British Residents at the Court of Nepal During the 19Th Century∗
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British Residents at the Court of Nepal During the 19th Century∗ Dr. Tri Ratna Manandhar∗∗ Introduction Nepal and the British had their first contact not as friends but as enemies, and the armies of both the countries made its beginning at the battleground of Sindhuligrahi. After the establishment of its power in the principal areas of India (Bengal, Bombay and Madras), the English East India company realized the advantages of spreading its influence in Nepal. First, this tiny Himalayan state would serve as a hill station to the British especially in the summer season; and secondly, the British would be able to develop commercial relations with Tibet through Nepal. When King Prithvi Narayan Shah of Gorkha was expanding his kingdom and was about to capture the Kathmandu Valley, the East India company, on the request of the last Malla king of Kathmandu, dispatched an army under Captain Kinloch in 1767 to march through the plains to fight the Gorkhali king.1 Though the Gorkhali soldiers at Sindhuligarhi defeated the company’s army, the British did not loose heart but continued their attempts to know the secrets of the Himalayan kingdom through several missions including that of James Logan in 1770 and Foxcroft in 1784.2 These missions could gather certain information about Nepal but they were not sufficient to materialize the British interests in the Himalayan kingdom. In 1792, however, the British were successful in concluding a commercial treaty with Nepal. Both the parties had different objectives in signing the treaty. As in India, the British wanted to penetrate into the kingdom as traders and businessmen and establish their domination in due course. Nepal signed the treaty with the sole hope to get British help in case she was involved in a war with Tibet and China, a ∗ This paper was presented at the 12th IAHA conference in Hong Kong (June 1991). ∗∗ Dr. Tri Ratna Manandhar is a Professor in the Central Department of History, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu. 1 K. C. Chaudhuri, Anglo-Nepalese Relation, Calcutta: Modern Book Agency, 1960, pp. 21-23. 2 D. R. Regmi, Modern Nepal, Vol. I, Calcutta: firma K.L. Mukhopadhyaya, 1975, pp. 399-401 and 407-408. 6 Voice of History XVII-XX seed of which had already sowed in 1788.3 But contrary to her expectation, Nepal did not get any help from the British in her war with China, rather an ‘unwanted’ British mission under Captain Kirkpatrick visited the country and collected secret information about the land to the advantage of the East India company.4 Greatly annoyed by this British move, the Nepal government did not take any step to implement the commercial treaty. Maulavi Abdul Qadir Ali, a Bengali Muslim, came to Nepal in 1795 in the form of a merchant, to persuade the Nepali statesmen to implement the treaty, but the Nepali court turned deaf ear to him.5 Opening of the Residency King Rana Bahadur Shah's renunciation of throne, in favour of his infant son, and his flight to Banaras in 1800 opened a new phase in Anglo-Nepali relations. The Nepali statesmen, who controlled the administration of the state after Rana Bahadur's exit, did not want the return of the ex-king to Nepal. In order to stop him in India, Nepal signed a treaty of friendship with the East India Company on 26 October 1801, which among others, provided for the stationing of a British Resident at Kathmandu.6 The main function of the Resident, according to the treaty, was to regularize relation between the two governments, but Captain Knox, who was appointed British Resident, was given some secret instructions to serve British interests in Nepal. He was to obtain relevant information about the civil government, its alliances and connections with other states, particularly China. He was also required to get accurate information respecting the mineral, botanical and agricultural products of Nepal and to make such arrangements with the Nepal government, which would enable the company and the British merchants to exploit the produce of Nepal. The British Resident was also duty bound to supply information about the military force such as number, types and discipline of the troops, and its internal and external defenses. Knox was cautioned to obtain all these information in a manner that would preclude any suspicion on the part of the Nepal government.7 3 Tri Ratna Manandhar, Nepal: The Years of Trouble (1877-85), Kathmandu: Purna Devi Manandhar, 1986, pp. 177-78. 4 Leo. E. Rose, Nepal - Strategy for Survival, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1973, pp. 69-71. 5 Ibid., p. 76. 6 B.D. Sanwal, Nepal and the East India Company, Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1965, p. 86. 7 Chaudhuri, f. n. no 1, pp. 120-23. 7 T.R.Manandhar: British Residents at the Court ... On his arrival at Kathmandu, as British Resident, Captain Knox was accorded a reception befitting the status and prestige of the government he represented and creditable to the Nepali administration. A new bungalow was built up in the royal garden for him and his staff, and every possible facility was provided to them.8 Soon the situation took an unexpected turn. Partly because of the political strife inside the Nepali Court, and partly due to the suspicious nature of the Resident himself, Knox was placed in a difficult position by the hostile attitude of the Nepali court. Gradually the opposition of the Nepali officials to the treaty had become so bitter that Knox had to admit that he was persona non- grata. Consequently, after twelve months of fruitless efforts to establish closer connections, the British Resident left Kathmandu in March 1803 and the treaty was formally abrogated after a few moths.9 Thus, the first attempt of the British to post a Resident in Nepal ended in failure. With the rise of Bhimsen Thapa as de facto ruler of Nepal, following the assassination of ex-king Rana Bahadur, Anglo-Nepali relations further deteriorated. Having failed to establish their influence by peaceful means, the British now decided to use force by exploiting opportunities provided by some border disputes. Nepal knew well that the mere surrendering of the disputed areas would not solve the problem, for the border dispute was only a pretext on the part of the British to expand their sphere of influence in Nepal. Hence, despite opposition form the military officials, Bhimsen Thapa decided to oppose the British attempt by force.10 On 1 November 1814, Lord Hastings formally declared a war against Nepal, which lasted for about a year and half and was ended by the treaty of Sugauli, after the Nepali force was defeated by the huge British army. Nepal lost one-third of her territory, had to seek permission of the British to employ in her service any British, European, or American subject, and serious of all, had to accept a British Resident at Kathmandu.11 In course of negotiation, Nepal had vehemently opposed the question of posting a British Resident at the Nepali Court. Bhimsen Thapa well realized the meaning of the system of protectorates, initiated by the British in India, which ultimately would lead to the subjugation of his country to the British. The Resident was more a watchdog to expand 8 Ibid., p. 129 9 Bikrama Jit Hasrat, History of Nepal, Punjab: V.V. Research Institute, 1970, p. 216. 10 Henery T. Prinsep, History of the Political and Military Transactions in India During the Administration of the Marques of Hastings, Vol. 1, London: Kinsbury, Parbury and Allen, 1825, pp. 457-61. 11 C.V. Atchkinson, A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Neighbouring Countries, New Delhi: Central Publishing Branch, 1929, pp. 173-75. 8 Voice of History XVII-XX his government's influence in Nepal and less a representative of a friendly country, and an ambitious Resident could find dozens of way in insinuating his influence into the affairs of the court to which he was accredited.12 Bhimsen Thapa had seen how the British Residents played decisive role in the subservience and incorporation of many Indian States into the British Raj, and thus was prepared to surrender some more areas to thwart the British scheme of stationing a representative at the Nepali court. But the British were not prepared to do so and David Ochterlony warned in unequivocal words, ‘either you have a Resident or a war.’13 The British General told the Nepali negotiator that all other points of the treaty were more or less open to subsequent discussion but no compromise would be made on the question of British Resident.14 Perhaps the British were convinced that through their Resident they could check the anti-British activities of the Nepal government, and the Resident also could explore the unknown routes of Nepal and put pressure on the Nepali statesmen to throw open their country for the British traders. Reluctantly the Nepali statesmen accepted the British formula and thus was fulfilled the long cherished ambition of the company's government. But the imposition of the Resident on the unwilling Nepali officials remained the greatest cause of jealousy and discontent of the Nepal government for decades to come, and more than anything else this particular provision of the treaty was nicknamed as dikkat (problem).15 Period of Mutual distrust (1816-46) As noted earlier, the British had imposed a Resident at the Nepali Court in 1801. But it was short lived and, more than that, some restrictions were imposed on the working of the Resident. To quote the relevant portion of the treaty: It is incumbent upon the Vakeels (representatives) of both states that exclusive of the supreme authorities and officers of government, they hold no meetings with any of the subjects or inhabitants of the country without the concurrence of the aforesaid authorities, neither should they carry on any 12 Ludwig F.