ANCIENT Journal of the Department of Archaeology

Number 152 March 2003

Editorial Board Chief Editor Mrs. Shobha Shrestha Editor Mr. Bishnu Raj Karki Mr. Prakash Darnal

Published by His Majesty's Government Ministry of Culture, Tourism & Civil Aviation The Department of Archaeology , Nepal ANCIENT NEPAZ,

Number 152 March 2003

Editorial Board Chief Editor Mrs. Shobha Shrestha Editor Mr. Bishnu Raj Karki Mr. Prakash Darnal h-FFftC\ Contents Page

Nepal Bhutan Relations ( A Study of its past) -Dr. Sunzarz Dhaka1

Conservation of in-door Archaeological Objects -Om Prakash Yadav To be had of: Sajha Prakashan Pulchok, Lalitpur

Price Rs. 501-

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Printed at: MS Offset Press, Balaju, Kathmandu. Nepal, Tel: 353541, 355316 Contribution of original nature dealing with pre-historic and field-archaeology, epigraphy, manuscripts, numismatics, archives, art, anthropology and architecture of Nepal and museum and other techniques connected with various aspects of art work are invited to "Ancient Nepal". The contribution should be concise and well-documented and based on hitherto unpublished data, if not new interpretation of already known evidence. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Editor or The Department of Archaeology. Photographs and illustrations (line drawing) may be sent. The typescript should be in double space and one side of the paper only sent to:

The Director General I Department of Archaeology Ramshahpath Nepal - Bhutan Relations (A Study Of Its Past)

- Dr. Suman Dhaka1

The two SAARC membercountries, Nepal and the Dukpa sect,arenownedscholarly monk belonging Bhutan, are well known to all as the most beautiful to Ralung Gompa in the Kham province of Tibet. He Himalayan kingdoms situated between India and the left Ralung Gompa and came to then Lho-Mon Tibet China with very potential geopolitical province of modern Bhutan where he is known as importance. Although from the earliest times, Nepal Syawadung Rimpoche Nawang Namgyal. and Bhutan have extremely good relations between Nawang Namgyal, by conquering some them in political, religious and cultural fields, at influential feudals and Lama sects, completed the present there seems a kind of uneasy diplomatic work of unifying Bhutan and established a new type relations between them due to the problem of the of rule based on religion. In this system two types of Nepali origin Bhutanese citizensexiled from Bhutan rulers were appointed to administer the kingdom: and taking refuge in Jhapa and Morang districts of Dharmaraja, the spiritual ruler, and Devraja, the Nepal. Therefore, the study of the changes that have temporal ruler. It is since this time that Bhutan had occurred in these two countries becomes quite political, religious as well as cultural relations with significant to anyone interested in the study of the the Malla Kings of Kathmandu Valley and the relations between these two almost neighboring Gorkhas. Religion, especially Buddhism, also played countries. a significant role in bringing Nepal and Bhutan Nepal has a long history extending more than closer. The religious activities of the then popular 2000 years, though modem Nepal was found just a tantrik Lamas of Bhutan, and the existence of little more than 250 years ago. On the other hand, Swayambhunath in Kathmandu as the Buddhist Bhutan, also primarily divided among small states, educational and cultural center were the two major was unified more than 450 years ago. Nepal was sources of the close friendly ties between these two unified by King Prithivi Narayan Shah, similarly, countries. Soon afterthecompletion of the unification Bhutan was unified by a Lama Nawang Namgyal of of Bhutan by the first Bhutanese King, Bhutan 2 \ Ancient Nepal established close relationship with Gorkha and According to the Bhutanese history, Bhutan had Kathmandu valley of Nepal in 1624125AD. relations with Gorkha even in the reign of the earlier After Nepal-Tibet war in 1855 AD (VS 19 12), Shah Kings- DrabyaShah and PurnaShah. Bhutanese an officer of Bhutanese Dharmaraja, namely Da-Pon sources mention this, but the Nepalese history doesn't. wrote a petition to Prime Minister Jung Bahadur of Bhutan's foreign relations began only after its Nepal. This petition mentions the relations between unification, by Lama Nawang Namgyal in 1616 AD Bhutan and Gorkha since the regime of Ram Shah. even though Gorkha might have relations with the After the Tibet-Nepal war a Bhutanese Lama wrote northern part of it (viIlagesofTibetan origin) through a letter to of Nepal. In this he mentioned that six gompas and religious sects. Gompas(monasteries)oftheEast, which are presented In 1640AD theBhutaneseDharmaraja,Nawang to him as gift at the time of Ram Shah, were being Namgyal, visited Gorkha when Dambar Shah was in ruined due to confiscation and improper care from power. On his visit, he took some Gorkhali families the Nepalese side. So, he requested the Kaji to help to Bhutan and let them settle among the western hills preserve the religious property set by the ancestors. It and . Since then, courtesy visits by every new can be surmised that the Gompas were given to Dharmarajaand Devrajaof Bhutan to Gorkha became Bhutanese by the Gorkhas on variousdates, i.e., since a regular feature. Ram Shah to Krishna Shah and later by Prithivi Again during the reign of Narabhupal Shah (c. Narayan Shah. In total, it isexpected thattheNepalese 1716-1743 AD), some of the gompas and land kings provided the Bhutanese Lamas authority over belonging to the gompas were bestowed upon 12 Ghyangs or Gompas. Dharmaraja. During his reign, beside the cultural and According to the Bhutanese source, the first religious relations, both the countries had political Dharmaraja Syawadung Nawang Namgyal himself ties as well. The Tamrapatra of 174 1 AD, issued to a visited the Kathmandu valley and took with him 401 popular Lama (known as Lhopa Lama) providing 50 Gorkha families to Bhutan. Among them were Nagathali Gompa and a vast tract of land around it, Brahmins, Chhetriyas, Vaishya and Sudras. Bisan supports the Nepal-Bhutan relations.The inscriptions Magarwas the leaderofthe migrated Gorkhalis mention that prior to this much land and property to Bhutan. Being influenced by the political system were provided to Dharma Lama (Tsyong Lama) as of Gorkha constituted by King Ram Shah, the kusa birta by issuing Tamrapatra. Dharmaraja Nawang Namgyal introduced the same According to the Bhasa Vamsavali, Narabhupal in Bhutan with some necessary changes. The system Shah, being childless, invited Dharmaraja to Nepal of "Mana-panthi" of Gorkha known as "Gorge and with the blessings and ritual and Tantrik Jhappa" among the Dukpa and Pyapsa people of commencement performed by him, he became the Bhutan has been popularized in Bhutan. A system as father of a child, Prithivi Narayan Shah-the founder such is still in existence in Arunanchal. of modern Nepal. This time also Narabhupal Shah As Ram Shah's Political administration issued a Lalmohar in the name of Bhutanese influenced the Bhutanese; the Gorkhalis were also Dharmaraja. This event is popular as a legend among greatly influenced by the Tantrik knowledge of the the Nepalese residents of Bhutan. Lamas of Bhutan. Thus these tworegimes came into Since the reign of Drabya Shah, the Gorkha close contact and established a good relationship. rulers had to face frequent wars with the Barpaki Nepal ...... 3 Bhutia rulers at the boundary between these two the visit of Dugpa Lamas to Kathmandu and the states. Bhasa Vamsavali narrates that Ram Shah and renovation of Swayambhu Temple. Moreover, the Narabhupal Shah fought battles with Tibet and the silver coins-tankas-of the Mallas were also in large Gorkha army being victorious over Kyi-Ron went up circulation in Bhutan. From what is mentioned above, to Kukuraghata and thus because of the enmity with we can surmise that during the Malla period, the Tibet, Bhutan might have good relationships with economic ties between the valley of Kathmandu and Gorkha. Bhutan were at their peak. Thus the existence of Bouddha Gompas in the The famous Gopal Raja Vamsavali mentions northern belt of Gorkha, the settlement of Buddhists that Bhutan's relations with Nepal were established of the Tibetan origin, the schooling of Nawang in the beginning of the sixth century AD. However it Namgyal at Swayambhu and the Tibet-Bhutan and is not yet proved. Tibet-Gorkhaenmity brought both Nepal and Bhutan Since the 17th century, the Nepalese artisans into close contact with one another. Besides, the began toenterThimpu and Punakha valley of Bhutan Gorkha rulers were also deeply influenced by the and have worked there since then. During the reign of Tantrik knowledge and commencement of the Devraja Tan-Jin-Kh-Gye (1638-1696 AD) some of Bhutanese Lamas. theGompas in Bhutan were renovated by theNepalese Very similar to Gorkha, Bhutan also had close artisans and decorated them with pieces of art based relationship with the Malla Kings of the valley of on Buddhism. The bronze icons in connection with Kathmandu. Her cultural and religious relationship the ntnhaynna, sculptured by the Nepalese artisans with the valley lasted for a long time. The existence can still be found there in thesegompas. Many artists of Buddhism and the Buddhist culture were the main from the Valley of Kathmandu went to Bhutan and factors for such relationship. Ram Shah, who had resided in the northern part of Thimpu at Bebuna, good relations with Bhutan, was also friendly with near De-Chen. Some of them also settled in Pachu the Malla Kings of the valley, especially that of and Bel-Nang of Thimpu Valley recently known as Patan. As a result of the friendship with Gorkha, the Bal-Po, the name for Nepal in the Tibetan language. Bhutanese got the opportunity of making close From this fact, we can estimate that the places contacts with the artisans of Patan. Moreover, the inhabited by theNepalese in Bhutan might have been first Dharmaraja of Bhutan, Syawadung Rimpoche called 'Bal-Po'. The Bhutanese artisans, who had Nawang Namgyal, had been a student at Swayambhu, close links with the Nepalese artists who received the center for Buddhist Teachings, and as such was their services, were also influenced by the Nepalese well acquainted with the art, artists and culture ofthe style of art and architecture. The two stupas of valley. While visiting gorkha in 1614 AD, he also Bhutan - the oneconstructed at Sgo-mang-Kho'-ra of visited the valley of Kathmandu and offered one Bkra-'sis-Yang-tse province and the other in hundred thousand votive lamps to the deity at the Chendebji ofTon-Sara-are itsexamples. These stupas temple of Swayambhu. He also befriended King have big eyes marked on the Hermika, above the Laxmi Narsingh Malla of Kantipur and took some dome, and the architectural style of these stupas artisans with him to Bhutan. Later when he visited coincides with that of Bouddhanath of Nepal. Nepal in 1640 AD, he renovated the Swayambhu Once an illustrious Lama from Bhutan during Temple. There are several documents, which support the reign of Syawadung Nawang Namgyal visited 4 Ancient Nepal

Gorkha and Kathmandu and with the permission of Pundi, Nama-syun (Nasa), Cho Jodath, New Gompa, the rulers there set some gompas of the Dukpa sect in Chiran-cha, Yate, Thate are some of the Gompas both these kingdoms. Probably, it is the very time among them. Before the unification ofNepal, Bhutan (mid 17th century) when the Dukpa Gompa at received annual tribute from Vijayapur. But during Swayambhu was erected and the Dharmaraja was the unification Bhutan did not claim its domination provided land at and near Swayambhu as a gift from over the territory, instead helped Prithvi Narayan the king of Kantipur. Shah, for which Haku village and 5 plots of land near During the reign of Sen Kings in Eastern Nepal Swayambhu were provided to Bhutan as Dan Birta. (recent Morang District), there was an annual tribute In 1774 AD Bhutanese Dharmaraja 'phrin-las- (Sirto)from VijayapurtoBhutan. Later, when Prithivi 'brug-rgyal" visited Nepal accompanied by one of Narayan Shah, in the process of unification merged his officers Gsim-dpon-wang-chuk to meet Prithivi Morang-VijayapurwithinunifiedNepa1, he presented Narayan Shah. On that occasion he presented some Haku village and 5 Kheta with some sloppy land for gifts to the king on behalf of the Bhutanese Swayambhu trust. This additional property was government. Dharmaraja wanted to keep good presented to Dharamaraja Si-daras gift.Thus Prithivi relations with Nepal possibly because of the threat Narayan Shahsettled the business regarding Morang. from the British toBhuf+anduringwaragainstsikkim, The Chiran-cha Gompa, Nagathali Gompa and Kuchbihar and Assam. Thus to maintain good some other gompas including some land were relations and mutual help, both the countries presented to the Bhutanese Lama by King Krishna exchanged their Mohars. The Lalmohar of 1772 AD Shah and Narabhupal Shah of Gorkha too. provided the facility of Jhara (forced or statutory Centuries old Gorkha-Bhutan relations were labor) to theLamas of Nagathali Gompa tocarry their widely extended during the reign of Great King load between Nepal and Bhutan.Theother Lalmohars Prithivi Narayan Shah. Bhutan helped Nepal during were issued to provide them land as Dan Birta. its unification. At the outset of unification there was Nepal's relations with Bhutan remained intact a deal between Prithivi Narayan Shah and Bhutanese even after Prithivi Narayan Shah. To give continuity Dharamaraja according to which Bhutanese to the age-lod relations, Pratap Singh Shah in 1776 Dharmaraja Syav-dun-rin-po-che was given the AD (VS 1833) sent a new Lalmohar to Bhutanese authority of all the Gompas within the Nepalese Dharmaraja, Phrin-las-brug-rgyal.He, after thedeath territory soon after the completion of unification. of Pratap Singh Shah, visited Nepal at the request of Following the deal Prithivi Narayan Shah provided 6 queen Rajendra Laxmi performed Tantrik gompas and their land as Dan Birta and retained the commencement for blessing long life of the two- authority of Bhutanese Dharmaraja over all the year-old King . Pleased with his gompas and land provided to them by his ancestors performance, Nepal Darbar provided land in gift at and the kings of the valley as well. Altogether 12 Ghyangs (gompas) were given Sinduri and Chene. Similarly, Prince Bahadur Shah also had good relations with the Bhutanese Lama to the Bhutanese and were retained from time to time Tanjin Dugyal. Bahadur Shah invited him to Nepal by Shah Kings till the later period. Although all these gompas cannot be recognized now, Charikota, and provided Thon-mon and Kalari Villages to Nagathali, Yolmo, Nagare, Teri, Lichyakhu, Humi, Dharmaraja in gift. Nepal ...... 5

Nepal, under the regency of Bahadur shah, Nepalese coins in Bhutan. The Mohars, which were once attempted to marched upto Assam and for this, being used by Bhutanese rulers, were marked with Nepal demanded Bhutan for providing the route Devnagari letters, soit is presumed that those Mohars through her land. This happened in the time of Lama were prepared by Nepalese artists. 'Sa-Ga' of Bhutan. Similarly, the historical system of It is already mentioned that Swayambhunath is communications between these two countries an important means to bring Nepal-Bhutan closer. cannot be ignored. Under the procuracy of Bhimsen Similarly, it is also stated that the renovation of Thapa there existed a postal service between Swayambhu Chaitya was done by Dukpa Lamas. In Kathmandu and Punakha, Bhutan. During the July of 1817 AD (VS 1874) Lama Senge-Nor-bu premierships of Janga Bahadur and Bir Samsher arrived Kathmandu and changed the Mahayesthi of some reforms were made in the postal service. Swayambhu Mahachaitya (Sogsin) with some minor Since the time of Bir Samsher at the request of the reparation. Again in 1915 AD (VS 1972) Chewang King of Sikkim, the route of postal service between Jigme, the son of Gelong-sekh-dorje-kham-topden- Nepal and Bhutan was linked through Gangtok, the Sakya repaired Swayambhu Mahachaitya. This work capital of Sikkim. Besides, there were alsoexchanges of reparation was completed in 1918 AD (VS 1975). of emissaries between Nepal and Bhutan for Nepal-Bhutan friendship was cordial upto the sometime. The chief priest of Swayambhu also holds beginning of Rana regime. But in 1855 AD (VS the post of Bhutanese representative. Similarly from 1912) when Janga Bahadur Rana was in power, time to time Vakils were deputed to represent Nepal Nepal suspected that Bhutanese were in favor of in Bhutan. In the time of Bhimsen Thapa's procuracy Tibet during Nepal-Tibet war. Therefore, theNepalese Ahiman Ale was at the post of Vakil representing government confiscated all the lands, gompas and Nepal. Likewise, under the premiership of Bir trusts whatever have been provided in the past to Samsher Kancha Colonel Kesar Simha Thapa was Bhutanese Lamas as gifts. Thus, for the time being deputed for the same. the friendship became strained. The gompas having The Nepalese rulers were also allowed to catch lack of proper care remained in ruined condition. But elephants in the Jungle of the border area of Bhutan. later Nepal realized the misunderstanding. So, to It is mentioned on the letter of 1872 AD that the normalize the matter with a great respect petitions Bhutanese government at the request of Nepalese were made from Nepal to the Bhutanese Dharmaraja delegates, permitted for the same. and Devraja. Nepal reestablished the right of Thus there is a 320 to 325 years long history of Bhutanese Lamas to enjoy the lands and the trusts friendly relationships between Nepal and Bhutan. alienated. Nepal has always played a friendly but significant While discussing Bhutan-Nepal relations, the role in the context of providing a good shape with currency of Nepalese coins in Bhutan and the Mohar regards to Bhutanese statecraft, its development and of Bhutanese rulers (Dharmaraja and Devraja) its administrative setup. Therefore, hopefully it can prepared by the Nepalese artist cannot be ignored. be presumed that the present problem between these Nepalese coins were in use in Sikkim from 1788 AD two countries regarding the Bhutanese refugees will to 1892 AD. Similarly, the Bhutanese were also using be solved through well diplomatic practices. 6 Ancient Nepal Reference Materials: Singh, Nagendra, Bhutan: A Kingdom in the Aris, Michael, Bhutan: The Early History of a Himalaya. New Delhi: Thomson Press (India) Ltd., Himlayan Kingdom. Delhi: Vikash Publishing 1972. House, 1980. Vajracharya, Dhanvajra & Kamal P. Malla, Bell, C. Tibet: Past and Present, Oxford at the The Gopalraj Vamsavali, Frang Steiner Vevlag Clarendon Press, 1968. Nisebaden Gomb H., 1985. Coelho, V.H. SikkimandBhutan, Delhi: Vikash Walsh, E..H. the coinage of Nepal. Delhi: Publications 197 1. Indological Book House, 1973. Dhungel, Rames. "Nepal ra Bhutan White, J.C., Sikkimand Bhutan. Reprint, Delhi: sambandhalai prakas parne thap samagri.' Arthik Vivek Publishing House 1971. Nepal, 4: 1-3,pp. 9-13, 1986. Yogi Naraharinatha, Gorkha Vamshavali, ------, "Dasau Sya-mar-pa Lama KO Kashi, Yoga Pracarini, VS 2009. Swayambhusthit Abhilekh ra tyeskoanubada," Arthik Nepal, 6:l-2,pp. 1-10,1988. Gordon, A.K. The Iconography of Tibetan Lamaism, New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., 1974. Hasarat, Vikramjit, History ofBhutan.Thimpu: Department of Education, Bhutan, 1980. Joshi, Satya Mohan, Nepali Rastriya Mudra (Second Edition), Kathmandu: Sajha Prakashan, VS 2042. Karan, P.P. Bhutan, Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1967. Karan, P.P. and Jenkins W.M. The Himalayan Kingdoms: Bhutan, Sikkim and Nepal, Princeton: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1963. Panta, Dineshraja, Gorkhako Itihas, Part 1,2,3, Kathmandu, VS 2041,2043,2045. Rahul, Ram, Royal Bhutan. New Delhi: ABC Publishing House, 1983. Rahul, R. The Himalaya Borderland, Delhi: Vikash Publications, 1970. Rustomji, N. Enchanted Frontiers - Sikkim, Bhutan andsurroundings North Eastern Borderlands, Delhi: Oxford university Press, 1973. Shakya, Hemraja, Swayambhu Mahachaitya (Newari) Kathmandu, Swayambhu Vikash Mandala, N.S. 1098. Singh, M. Himalayan Art, Macmillan, 1971. Conservation Of In-Door Archaeological Objects

- Om Prakash Yadav

Definition: changed during restoration, a wood preservative is Archaeological objects means any building, generally applied to protect it from insect attack. structure, monolith, monuments, any mould, tumulus, 2. Conservation: The dictionary meaning of any tombs, place of interment, any cave, any the term conservation is prevention of loss, waste, sculptures, inscriptionsoran immovableobject which damage, destruction, etc. Thus in archaeology the is of historical or artistic interest and which has been term is used to apply certain chemicals or products to in existence for not less than hundred years. Again, prevent from further loss or damage. in-door archaeological objects can be defined as any 3. Consolidation: The meaning of the term coin, sculpture, manuscript, epigraph or other work consolidation is making moresolid,secureand strong. ofart orcraftsmanshipor any articleorobject orthing In archaeology the term is frequently used to give detached from a building or cave and kept in the strength to the fragile materials often found during museums or by private owners. excavation or during restoration of monuments. Before discussing conservation of in-door 4. Restoration: The meaning of restoration is Archaeological objects, it would be better to have an giving back tooriginal shape and look. This is a term understanding of some of the terms frequently used widely used in theconservation ofhistorical buildings in conservation procedures. These terms are: (I) Preservation (2) Conservation (3) and monuments. During restoration, the missing consolidation (4) Restoration (5) Reproduction portion is added so as to match the originality of the structures. Even those portions, which can not be 1. Preservation: The term preservation is consolidated by using chemicals, are also changed frequently used in conservation of archaeological materials. It is a beforehand action. Preservation is but the main criteria of restoration should be to giving done to the archaeological materials before it starts back original look and shape by the use of original materials. deteriorating. For example-when a wooden piece is 8 Ancient Nepal

5. Reproduction: The dictionary meaning of varies from materials to materials. So the nature of reproduction is producing as the original one. This is their treatment also varies from materials to materials. a term frequently used in biology. In archaeological Hence to have a better understanding the method of conservation it is used to denote the re-making of their treatment will be discussed one by one. such historical buildings and monuments whose a) Treatment of siliceous materials: evidences and descriptions are present but whose As we know that siliceous materials includes remains are not available. For example-the making stone, terracotta, ceramics, glass etc. The natures of of Chyasin Mandap in front of Bhakatpur Darbar deterioration in theseobjectsare somewhat similar in square may be termed as reproduction of that natures. So the method of their treatment is also very monument since nothing was left behind by the much similar. In these materials except glass problems of salt formation, growth of lower plants like fungi, destruction of the great earthquake of 1990 BS. Only lichens and algae, broken into pieces due to historical evidences were known. mishandlingor some other factors have been noticed. On the basis of origin, archaeological objects So the treatment is done according to the problems can be classified as (1) Inorganic (2) Organic noticed. In case the object is very fragile before doing 1. Inorganic: It includes siliceous and non- any kind of treatment consolidation is a must. siliceous materials. Archaeological materials Consolidation isgenerally donewith2 to5%solution produced from stones, terracotta, ceramics and glass of P.V.A. in Toluene. In case of salt formation, salt is can be included under siliceous materials whereas extracted by paper pulp method. The presence of salt objects made of metals can be included under non- is tested by silver nitrate. By adding a few drops of siliceous inorganic materials. Again metal objects silver nitratesolutionto theextracted salt the formation can be classified as ferrous metals and non-ferrous of white precipitate indicates the presence of salt metals. Objects made of iron is termed as ferrous while the absence of white precipitate generally metal objects whereas metal objects made from other indicates the absence of salt . If lower plants like than iron is termed as non-ferrous metal objects. algae fungi and lichen are present first of all it should 2) Organic: It includes archival and be tried toclean by mechanical method. If mechanical cleaning is not sufficient then a low percentage of anthropological materials. Again archival materials ammonia along with non-ionic detergent may be include paper, bhojapatra, tadapatra, textiles, wooden tried. In case of joining broken pieces a special type objects, miniature paintings whereas anthropological of mortar can be prepared by mixing 1 part slacked objects include bone and ivory, leather, feather and lime, 2 to 3 parts stone powder if the object of stone fur etc. or 2 to 3 parts brick powder if the object is of terracotta. This mixture is mixed with 100 grams of Conservation Procedure: urad dal powder and 100 grams of PVA emulsion. The nature of deterioration of these objects Since Urad Dal has been used while preparing mortars, varies from objects to objects. Some of the common 1 to 2% biocides must be used to prevent fungal types of methods employed for the conservation of growth. Araldite or any other epoxy resin may join archaeological objects are described below: again small broken pieces but since araldite is harder 1. Conservation of inorganic objects: As we than the materials itself its use should be restricted. In know those inorganic objects of archaeological order to join big stone pieces, steel or copper rods of importance includes siliceous and non-siliceous suitablesize may berequired. Aftercleaning, removal materials, the nature of deterioration of these objects of salt and joining broken pieces, final step of Conservation ...... 9 conservation of siliceous material is the application metahexaphospate, sodium-potassium tartarate, of a suitable type of preservative coating- For this sodium salt ofEDTA are used in different .~ro~ortion. . again 2 to 5% solution of PVA in toluene or 2 to 5% Similarlysolution of citric acid indifferentpropo~ion solution of paraloid B-72 in toluene or acetone may be used to clean copper objects, gold gilded be used. In case of siliceous mater ials made of glass, objects, silver objects and other metal objects. the nature of deterioration and their trea tment is One of the important aspects in the different. When acidic oxides like silica or boron conservation of metal objects is its consolidation oxide and alkaline oxides like sand, lime, soda, potash or lead oxide are fused together, glass is because the excavated metal objects are sometimes formed. Due to atmosDhericDollution. carbon with in such a bad state that it may require consolidation water reacts and the alkalis are washed away and prior to its cleaning. Using 2 to 5% solutions of PVA silica is deposited over the surface and pitted spot are or paraloid B72 in toluene may do the consolidation formed. Such a glass object becomes porous and of the metal objects. The same solution may be fragile. To over come such problems in glass using applied as a protective coating. solvents like Benzene, Alcohol or Acetone and finally 3) Electro-chemical and electrolytic washing with soft water can do cleaning. reduction method: These methods are generally b) Conservation of non-siliceous objects: applied in such cases where the corrosion product is As we know that non-siliceous objects includes so hard that it can neither be removed mechanicallv archaeological materials made of metals. Again metal or chemically. In electrolytic reduction method the objects can be classified as ferrous and non-ferrous object is madecathodeand theelectrolyte is asolution metal objects. Objects made of iron is termed as of sodium hydroxide. Similarly in Electro-chemical ferrous metal objects whereas objects made of other method hot solution of sodium sulphite is used which metals is termed as non-ferrous metal objects. The conservation of iron objects is a bit different from is quick and similar to electrolytic reduction. An other metal objects because of its highly corrosive expert should only empkoy this method since in case nature. The corrosion of iron objects can be removed of highly corroded objects nothing will be left after by three ways: employing electrolytic reduction and Electro- 1) Mechanical method chemical method of cleaning. Hence before applying 2) Chemical method this method, a thorough investigationofthecondition 3) Electro-chemical and electrolytic reduction of the metal objects received for treatment should be method conducted so that its fusibility could be decided. 1) Mechanical method: In this method the Again paraloid B-72 in toluene or acetone (2 to corrosion products iscarefully removed with the help 5% solution) may be used as protective coating. of sharp blade or scalpel. This is a very useful method Conservation of archival materials: Since all since there is no danger of any chemical reaction but these materials contain cellulose in their structure, it requires a lot ofpatience and a lot ofskill otherwise hence the nature of their deterioration and their the objects may be spoilt. treatment is very much similar. In case of archival 2) Chemical method: In this methoddifferent materials, loss of moisture, biodegradation, fungal chemicals are used to clean the corrosion products. In growth and physical damage have been noticed. order to clean corrosion products from iron objects Hence the nature of treatment depends on the basis of chemicals like thioglycolic acid, sodium the above mentioned causes. Ifthere is loss of moisture 10 Ancient Nepal then suitable amount of moisture sho~~ldbe provided remove dust and dirt. Suitable solvents can be chosen otherwise the objects tend to brittle. In order to to remove different types of stains. 2 to 3% solution overcome biodegradation ofthese materials, suitable of paraloid B-72 in sulfur free toluene can be used to insecticides and fumigants can be applied. In case of consolidate flaking paint layers. In order to control wooden objects, insecticide like chlorpyriphos 20 insect and fungal attack suitable fumigants like EC in suitable solvents can be applied whereas in paradichlorobenzene or pentachlorophenol can be case of paper documents, tadapatras and bhojpatras used. 2 to 3% solution of paraloid B-72 in sulfur free fumigants like paradichlorobenzene or sodium toluene can be applied as protective coating. pentachlorophenate can be used. In order to overcome Conservationof anthropological ob.jects: As the problem of fungal attack suitable fungicides can we know that anthropological objects incl~~deobjects be applied. For this carbendizeme or kiroxy I or 5% made LIPof bones and ivory, leathers, feather and fur sol~~tionof formaldehyde or I -% solution of thymol etc. Both bone and ivory are used as tools, decorative can be used. Physical damage can be avoided by materiaIs,stat~~esetc.They areanisotropicand protein providing proper place for each object and with ossein is decomposed by prolonged exposure to careful handling of the objects. Prior to the use of humidcondition. Acid radicals like fluorides,calcii~m textiles, primitive people used skin of animals, barks phosphate and calcium carbonate can attack both of trees as clothes. It was only in 1890 AD that bones and ivory objects. Cleaning can be done with textiles on commercial scale came into use. Textiles distilled water. Insoluble salts like calcium sulphate. are prepared from natural fibres of animals like wool calcium carbonate or magnesium sulphate can be andsilk and vegetable fibers Iikecotton, flax, hamper removed with very dilute solution of hydrochloric orjute. Animal fibres do not burn steadily but if they acid. Pale Grey color of bones and ivory objects can are held under the flame, they are burnt leaving be removed with a bleaching agent like hydrogen carbon as residue and giving burnt hair smell. A peroxide. Again shellac solution in spirit or 2% vegetable fibre is full of cellulose and hence catches sol~~tionofpolyvinylacetate in toluenecan be used as fire easily leaving Grey ash. Protein constituents are preservative and consolidants. Skin of different present in animal fibres whereas cellulose contents animals has been extensively used by pre-historic are present in vegetable fibres. Physical factors like people as clothes, for writing, bookbinding etc. The light, temperature, h~~midityand diurnal changes are main problemsof leatherobjects aretoloose moisture, one of the factors responsible for textiles decay. insect and fungal attack. In order to retain moisture Insect attack, moth attack, fungal and lichen growth caster oil and rectified spirit in the ration of I :4 can be are biological causes ofdeterioration of textiles. Loss applied or the leather objects can be impregnated in of moisture is another cause ofdegradatioli oftextiles. Turkey oil. To control insect and fungal attack, Using non-ionic detergentscan docleaning oftextile. fumigants like pyrethrum, DDT or 5% solution of A 2% solution of paraloid B-72 in toluene can be sodium pentachlorophenate in kerosene oil can be applied as protective coating for textile. Miniature used. Feathers of peacock are used as head decorator. paintings are done on papers. Loss of paint layers, Fur and hair of animals are used for making warm insect attack, loss of moisture, deposition ofdust and clothes. The main problems of these objects are dirt, fungal growth, oil stains etc. have been noticed brittleness, falling of hair, moth attack, insect and in miniature paintings. Dry cleaning can be used to fungal attack etc. In order to retain flexibility a Conservation ...... I I

1 Before Conservation

After Conservation 12 Ancient Nepal

Before Conservation

After Conservation Conservation...... 13 mixtureofcaster oil and rectified spirit in the ratioof 1 :4 can be used. In order to overcome the problem of insect and fungal attack, fumigation with carbon dioxide, carbon tetrachloride or carbon disulfide can be done. Storage of these objects along with camphor dissolved in Lysol can prevent hair falling. Reference: 1. Conservation and MuseumTechniques- Dr. A.P. Singh, Agam Kala Prakashan, Delhi, 1987 2. Insect factors in wood decay-Norman E. Hickinns 3. Conservation and preservation, Ancient India, Volume-17, 18, New Delhi, 1961-62 B.B. Lal 4. Conservation of Cultural Property in India- Dr. O.P. Aggrawal, Delhi, 1973-74 5. A treatise on building conservation-R.S. Despande, 1956 6. Appropriate technologies in the conservation of cultural property- The UNESCO Press 7. Bio-deterioration of cultural property-Editors- Dr. O.P. Aggrawal, Shashi Dhawan, Proceedings of the International Conference, February 20-25, 1989, Lucknow, India. 8. Insect pest and their control-J.W. Evans, M.A., D.Sc., ERES, Chief Biologist-Soni reprints agency- 1985,3843,Gali No.-12Santi Mohalla, Gandhi Nagar, DeIhi-1 1003 (India) 9. Concepts of Insect Control-M.R. Ghosh, department ofagriculture, Entomology,Bidhan Bhawan, Chandra Krishi Vishwavidhyalya, Kalyani, West Bengal, India, Willey Eastern Limited, New Delhi

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3. Dr. Hussain Khan, The Genesis of the "Title Shah of the Ruling Family of Nepal" Journal of Central Asia, Vol X11, No. 2 (Dec, 1989) PP. 83-4 95. 'd. ibid. Y. ~@"m~'?m"~sftdqu. 1G 3m; 1, (10YU) y% 1Y-15 I . J. Allan, The Cambridge Shorter His- tory of India (Delhi S. Chand and Com- 9~. pany, 1962) PP. 300-305.

Q. H. Khan Op. cit, P. 86 9 9.

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ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Dr. Suman Dhakal - Reader, Trichandra College, Kathmandu

Mr. Om Prakash Yadav - Chemist, Central Conservation Laboratory for Cult~~ral Heritage, Patan

Mr. Somprasad Khatiwoda - Lecturer, Degree Campus, Biratanagar

Dr. Rajasam Subedi - Reader, Tribhuvan Univessity,Kirtipur

Mr. Prakash Darnal - Archaeology Officer, DOA