Appendix I Principal Officers of the Second Polish Republic, 1918-39 A. PRESIDENTS J6zef Pilsudski ( 1867-1935), Head of State 1918-22 Gabriel Narutowicz (1865-1922) 1922 Stanislaw Wojciechowski (1869-1953) 1922-6 Ignacy Moscicki ( 1867-1946) 1926-39 B. PRIME MINISTERS lgnacy Daszynski 1918 (of a Provisional Government in Lublin, 7-14 November) Jt<drzej Moraczewski 1918-19 Ignacy Paderewski 1919 Leopold Skulski 1919-20 Wladyslaw Grabski 1920 Wincenty Witos 1920-21 Antoni Ponikowski 1921-2 Artur Sliwinski 1922 Julian Nowak 1922 Wladyslaw Sikorski 1922-3 Wincenty Witos 1923 Wladyslaw Grabski 1923-5 Aleksander Skrzynski 1925-6 Wincenty Witos 1926 Kazimierz Bartel 1926 J6zef Pilsudski 1926-8 Kazimierz Bartel 1928-9 Kazimierz Switalski 1929 Kazimierz Bartel 1929-30 Walery Slawek 1930 J6zef Pilsudski 1930 Walery Slawek 1930-31 Aleksander Prystor 1931-3 Janusz Jt<drzejewicz 1933-4 Leon Kozlowski 1934-5 137 138 Poland Between the Wars, 1918-1939 Walery Slawek 1935 Marian Zyndram-Koscialkowski 1935-6 Felicjan Slawoj-Skladkowski 1936-9 C. FOREIGN MINISTERS Stanislaw Ghtbinski 1918 Wladyslaw Wroblewski 1918 Leon Wasilewski 1918-19 Ignacy Paderewski 1919 Wladyslaw Wroblewski 1919 Stanislaw Patek 1919-20 Eutachy Sapieha 1920-21 Jan D<!bski 1921 Konstanty Skirmunt 1921-2 Gabriel Narutowicz 1922 Aleksander Skrzynski 1922-3 Marian Seyda 1923 Roman Dmowski 1923 Karol Bertoni 1923-4 Maurycy Zarnoyski 1924 Aleksander Skrzyilski 1924-6 Kajetan Dzierzykraj-Morawski 1926 August Zalewski 1926-32 JozefBeck 1932-9 Appendix II Chronology: Poland, 1914-39 1914 8 August Declaration of loyalty to the Tsar by the Polish Circle in the Russian Duma 14 August Proclamation by the Russian Commander-in-Chief, the Grand Duke Nicholas, with vague promises of limited autonomy for the Poles under Tsarist tutelage 16 August Formation of the Polish Legions by J6zef Pilsudski ( 1867-1935) 25 November The Polish National Committee established in Warsaw by Roman Dmowski (1864-1939) to promote the Polish Cause with Russia 1915 5 August German forces expel the Russians from Warsaw 1916 5 November The Central Powers restore the Kingdom of Poland m close union with them 1917 6 January The Central Powers set up in Warsaw a Council of State with limited authority 22 January President Wilson publicly intimates his support for an indepen­ dent Poland 30 March Manifesto of the Provisional Government in Russia promising an independent Poland, linked militarily to Russia 4 June France allows the creation of a Polish army on its soil 22 July Pilsudski imprisoned by the Germans in Magdeburg for refusing to help set up a Polish army (Polnische Wehrmacht) to aid the Central Powers 15 August The Polish National Committee re-established in Lausanne, then Paris 15 October Regency Council created in Warsaw by the Central Powers, com­ prising Prince Zdzislaw Lubomirski, Archbishop Aleksander Krakowski and Count J6zef Ostrowski, Mayor of Warsaw 1918 8 January President Wilson's 14 Points include a commitment to an inde­ pendent Poland with access to the sea (Point 13) 3 June The Allies recognize Poland as 'an Allied belligerent nation' and affirm their support for an independent Poland 139 140 Poland Between the Wars, 1918-1939 I November Beginning of Polish-Ukrainian struggle for Lw6w and Eastern Galicia 7 November 'Provisional People's Republic of Poland' set up in Lublin under the Galician socialist, lgnacy Daszyilski (1866-1936) 8 November Pilsudski released from German captivity 9 November Revolution in Germany 10 November Pilsudski arrives in Warsaw II November Pilsudski appointed C-in-C of Polish forces by the Regency Council; official Polish Day of Independence 14 November Pilsudski appointed Provisional Head of State; Regency Council dissolved 18 November Government formed under the socialist, J<tdrzej Moraczewski (1870-1944) 22 November Poland declared a Republic 23 November Social reforms introduced, including the 8-hour day 16 December Establishment of the Communist Workers' Party of Poland 26 December Arrival of lgnacy Paderewski (1860-1941) in Poznan leads to Polish rising on 27th December to expel German forces from western Poland 1919 5 January Abortive right-wing coup against the Moraczewski government; Polish and Soviet Bolshevik military units clash in Wilno, mark­ ing the start of the Polish-Soviet War (1919-20) 16 January Paderewski appointed Prime Minister (and Foreign Minister) 18 January Opening of Paris Peace Conference 23 January Czechoslovakia reneges on agreement with Poland and seizes Cieszyn 26 January Elections for a Constituent Sejm 30 January Poland formally recognised by the USA 10 February First session of Constituent Sejm; decree on compulsory primary education 20 February Provisional (Small) Constitution passed; Pilsudski confirmed as Head of State 26 February Polish Army officially established 7 March Conscription introduced 15 April Dissolution of Polish National Committee in Paris 19 April Polish forces liberate Wilno from Soviet Bolsheviks 28 June Treaty of Versailles, signed for Poland by Paderewski and Dmowski 20 July Polish forces finally crush the Ukrainian nationalists to secure Eastern Galicia I August Sejm re-establishes the Virtuti Militari as Poland's foremost mili­ tary decoration 16 August First Polish Rising in Upper Silesia 13 December Leopold Skulski (1878-1940) new Premier, Paderewski having resigned 27 November 18 December Sunday Rest Law introduced as an important social reform Appendices 141 1920 15 January The Polish Mark standardized as the national currency 19 March Pilsudski awarded title of 'First Marshal of Poland' (conferred in November) 21 April Polish alliance with the Ukrainians under Semen Petliura against Soviet Russia 7 May Polish forces occupy Kiev 9 June Skulski cabinet resigns; replaced (23 June) by Wladyslaw Grabski (1874-1938) I 0 July Spa Conference; Allies refuse support to Poland against the Soviet Bolsheviks 11 July Plebiscites in Allenstein and Marienwerder (East Prussia) favour Germany II July 'Curzon Note' on Poland's eastern border (the 'Curzon Line') 15 July Agrarian Reform Act 24 July Grabski resigns; cabinet of national unity under Wincenty Witos (1874-1945) 13-19 August Battle of Warsaw ('Miracle on the Vistula'); momentous Polish victory over the Red Army; hereafter 'Polish Soldiers' Day', celebrated annually on 15 August 19 August Second Polish Rising in Upper Silesia 22 September Polish victory at the Niemen completes defeat of the Red Army 9 October Polish forces under General Lucjan Zeligorski (1865-194 7) retake Wilno 1921 21 February Franco-Polish alliance 3 March Polish-Romanian alliance 17 March New Constitution passed by Sejm 18 March Treaty of Riga ends Polish-Soviet War and fixes the eastern border as it was more or less after the Second Partition of 1793 20 March Plebiscite in Upper Silesia 2 May Third Polish Rising in Upper Silesia, led by Wojciech Korfanty (1873-1939) 13 September Antoni Ponikowski, Rector of Warsaw Polytechnic, replaces Witos as Premier 25 September Assassination attempt on Pilsudski in Lw6w by Stefan Fedak, a Ukrainian terrorist 30 September First National Census records Polish population of27.2 million 1922 6 June Poniakowski cabinet resigns over Treaty of Rapallo; Artur Sliwinski takes over 31 July Sliwinski replaced as Premier by Julian Nowak, Rector of Jagiellonian University 13 September Sejm approves building of new port of Gdynia (opened 1927) 5-12 November First parliamentary elections under the new electoral law 142 Poland Between the Wars, 1918-1939 9 December Gabriel Narutowicz ( 1865-1922) elected first President of Poland ( 5 candidates) 16 December President Narutowicz assassinated by ultra-Nationalist Eligiusz Niewiadomski 16 December General Wladyslaw Sikorski (1881-1943) replaces Nowak as Premier 20 December Stanislaw Wojciechowski (1869-1953) elected President of Poland 1923 15 March Ambassadors' Conference recognises Poland's eastern border (inc! Wilno, Lw6w) 28 May Witos heads new cabinet 30May Pilsudski resigns as Chief of General Staff 2 July Pilsudski resigns as Head of the Inner War Cabinet and goes into retirement 3 November General strike in response to hyperinflation crisis 6 November Serious rioting in Krakow leaves 32 dead 19 December New government under Wladyslaw Grabski 1924 14 April Bank of Poland created; the zloty to be the new currency 18 April Unemployment Insurance Act 31 July Statute on Schools 1925 10 February Polish-Vatican Concordat 15 June Polish-German Tariff War begins (until 7 March 1934) 7 July Agreement (Ugoda) between Polish Government and Jewish Club in Sejm 16 October Locarno Pact, but no guarantee of Polish-German border 13 November Grabski gives way as Premier to Aleksander Skrzynski 28 December Second Agrarian Reform Act 1926 24 April Treaty of Berlin between Germany and Soviet Union alarms Poland 5 May Skrzynski resigns as Premier; replaced by Witos (I 0 May) 12-14 May Pilsudski coup 14May President Wojciechowski resigns 15 May Kazimierz Bartel ( 1882-1941) heads new cabinet; Pilsudski Minister of War 1 June Ignacy Moscicki (1867-1946) elected President of Poland 2 August Consitutional amendments strengthen the Executive at expense of Sejm 27 August Pilsudski appointed Inspector General of the Polish Armed Forces 30 September Bartel resigns as Premier; replaced by Pilsudski (until 25 June 1928) 25 October Pilsudski courts the aristocracy at meeting at Nieswiez, the Radziwill estate Appendices 143 4 December Formation of the right-wing Camp of Great Poland under Dmowski 1927 8 June Russian ambassador, Piotr Woykov,