ANCIENT NEPAL Journal of the Department of Archaeology Number 152 March 2003 Editorial Board Chief Editor Mrs. Shobha Shrestha Editor Mr. Bishnu Raj Karki Mr. Prakash Darnal Published by His Majesty's Government Ministry of Culture, Tourism & Civil Aviation The Department of Archaeology Kathmandu, Nepal ANCIENT NEPAZ, Number 152 March 2003 Editorial Board Chief Editor Mrs. Shobha Shrestha Editor Mr. Bishnu Raj Karki Mr. Prakash Darnal h-FFftC\ Contents Page Nepal Bhutan Relations ( A Study of its past) -Dr. Sunzarz Dhaka1 Conservation of in-door Archaeological Objects -Om Prakash Yadav To be had of: Sajha Prakashan Pulchok, Lalitpur Price Rs. 501- T' Printed at: MS Offset Press, Balaju, Kathmandu. Nepal, Tel: 353541, 355316 Contribution of original nature dealing with pre-historic and field-archaeology, epigraphy, manuscripts, numismatics, archives, art, anthropology and architecture of Nepal and museum and other techniques connected with various aspects of art work are invited to "Ancient Nepal". The contribution should be concise and well-documented and based on hitherto unpublished data, if not new interpretation of already known evidence. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Editor or The Department of Archaeology. Photographs and illustrations (line drawing) may be sent. The typescript should be in double space and one side of the paper only sent to: The Director General I Department of Archaeology Ramshahpath Nepal - Bhutan Relations (A Study Of Its Past) - Dr. Suman Dhaka1 The two SAARC membercountries, Nepal and the Dukpa sect,arenownedscholarly monk belonging Bhutan, are well known to all as the most beautiful to Ralung Gompa in the Kham province of Tibet. He Himalayan kingdoms situated between India and the left Ralung Gompa and came to then Lho-Mon Tibet China with very potential geopolitical province of modern Bhutan where he is known as importance. Although from the earliest times, Nepal Syawadung Rimpoche Nawang Namgyal. and Bhutan have extremely good relations between Nawang Namgyal, by conquering some them in political, religious and cultural fields, at influential feudals and Lama sects, completed the present there seems a kind of uneasy diplomatic work of unifying Bhutan and established a new type relations between them due to the problem of the of rule based on religion. In this system two types of Nepali origin Bhutanese citizensexiled from Bhutan rulers were appointed to administer the kingdom: and taking refuge in Jhapa and Morang districts of Dharmaraja, the spiritual ruler, and Devraja, the Nepal. Therefore, the study of the changes that have temporal ruler. It is since this time that Bhutan had occurred in these two countries becomes quite political, religious as well as cultural relations with significant to anyone interested in the study of the the Malla Kings of Kathmandu Valley and the relations between these two almost neighboring Gorkhas. Religion, especially Buddhism, also played countries. a significant role in bringing Nepal and Bhutan Nepal has a long history extending more than closer. The religious activities of the then popular 2000 years, though modem Nepal was found just a tantrik Lamas of Bhutan, and the existence of little more than 250 years ago. On the other hand, Swayambhunath in Kathmandu as the Buddhist Bhutan, also primarily divided among small states, educational and cultural center were the two major was unified more than 450 years ago. Nepal was sources of the close friendly ties between these two unified by King Prithivi Narayan Shah, similarly, countries. Soon afterthecompletion of the unification Bhutan was unified by a Lama Nawang Namgyal of of Bhutan by the first Bhutanese King, Bhutan 2 \ Ancient Nepal established close relationship with Gorkha and According to the Bhutanese history, Bhutan had Kathmandu valley of Nepal in 1624125AD. relations with Gorkha even in the reign of the earlier After Nepal-Tibet war in 1855 AD (VS 19 12), Shah Kings- DrabyaShah and PurnaShah. Bhutanese an officer of Bhutanese Dharmaraja, namely Da-Pon sources mention this, but the Nepalese history doesn't. wrote a petition to Prime Minister Jung Bahadur of Bhutan's foreign relations began only after its Nepal. This petition mentions the relations between unification, by Lama Nawang Namgyal in 1616 AD Bhutan and Gorkha since the regime of Ram Shah. even though Gorkha might have relations with the After the Tibet-Nepal war a Bhutanese Lama wrote northern part of it (viIlagesofTibetan origin) through a letter to Kaji of Nepal. In this he mentioned that six gompas and religious sects. Gompas(monasteries)oftheEast, which are presented In 1640AD theBhutaneseDharmaraja,Nawang to him as gift at the time of Ram Shah, were being Namgyal, visited Gorkha when Dambar Shah was in ruined due to confiscation and improper care from power. On his visit, he took some Gorkhali families the Nepalese side. So, he requested the Kaji to help to Bhutan and let them settle among the western hills preserve the religious property set by the ancestors. It and terai. Since then, courtesy visits by every new can be surmised that the Gompas were given to Dharmarajaand Devrajaof Bhutan to Gorkha became Bhutanese by the Gorkhas on variousdates, i.e., since a regular feature. Ram Shah to Krishna Shah and later by Prithivi Again during the reign of Narabhupal Shah (c. Narayan Shah. In total, it isexpected thattheNepalese 1716-1743 AD), some of the gompas and land kings provided the Bhutanese Lamas authority over belonging to the gompas were bestowed upon 12 Ghyangs or Gompas. Dharmaraja. During his reign, beside the cultural and According to the Bhutanese source, the first religious relations, both the countries had political Dharmaraja Syawadung Nawang Namgyal himself ties as well. The Tamrapatra of 174 1 AD, issued to a visited the Kathmandu valley and took with him 401 popular Lama (known as Lhopa Lama) providing 50 Gorkha families to Bhutan. Among them were Nagathali Gompa and a vast tract of land around it, Brahmins, Chhetriyas, Vaishya and Sudras. Bisan supports the Nepal-Bhutan relations.The inscriptions Thapa Magarwas the leaderofthe migrated Gorkhalis mention that prior to this much land and property to Bhutan. Being influenced by the political system were provided to Dharma Lama (Tsyong Lama) as of Gorkha constituted by King Ram Shah, the kusa birta by issuing Tamrapatra. Dharmaraja Nawang Namgyal introduced the same According to the Bhasa Vamsavali, Narabhupal in Bhutan with some necessary changes. The system Shah, being childless, invited Dharmaraja to Nepal of "Mana-panthi" of Gorkha known as "Gorge and with the blessings and ritual and Tantrik Jhappa" among the Dukpa and Pyapsa people of commencement performed by him, he became the Bhutan has been popularized in Bhutan. A system as father of a child, Prithivi Narayan Shah-the founder such is still in existence in Arunanchal. of modern Nepal. This time also Narabhupal Shah As Ram Shah's Political administration issued a Lalmohar in the name of Bhutanese influenced the Bhutanese; the Gorkhalis were also Dharmaraja. This event is popular as a legend among greatly influenced by the Tantrik knowledge of the the Nepalese residents of Bhutan. Lamas of Bhutan. Thus these tworegimes came into Since the reign of Drabya Shah, the Gorkha close contact and established a good relationship. rulers had to face frequent wars with the Barpaki Nepal .. ..... 3 Bhutia rulers at the boundary between these two the visit of Dugpa Lamas to Kathmandu and the states. Bhasa Vamsavali narrates that Ram Shah and renovation of Swayambhu Temple. Moreover, the Narabhupal Shah fought battles with Tibet and the silver coins-tankas-of the Mallas were also in large Gorkha army being victorious over Kyi-Ron went up circulation in Bhutan. From what is mentioned above, to Kukuraghata and thus because of the enmity with we can surmise that during the Malla period, the Tibet, Bhutan might have good relationships with economic ties between the valley of Kathmandu and Gorkha. Bhutan were at their peak. Thus the existence of Bouddha Gompas in the The famous Gopal Raja Vamsavali mentions northern belt of Gorkha, the settlement of Buddhists that Bhutan's relations with Nepal were established of the Tibetan origin, the schooling of Nawang in the beginning of the sixth century AD. However it Namgyal at Swayambhu and the Tibet-Bhutan and is not yet proved. Tibet-Gorkhaenmity brought both Nepal and Bhutan Since the 17th century, the Nepalese artisans into close contact with one another. Besides, the began toenterThimpu and Punakha valley of Bhutan Gorkha rulers were also deeply influenced by the and have worked there since then. During the reign of Tantrik knowledge and commencement of the Devraja Tan-Jin-Kh-Gye (1638-1696 AD) some of Bhutanese Lamas. theGompas in Bhutan were renovated by theNepalese Very similar to Gorkha, Bhutan also had close artisans and decorated them with pieces of art based relationship with the Malla Kings of the valley of on Buddhism. The bronze icons in connection with Kathmandu. Her cultural and religious relationship the ntnhaynna, sculptured by the Nepalese artisans with the valley lasted for a long time. The existence can still be found there in thesegompas. Many artists of Buddhism and the Buddhist culture were the main from the Valley of Kathmandu went to Bhutan and factors for such relationship. Ram Shah, who had resided in the northern part of Thimpu at Bebuna, good relations with Bhutan, was also friendly with near De-Chen. Some of them also settled in Pachu the Malla Kings of the valley, especially that of and Bel-Nang of Thimpu Valley recently known as Patan. As a result of the friendship with Gorkha, the Bal-Po, the name for Nepal in the Tibetan language. Bhutanese got the opportunity of making close From this fact, we can estimate that the places contacts with the artisans of Patan.