of loyalty to the Tsar by the Polish Circle in the Russian Duma 14 August Proclamation by the Russian Commander-in-Chief, the Grand Duke Nicholas, with vague promises of limited autonomy for the Poles under Tsarist tutelage 16 August Formation of the Polish Legions by J6zef Pilsudski ( 1867-1935) 25 November The Polish National Committee established in Warsaw by Roman Dmowski (1864-1939) to promote the Polish Cause with Russia 1915 5 August German forces expel the Russians from Warsaw 1916 5 November The Central Powers restore the Kingdom of Poland m close union with them 1917 6 January The Central Powers set up in Warsaw a Council of State with limited authority 22 January President Wilson publicly intimates his support for an indepen• dent Poland 30 March Manifesto of the Provisional Government in Russia promising an independent Poland, linked militarily to Russia 4 June France allows the creation of a Polish army on its soil 22 July Pilsudski imprisoned by the Germans in Magdeburg for refusing to help set up a Polish army (Polnische Wehrmacht) to aid the Central Powers 15 August The Polish National Committee re-established in Lausanne, then Paris 15 October Regency Council created in Warsaw by the Central Powers, com• prising Prince Zdzislaw Lubomirski, Archbishop Aleksander Krakowski and Count J6zef Ostrowski, Mayor of Warsaw 1918 8 January President Wilson's 14 Points include a commitment to an inde• pendent Poland with access to the sea (Point 13) 3 June The Allies recognize Poland as 'an Allied belligerent nation' and affirm their support for an independent Poland 139 140 Poland Between the Wars, 1918-1939 I November Beginning of Polish-Ukrainian struggle for Lw6w and Eastern Galicia 7 November 'Provisional People's Republic of Poland' set up in Lublin under the Galician socialist, lgnacy Daszyilski (1866-1936) 8 November Pilsudski released from German captivity 9 November Revolution in Germany 10 November Pilsudski arrives in Warsaw II November Pilsudski appointed C-in-C of Polish forces by the Regency Council; official Polish Day of Independence 14 November Pilsudski appointed Provisional Head of State; Regency Council dissolved 18 November Government formed under the socialist, J 1920 15 January The Polish Mark standardized as the national currency 19 March Pilsudski awarded title of 'First Marshal of Poland' (conferred in November) 21 April Polish alliance with the Ukrainians under Semen Petliura against Soviet Russia 7 May Polish forces occupy Kiev 9 June Skulski cabinet resigns; replaced (23 June) by Wladyslaw Grabski (1874-1938) I 0 July Spa Conference; Allies refuse support to Poland against the Soviet Bolsheviks 11 July Plebiscites in Allenstein and Marienwerder (East Prussia) favour Germany II July 'Curzon Note' on Poland's eastern border (the 'Curzon Line') 15 July Agrarian Reform Act 24 July Grabski resigns; cabinet of national unity under Wincenty Witos (1874-1945) 13-19 August Battle of Warsaw ('Miracle on the Vistula'); momentous Polish victory over the Red Army; hereafter 'Polish Soldiers' Day', celebrated annually on 15 August 19 August Second Polish Rising in Upper Silesia 22 September Polish victory at the Niemen completes defeat of the Red Army 9 October Polish forces under General Lucjan Zeligorski (1865-194 7) retake Wilno 1921 21 February Franco-Polish alliance 3 March Polish-Romanian alliance 17 March New Constitution passed by Sejm 18 March Treaty of Riga ends Polish-Soviet War and fixes the eastern border as it was more or less after the Second Partition of 1793 20 March Plebiscite in Upper Silesia 2 May Third Polish Rising in Upper Silesia, led by Wojciech Korfanty (1873-1939) 13 September Antoni Ponikowski, Rector of Warsaw Polytechnic, replaces Witos as Premier 25 September Assassination attempt on Pilsudski in Lw6w by Stefan Fedak, a Ukrainian terrorist 30 September First National Census records Polish population of27.2 million 1922 6 June Poniakowski cabinet resigns over Treaty of Rapallo; Artur Sliwinski takes over 31 July Sliwinski replaced as Premier by Julian Nowak, Rector of Jagiellonian University 13 September Sejm approves building of new port of Gdynia (opened 1927) 5-12 November First parliamentary elections under the new electoral law 142 Poland Between the Wars, 1918-1939 9 December Gabriel Narutowicz ( 1865-1922) elected first President of Poland ( 5 candidates) 16 December President Narutowicz assassinated by ultra-Nationalist Eligiusz Niewiadomski 16 December General Wladyslaw Sikorski (1881-1943) replaces Nowak as Premier 20 December Stanislaw Wojciechowski (1869-1953) elected President of Poland 1923 15 March Ambassadors' Conference recognises Poland's eastern border (inc! Wilno, Lw6w) 28 May Witos heads new cabinet 30May Pilsudski resigns as Chief of General Staff 2 July Pilsudski resigns as Head of the Inner War Cabinet and goes into retirement 3 November General strike in response to hyperinflation crisis 6 November Serious rioting in Krakow leaves 32 dead 19 December New government under Wladyslaw Grabski 1924 14 April Bank of Poland created; the zloty to be the new currency 18 April Unemployment Insurance Act 31 July Statute on Schools 1925 10 February Polish-Vatican Concordat 15 June Polish-German Tariff War begins (until 7 March 1934) 7 July Agreement (Ugoda) between Polish Government and Jewish Club in Sejm 16 October Locarno Pact, but no guarantee of Polish-German border 13 November Grabski gives way as Premier to Aleksander Skrzynski 28 December Second Agrarian Reform Act 1926 24 April Treaty of Berlin between Germany and Soviet Union alarms Poland 5 May Skrzynski resigns as Premier; replaced by Witos (I 0 May) 12-14 May Pilsudski coup 14May President Wojciechowski resigns 15 May Kazimierz Bartel ( 1882-1941) heads new cabinet; Pilsudski Minister of War 1 June Ignacy Moscicki (1867-1946) elected President of Poland 2 August Consitutional amendments strengthen the Executive at expense of Sejm 27 August Pilsudski appointed Inspector General of the Polish Armed Forces 30 September Bartel resigns as Premier; replaced by Pilsudski (until 25 June 1928) 25 October Pilsudski courts the aristocracy at meeting at Nieswiez, the Radziwill estate Appendices 143 4 December Formation of the right-wing Camp of Great Poland under Dmowski 1927 8 June Russian ambassador, Piotr Woykov, assassinated in Warsaw by Russian emigre 14 October 'Stabilization Loan' of 62 million US dollars to Poland 1928 20 January Creation of Non-Party Bloc for Cooperation with the Government (BBWR) 4-11 March Parliamentary elections; BBWR 130 (444) seats in Sejm and 46 ( 111) in Senate 25 June Pilsudski resigns as Premier; Bartel takes over 1929 20 March Treasury Minister Gabriel Czechowicz resigns over financial scandal 14 April Bartel resigns as Premier; Kazimierz Switalski takes over 16 May Exhibition (to 30 September) in Poznan of Polish achieve• ments since 1918 6 December New cabinet under Bartel 1930 January The Depression era begins in Poland 17 March Bartel resigns as Premier; Walery Slawek (1879-1939) takes over 29 June Congress of opposition parties ('Centrolew') in Krakow denounces Pilsudski 23 August Slawek resigns and is replaced as Premier by Pilsudski 10 September Arrest and internment in Brzesc of opposition leaders, includ• ing Witos and Korfanty 16 September 'Pacification' of Eastern Galicia by Polish forces in response to Ukrainian terrorism 16-23 November Parliamentary elections produce 247 Sejm and 76 Senate seats for BBWR 4 December Pilsudski resigns as Premier; replaced by Slawek 1931 13 March Abolition of anti-Jewish legislation dating from the Tsarist era 15 March A united Peasant Party (SL) formed 27 May Slawek resigns; Aleksander Prystor is new Premier 29 August Tadeusz Hol6wko, BBWR vice-president, assassinated by Ukrainian terrorists 9 December Second National Census; Polish population now 31.9 million 1932 Spring Government dismisses over 50 university professors who are political opponents 25 July Polish-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact 144 Poland Between the Wars, 1918-1939 2 November J6zefBeck (1894-1944) replaces August Zalewski (1883-1972) as Foreign Minister 1933 March Pilsudski advocates a 'preventive war' against Germany because of the Hitler regime 22 March The right-wing political organization, Camp of Great Poland, banned 8 May Moscicki re-elected President of Poland; Janusz J~drzejewicz is new Premier 6 October Military parade in Krakow to commemorate 250th anniversary of King Jan Sobieski III's victory over the Turks at Vienna (12 September 1683) 1934 26 January Polish-German Non-Aggression Pact 14 April The far-right National Radical Camp (ONR) set up, but soon banned 14May Leon Kozlowski new Premier 15 June Bronislaw Pieracki, Minister of the Interior, assassinated by Ukrainian terrorist 2 July Internment camp for subversives opened at Bereza Kartuska 13 September Poland repudiates the Minorities Treaty 1935 28 March Slawek Premier once again 23 April Introduction of new Constitution 12 May Death of Marshal Pilsudski 8 September Parliamentary elections boycotted by most opposition parties (turnout 46.5 per cent) 12 October Premier Slawek replaced by Marian Zyndram-Koscialkowski 30 October Dissolution of BBWR 1936 21 February 'Front Morges' founded as oppositional group by Paderewski, Witos, Sikorski and General J6zefHaller (1873-1961) 29 February Pastoral Letter on the 'Jewish Question' from Cardinal August Hlond ( 1881-1948), Primate of Poland 15 May New cabinet under Felicjan Slaw6j-Skladkowski (1885-1962) I July Launch of government industrial strategy around the new Central Industrial Region 1937 21 February Camp of National Unity (OZON) set up by government to rally all patriotic forces 16 August 42 killed during strike organised by the Peasant Party (SL) 19 October Introduction of' Aryan Paragraph' and 'ghetto benches' in Polish universities 1938 10 January General Stanislaw Skwarczynski replaces Adam Koc as leader of OZON Appendices 145 August Communist Party of Poland dissolved on Stalin's orders 2 October Poland recovers Cieszyn 6-13 November Parliamentary elections bring major success for the government 1939 2 January Death of Roman Dmowski 31 March British guarantee to Poland 23 August Nazi-Soviet Pact 25 August Anglo-Polish Treaty 1 September Germany invades Poland 3 September France and Britain declare war on Germany, but do not aid Poland 17 September Soviet Union invades Poland 28 September Fall of Warsaw to German forces 5 October Surrender of the last regular Polish army units following the Battle ofKock, bringing the Polish-German campaign to an end Select Bibliography This list is restricted to books published in English, and is designed to provide an introduction to the most important aspects of the history of the Second Republic. Abramsky, C. eta!. (eds), The Jews in Poland (Oxford, 1986) Bromke, A., The Meaning and Uses of Polish History (Boulder, Col., 1987) Cienciala, A. M. and Komamicki, T., From Versailles to Locarno. Keys to Polish Foreign Policy, 1919-1925 (Lawrence, Kan., 1984) Davies, N., White Eagle, Red Star. The Polish-Soviet War, 1919-20 (London, 1972) Davies, N., God's Playground. A History ofPoland. Volume II. 1795 to the Present (Oxford, 1981) Davies, N., Heart of Europe. A Short History of Poland (Oxford, 1984) Dziewanowski, M. K., Josef Pilsudski. A European Federalist. 1918-1922 (Stanford, 1969) Dziewanowski, M. K., The Communist Party of Poland. An Outline of History (Cambridge, Mass., 1976) Gromada, T. V. (ed.), Essays on Poland's Foreign Policy, 1918-1939 (New York, 1970) Gutman, Y. et al. (eds), The Jews of Poland Between Two World Wars (Hanover, New England, 1989) J~drzejewicz, W., Pilsudski. A Life for Poland (New York, 1982) Karski, J., The Great Powers and Poland, 1919-1945. From Versailles to Yalta (New York, 1985) Komamicki, T., The Rebirth of the Polish Republic. A Study in the Diplomatic History ofEurope, 1914-1920 (London, 1957) Korbel, J., Poland Between East and West. Soviet and German Diplomacy Towards Poland, 1919-1933 (Princeton, 1963) Landau, Z., and Tomaszewski, J., The Polish Economy in the Twentieth Century (London, 1985) Latawski, P. (ed.), The Reconstruction ofPoland, 1914-1923 (London, 1992) Leslie, R. F. ( ed.), The History of Poland since 1863 (Cambridge, 1983) Lundgreen-Nielsen, K., The Polish Problem at the Paris Peace Conference. A Study of the Policies of the Great Powers and the Poles, 1918-1919 (Odense, 1979) Marcus, J., Social and Political History of the Jews in Poland, 1919-1939 (New York, 1983) Milosz, C., A History of Polish Literature (London, 1969) Modras, R., The Catholic Church and Anti-Semitism: Poland, 1933-1939 (New York, 1994) Narkiewicz, 0. A., The Green Flag. Polish Populist Politics, 1867-1970 (London, 1976) Pease, N., Poland, the United States, and the Stabilization of Europe, 1919-1933 (New York, 1986) Polonsky, A., Politics in Independent Poland. The Crisis of Constitutional Government (Oxford, 1972) 146 Select Bibliography 147 Prazmowska, A., Britain, Poland and the Eastern Front, 1939 (Cambridge, 1987) Riekhoff, H. von, German-Polish Relations, 1918-1933 (Baltimore, 1971) Roos, H., A History ofModern Poland (London, 1966) Roszkowski, W., Landowners in Poland, 1918-1939 (Cambridge, 1991) Rothschild, J., Pilsudski's Coup d'Etat (New York, 1966) Stachura, P. D. (ed.), Themes ofModern Polish History (Glasgow, 1992) Taylor, J. J., The Economic Development of Poland, 1919-1950 (New York, 1952) Wandycz, P. S., Soviet-Polish Relations, 1917-1921 (Cambridge, Mass., 1969) Wandycz, P. S., The United States and Poland (Cambridge, Mass., 1980) Wandycz, P. S., Polish Diplomacy 1914-1945. Aims and Achievements (London, 1988) Watt, R. M., Bitter Glory. Poland and its Fate, 1918 to 1939 (New York, 1979) Wiles, T. (ed.), Poland Between the Wars, 1918-1939 (Bloomington, 1989) Wynot, E. D., Polish Politics in Transition. The Camp of National Unity and the Struggle for Power, 1935-1939 (Athens, Georgia, 1974) Wynot, E. D., Warsaw Between the World Wars. Profile of the Capital City in a Developing Land, 1918-1939 (Boulder, Col., 1983) Zamoyski, A., The Battle for the Marshlands (Boulder, Col., 1981) Index Abramsky, Chimen, 7 Bonnet, Georges, Ill, 112 Agudat Israel, 53 Border (Frontier) Patrol Corps, 49, 127 Ajnenkiel, Andrzej, 6 Bortnowski, Wladyslaw, 122, 123 Allies, 14, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 27, 31, 33, 67, Breda (battle), 47 118, 126, 131, 132 Britain, 2, 6, 17, 25, 28, 30ff, 34, 43, 45, Alsace Lorraine, 36 nl 46, 51, 67, Iliff, 119, 127 Ambassadors' Conference, 50 British Military Mission, ll2f Anglo-Polish Agreement, Ill, 122 'Brzesc affair', I 06 n 7 Anglo-Polish Alliance, Ill Budyonny, Semyon, 45 Anti -Comintern Pact, II 0 Buell, R. L., 2 Anti-Polonism, 7, 53, 77 Bund, 74, 85 n96 Anti-Semitism, 7, 53, 60ff, 68, 75, 76, 77 Byelorussia, 49, 52, 6lff, 66, 70, 73f, 79 Appeasement, 49, Ill Byelorussian National Council, 81 n39 Armistice, 13, 14, 22, 36 nl Army 'Karpaty', 128ff, 135 n29 Army 'Krakow', 118, 119, 123ff, 128, Carr, E. H., 26, 39 n56, 68 130f, 135 n29 Catholicism, 4, 15, 16, 19, 36 nl4, 49, 53, Army 'L6dz', 117, 123ff, 127, 129f, 65,66, 72, 74,78 135 n29 Central Industrial Region, 5, 113, 119, 128 Army 'Modlin', 118,123,127 Centre Party, 16, 50 Army 'Pomorze', 117,121,123,135 n29 Chamberlain, Joseph, 114 Army 'Poznan', 117, l23ff, 127,135 n28 Cheka, 45 &29 Chojnowski, Andrzej, 6 Army 'Prusy', 124, 125, 128, 131, 135 n28 Cienciala, A. M., 4 & 29 Cieszyn (Teschen), 14, 15, 17, 27, 44, 50 Assembly in Defence of the Freedom of Civil War (Russia), 45, 50, 76 Speech, 107 nl2 Clayton, J. B., 112, 113 Association of Railway Bookshops, Clemenceau, Georges, 19 see Ruch Cohen, Israel, 69, 82 n53 Ausgleich, 63 'Cologne Post', 20 Austria, 15, 49 Committee for the East, 67f Austria-Hungary, I, 43, 63, 88 Committee of Jewish Delegations, 68 Communism, 4, 61 Balicki, Zygmunt, 65 Communist Party (Germany), 45 Bank of Poland, 5 Communist Party (Poland), 3, 6, 49, 61, 77, Bartel, Kazimierz, 96, 107 nl2 92,93 Bartel, Paul, 2 Communist regime (Poland), 3, 4, 61 Bates, John, 8 Communist Workers' Party (Poland), 74 Battle of Warsaw, 8, 43-55, 75 Congress Kingdom, 88 BBWR, 6, 103 Constitution (1921), 51, 52, 75, 78, 89, 90, Beck, J6zef, 110, lll, 114, 115, 116 9lf, 93, 94, 97 Belgium, 28, 34 Constitution ( 1935), 96 Bismarck, Otto von, 15, 16, 36 nl3 Council for Defence of the State, 47 'Blank Pages', 4 Court of Appeal, 93, 104 Blitzkrieg, 55, 131 Crowe, Sir Eyre, 32, 40 n82 Bloc of National Minorities, 75, 85 n96 Curzon, Lord, 29, 31, 32, 39 n64, 45 Bojowska-Polska squads, 30 Czechoslovakia, 44, 49, 110, ll7, 122 Bolsheviks, I, 44, 45ff, 49ff, 53ff, 67, 69, Czechowicz, Gabriel, 107 n23 71, 72, 75, 90 Czechs, 17, 46, 50, 52, 62 148 Index 149 D'Abernon, Lord, 57 nl4 Germany, 1, 4, 8, 13fT, 17fT, 26, 28~35, 43, D~b-Biernacki,Stefan, 124, 125, 130 45,46,50,60, 63, 65, 70, 71,90, 104, 'Daily Herald', 21 106 n8, 109~16, 118~22, 126, 127, Daladier, Georges, 112 129, 131, 132, 135 n26 Danzig, !!Off, 114, 118, 120fT, 135 n26 Gibson, Hugh, 82 n55 Davies, Norman, 6, 7 Gierowski, J6zef, 79 nl4 Depression, the, 5, 53, 78 'Glos Prawdy', 101 Deutsche Stiftung, 70 Gombrowicz, Witold, 3 Deutschtumbund, 71 Gomulka, W., 3 'Digest ofLaws', 95 Goodyear, A. C., 22, 23, 38 n37 Dmowski, Roman, 1, 2, 4, 6, 52, 64, 65, 'Gospodarz Polski', 101 66, 68 Grabski, Wladyslaw, 71, 77, 94 'Doctrine of Two Enemies', 50 Gratier, Jules, 29 Donnersmarck dynasty, 15 Grenzschutz, 20, 21, 24, 39 n55 Duma, 65 'Grenzzeitung', 33 Dzierzyitski, F eliks, 45 Groener, Wilhelm, 56 n13 Dziewanowski, M. K., 6 Gruenbaum, Yitshak, 75, 76, 77, 85 n94 Gutman, Yisrael, 7 East Prussia, 15, 29, 47, 71, 116, 118, 121, 123 Habsburg Empire, 14, 15, 63, see also Eastern Galicia, 44, 50, 62, 70, 72, 73, 77 Austria~Hungary Ebert, Friedrich, 31 Halifax, Lord, 134 nl7 Ehrlich, Henryk, 74 'Hands off-Russia' campaign, 46 Endecja, 3, 6, 48, 49, 51fT, 65, 66, 68, 71, Hardinge, Lord, 29 75, 76, 88, 94ff Hasbach, Erwin, 75 Engel, David, 75 Headlam-Morley, Sir James, 36 n4, 37 n24, 'Enigma', 126 69 Entente Powers, 24, 25, 28, 43, 44 Heads of Delegations, 25 'Epoka', 101 Heller, C. S., 7 Hitler, Adolf, 43, 46, 60, 71, 110, 118, 119, Fabrycy, Kazimierz, 128, 130, 136 n34 126, 129 Falaise (battle), 47 Hitler-Stalin pact, see Nazi-Soviet pact Ferdinand, 1., 14 H-K-T Movement, 36 nl2 First World War, I, 4, 8, 14, 43, 44, 48, 52, Hlond, Cardinal August, 49 54, 63,66, 67,88 Hoeffer, General, 33, 39 n55 Fishman, J. A., 7 Hohenlohe, Prince of, 15 Foch, Marshal Ferdinand, 27, 37 nl7 Holocaust, 78 Folkists, 85 n96 Hoover, Herbert, 22 Foreign Office (British), 14, 25, 26, 29, Horak, Stephen, 60 36 n2, 3 7 n30, 68, 111, 113, 116 Horsing, Otto, 21 Fountain, A. M., 6 House of Commons, 32, 114 Fourteen Points, 14, 67 Hromada movement, 73 France, 21, 24, 25, 28, 31, 32, 34, 43, 51, Humphrey, Grace, 2 67, 71, 111fT, 119, 127, 132 Hungary, 46, 128, 132 Franco-Polish alliance, 50, 71, 111, 112 Frederick the Great, 15, 36 n8 Independent Operational Group 'Freiheit' (newspaper), 21 'Polesie', 109 20, 33, 34, 39 n55, 46 Freikorps, Independent Operational Group 'Narew', 118, 123, 127 Galicia, 16, 63 Industrial Law (192 7), 100 Gamelin, Maurice, 112, 114, 134 nl2 Inspector General of Armed Forces, 110, Garlicki, Andrzej, 6 111, 117, 118, 121, 125, 130, 134 n22 'Gazeta Zachodnia', 107 n24 Institute for Science of Judaism, 76 150 Index Inter-Allied Commission, 13, 14, 18ff, Leslie, R. F., 6 22-6,28-35 Lesniewski, Peter, 8 Inter-Allied Mission, 46, 48, 57 nl4 Liddell-Hart, Basil, 109, 122 Interior Ministry, 90, 92, 93, 95, 97-104, Lieberman, Herman, 4, 93 106n8, 107nl9&23, 108n28 Lipinski, Waclaw, 2 & 33 Lipski, J6zef, II 0, 122 Ironside, General Sir Edmund, 113f, Lithuania, 44, 52, 62, 66, 127 134 nl7 Litvaks, 64 Lityftski, Stanislaw, 117 Jabotinsky, Vladimir, 77 Lloyd George, David, 19, 28, 32, 34, Jagiellonian University, 51 37 n24, 40 n72, 41 n95 & 96, 46, Jaklicz, J6zef, 112, 128, 134 n22, 135 n26 56nl\,68 Jan Kazimierz University, 85 nl02 Luftwaffe, 110, 113 J~drzejewicz, Waclaw, 6 Jewish Club, 77 Machray, Robert, 2 Jewish Congress, 69 Majchrowski, Jacek M., 6 'Jewish lobby', 53, 68, 69 Marinis, General de, 25, 32 Jewish National Council, 69 Marchlewski, Julian, 45 Jews,3,6, 7,49,52,53,60-5, 67-70,74-7 Maria Theresa, 36 n8 Marxist-Leninism, 3, 4, 61, 77 May coup (1926), 2, 5, 48, 52-5, 70, 88, 90, Karski, Jan, 4 94, 100, 102, 104, 105, see also Kasprzycki, Tadeusz, 112, 114, 134 n12 Pilsudski, J6zef Kennard, Sir Howard, 115 Mendelsohn, Ezra, 7, 60, 74 Kerr, Philip, 3 7 n24 Micewski, Andrzej, 3 Keynes, John Maynard, 68 Minorities (Polish), 3, 6, 8, 49, 52, 60-78 Kieniewicz. Stefan, 79 n 14 Minorities' Treaty ( 1919), 35, 53, 69f, 74, Kirchmayer, CoL, 135 n29 78 Kleeberg, Franciszek, I 09 'Miracle on the Vistula' (1920), 48 Koc, Adam, 114 'Mloda Wid', 101 Kock (battle), I 09 'Mlot-Fijalkowski, Czeslaw, 123, 127 Kofman, Jan, 5 Monte Cassino (battle), 47 Komar6w (battle), 47 Moraczewski, J~drzej, 89 Korfanty, Wojciech, 4, 18, 20, 27, 28, 30, Morgenthau, Henry, 69 32ff, 40 n72, 107 n24 'Morning Post', 24 Kornamiya, 45, 47 Moscicki, Ignacy, 129 Korzec, Pawel, 7, 60 Mossor, S., 125 Kosciuszko, Tadeusz, 54 Munich agreement, 110 KPP, see Communist Party (Poland) Kronstadt revolt, 50 Krukowicz-Przedrzymirski, Emil, 123, 130 Namier, Lewis, 68, 82 n51 Kulturkamp(, 16, 36 nl2 Napoleonic Code, 89 'Kurier Poranny', 101 Narutowicz, Gabriel, 52, 75 Kustrzeba, Tadeusz, 123, 130, 136 n33 'Nasz Przeglqd', 59 n34 National Census (1921, 1931), 61-2, 73 'National Egoism and Ethics', 65 Labour Party, 46, 69 National Democratic Party, I, 17, 18, 48, Landau, Zbigniew, 5 64, 65, 88, 94-5, \03, 106 n8 Lansbury, George, 69 National League, 64 'La Question Polannaise', 65 Nazi-Soviet pact, 4, 46, 115-16 League for Union of Upper Silesia with Nazis, 2, 71, 78 Poland, 23 New Economic Policy (NEP), 50 League of Nations, 34, 35, 60 Niemen (battle), 47 Lenin, VI, 45-50, 55, 77 Non-aggression pact (Polish-German), Le Rond, Henri, 25, 28, 29, 33 108 n30, 122 Index 151 Non-agression pact (Polish-Soviet), 49, Polish-Soviet War (1919-20), 4, 7, 8, 27, 115, 116 43-55, 71, 74, 75, 89 Norton, Clifford, 134 n 17 Polish Telecommunications Agency, 100, 'Nowiny', 101 102 Non-Party Bloc for Cooperation with the 'Polonia', 107 n24 Government, see BBWR Polonsky, Antony, 6 Oder (river), 15, 18, 19, 31,33 Poniakowski, Antoni, 94 Olszyna-Wilczynski, J., 127 Pope John Paul II, 4, 61 'Organic Work', I, 63, 64 Positivism, I, 2, 63, 65 Potemkin, Vladimir, 115 presidential election (1922), 75 Paderewski, Ignacy, 4, 19, 23, 24, 31, press (Polish), 8, 87-105 38 n47, 44, 68, 90 Protestantism, 66, 72 Partitions, I, 2, 4, 13ff, 43, 46, 63-7, 70, Provisional Revolutionary Committee 73, 78, 87, 89, 92ff, 106 n4, 116 (1920), 45 Peace Conference (1919), 13, 14, 17-20, Prussia, 14, 15, 88, 92 'Przedswit', 101 22, 24-6, 29, 30, 33, 36 n2, 4 & 5, 'Przelom', 101 37 n21 & 29, 43, 53, 68, 69 Peace treaty, see Versailles (treaty) Peasant parties, 70, 73, 94 RAF, 113 'People's Poland', 3, 6, 54,61 Rastikis, S., 127 Percival, Harold, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 34, Red Army, 8, 14, 26, 27,45-7,49, 54-5, 39 n53 & 64, 40 n72, 41 n93 74, 115 Petliura, Semon, 72 Reddaway, W. E., 2 Pi Schatz, Jaff, 6 Szychowski, General, 136 n34 School of Slavonic and East European Szylling, Antoni, 123-5, 130 Studies, 2 Schutzbund, 31 Tartars, 52, 62 Second Polish Republic, 1-4, 6-8, 13, 16, Taylor, Jack J., 5 26,43,44,48,49, 51,54, 60-79, 'The Times', 21, 22, 23, 24, 31, 69 87-105, 109-32 Third French Republic, 75 Second World War, 2, 5, 47, 48, 78, 109, Third Reich, 43, 78 114,116,131,132 'Thoughts of a Modern Pole', 65 Seeckt, Hans von, 46, 50, 56 nl3 Thugutt, Stanislaw, 87, 90 Sejm, 24, 51, 70, 72, 75, 77, 90-6, 106 n7 Timms, Richard, 17 & 11, 107 nl2 Tomaszewski, Jerzy, 5, 61 Selbstschutz, 33, 34 Tomicki, J., 7 Sforza, Count, 33 Topolski, Jerzy, 7 Sharanov (Soviet official), 115 Trencin (treaty), 36 n6 Sicherheitspolizei, 26, 27, 28 Trotsky, Leon, 46, 47 Siegfried Line, 114 Tsar, 63, 65, 67, 89, 106 n5 Sienkiewicz, Henryk, 64 Tukhachevsky, M. N., 45ff Sikorski, Wladyslaw, 2, 47, 49, 55, 71, 76 Turnbull, Elizabeth, 134 n 14 Silesia, 13-16, 19, 20, 23, 33, 119, 120, see also Upper Silesia Slawoj Skladkowski, Felicjan, 107 n23 Ugoda, 77 Slovakia, Ill, 127, 128, 129 Ukraine, 26, 45, 52, 60ff, 66, 70, 72-3, 77, 'Slovo Polskie', 103 79,86 n!IO, 94, 105 Smigly-Rydz, Edward, Ill, 112, 114, Ukrainian Military Organisation (UVO), 72 116-22, 125-31, 135 n26 & 28 Ukrainian Nationalists, 72 Sobieski, King Jan, 47, 54 Ukrainian People's Republic, 72 Sobieski, Waclaw, 51 United States, I, 6, 17, 22, 43, 51, 67,68 Sokol, 30 Upper Silesia, 8, 13-35, 44, 50, 71, 72 Solidarnosc, 4, 61 Urbanek, Dr, 28 Sosnkowski, Kazimierz, 47 USSR, see Soviet Union Soviet Union, 3ff, 49, 50, 71, 79, 89, 110, 115, 119, see also Russia Vatican, 4, 65 Spartacists, 20, 21 Verein for das Deutsch tum im A us land, 70 Stachiewicz, Waclaw, 118, 121, 122, 125, Versailles (treaty), 2, 20, 22, 23, 25, 29, 30, 128,129, 134n22 32, 43, 48, 71, 110 Stachura, Peter, 8 Vienna (battle), 4 7 Stalin, Josef, 3, 46, 47, 50, 78 voievode, 90,99-102, 107 nl7 Stalinist era, 3, 61 Vuilleman, Josephe, 134 n!O Starszewski, Jan, 2 'State of the Union Address', 67 'Straznica', I 0 I Wambaugh, Sarah, 31 Stuart, Sir Harold, 34 Wandycz, P. S., 4 Suchcitz, Andrzej, 8 Wapiitski, Roman, 6, 79 nl4 Sudetenland crisis, 50, 116 Warsaw City Council, 74 Sunday Rest Law, 76 Watt, Richard, M., 7 Supreme Council, 20, 25 Wehrmacht, 54, 121, 126 Supreme Economic Council, 22 Weimar Republic, 5, 50, 51, 70 Supreme People's Council, 17 Weizsiicker, Rudiger von, 122 Switalski, Kazimierz, 103, 104 Weydenthal, Jan de, 6 Sword, Edward, 113, 134 nl7, 135 n26 Weygand, Maxime, 46, 48, 51, 57 nl8 Szafer, Tadeusz, 6 Wiatr, Colonel, 128 Szlachta, 54, 64 Wiles, Timothy, 7 Index 153 Wilson, Henry, 25 WyspiaiJ.ski, Stefan, 64 Wilson, Woodrow, 14, 19, 67, 69 Wojtyla, Karol, see under Pope Wirth, Josef, 50 Witkiewicz, Stanislaw, 3 YIVO, 76 Witos, Wincenty, 4, 47, 70, 94 Wolf, Lucien, 68 Zaj~tc, General, 130 World Zionist Organisation, 68, 69, Zielib.ski, Henryk, 7 see also Zionists zloty, 5 Wynot, Edward, 6 Zionists, 17, 53, 64, 67, 68, 74-7