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The Journal of Phytopharmacology (Pharmacognosy and Phytomedicine Research) Taxonomy, phytochemical composition and pharmacological prospectus of Ficus religiosa linn. (Moraceae) A review
Chitra Gupta *1 , Shipra Singh 1
1. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, india 243006 [Email: [email protected]]
Abstract: Ficus religiosa Linn is a large perennial tree found throughout India. It is used traditionally in the treatment of asthma, diabetes, epilepsy, cancer, hyperlipidemia, inflammatory disorders, and infectious disorders. The present work is an attempt to compile an up to date and comprehensive review of F. religiosa that covers its Taxonomy, phytochemistry and pharmacological study.
Keywords: Ficus religiosa, pharmacological activities, Antibacterial, antidiabetic, antiulcer.
Introduction: Plants have played a The history of herbal medicine is as old as human civilization. 1,2 There are more than significant role in maintaining human health 800 species and 2000 varieties of Ficus and improving the quality of human life for genus, most of which are native to old world thousands of years and have served humans tropics. Ficus benghalensis (Banyan tree), well as valuable components of medicines, FicusReligiosa (Pipal tree) and Ficus carica seasonings, beverages, cosmetics and dyes. (Anjir tree) are some of the commonly Herbal medicine is based on the premise that occurring trees of this genus belonging to plants contain natural substances that can family Moraceae. 3, 4, 5 promote health and alleviate illness.
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Ficus religiosa Linn (Moraceae) commonly known as ‘Peepal tree’ is a large widely Domain Eukaryota branched tree with leathery, heart shaped Kingdom Plantae long tipped leaves on long slender petioles Subkingdom Viridaeplantae and purple fruits growing in pairs. The tree Phylum Tracheophyta is regarded as a sacred tree to both Hindus Subphylum Euphyllophytina as well as Buddhists. 6 It found throughout Class Magnoliopsida the plains of India upto 170m altitude in the Subclass Dilleniidae Himalayas, largely planted as an avenue and Order Urticales roadside tree especially near temples. 7 It is 14 Family Moraceae the oldest portrayed tree in India. The plants have been used in traditional Indian Tribe Ficeae medicine for various ranges of ailments. Genus Ficus Traditionally the bark is used as an Specific epithet Religiosa Linnaeus antibacterial, antiprotozoal, antiviral, Botanical name Ficus religiosa astringent, antidiarrhoeal, in the treatment of gonorrhea, ulcers, and the leaves used for VERNACULAR NAMES: skin diseases. The leaves reported Vernacular name of the plant is given in antivenom activity and regulates the table no. 2 menstrual cycle. 8, 9 It also has been used in Hindi Pipal, Pipala the treatment of various diseases such as English Pipal tree cancer, inflammation, or infectious diseases Sanskrit Pippala and high fever. 10 Fruits are used as laxatives, Assamese Ahant latex is used as a tonic, and fruit powder is Bengali Asvattha, Ashud, used to treat asthma. 11, 12, 13 Ashvattha BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION: Gujrati Piplo, Jari, Piparo, Pipalo TAXONOMY: Kannada Arlo, Ranji, Basri, Taxonomy of the plant is given in table no.1 Ashvatthanara,
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Ashwatha MICROSCOPY: Kashmiri Bad Leaves that are dark green in color 10– Malayalam Arayal 18×7.5–10 cm, ovate rotund, narrow upward Marathi Pipal, Pimpal, Pippal Oriya Aswatha and the apex produces into a linear Punjabi Pipal, Pippal lanceolate tail about half of the main portion Tamil Ashwarthan, of the blade, base broadly cuneate to Arasamaram, Arasan, cordate, margin entire or undulate; Arasu, Arara secondary veins five to seven on each side Telugu Ravichettu of the midvein, lateral veins eight pair with finely reticulate venation petioles 7.5–10cm long, slender; stipules minute ovate, acute. Morphology: Figs axillary on leafy branchlets, paired or
F. religiosa is a large, deciduous tree up to solitary, red when mature, globose to 35min height. It has a heart shaped leaves. It depressed globose, 1–1.5cm in diameter, shed its leaves in the month of March and smooth; peduncle 4–5mm; involucral bracts April. The purple fruits of the Peepal are ovate. Male, gall (sterile female) and female hidden with the figs. It is one of the longest flowers occur within the same fig. Male living trees. 15, 16 The bark is flat or slightly flowers: few, near apical pore, sessile; calyx curved, varying from 5 to 8 mm in 2–3 lobed, margin revolute; stamen 1; thickness, outer surface is grey or ash with filament short. Gall flowers: pedicellate; thin or membranous flakes and is often calyx 3–4 lobed; ovary globose, smooth; covered with crustose lichen brown or ash style short; stigma enlarged, 2 lobed. coloured, surface has shallow irregular Female flowers: sessile; calyx 4 lobed, vertical fissures and uneven due to broadly lanceolate; ovary globose, smooth; 19, 20, 21 exfoliation of cork, inner surface smooth, style thin; stigma narrow. The bark yellowish to orange brown and fibrous. 17, 18 (Fig. 1F) is flat or slightly curved with thin or membranous flakes, often covered with crustose lichen patches. The outer bark is
grayish or ash colored, exfoliated with Volume 1 Issue 1 2012 | THE JOURNAL OF PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 59
Chitra et. al. www.phytopharmajournal.com irregular rounded flakes of 2–2.5cm Asparagine and tyrosine are the most thickness. 22 abundant amino acids of the fruit pulp of F. religiosa. 28 F. religiosa fruits contain a PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: considerable amount of flavonoids namely Preliminary phytochemical screening of F. kaempeferol, quercetin, and myricetin and religiosa barks, showed the presence other phenolic components. 27 tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, Constituents of the leaves: terpenoids and cardiac glycosides. 29, 30 Leaves yield campestrol, stigmasterol, Constituents of the bark: isofucosterol, α amyrin, lupeol, tannic acid, Phytosterols like, lanosterol, β sitosteryl D arginine, serine, aspartic acid, glycine, glucoside, bergapten, bergaptol and threonine, alanine, proline, tryptophan, stigmasterol have been isolated from the tryosine, methionine, valine, isoleucine, petroleum ether and alcoholic extracts of the leucine, nnonacosane, n hentricontanen, bark of F. religiosa (Figure: 1). 23, 24, 25 The hexa cosanol and n octacosan. 32 34 bark of F. religiosa comprises around 8.7% Constituents of the seeds: of total tannin content. 26 Phenolic components, acid detergent fiber (ADF), The seeds contain phytosterolin, β sitosterol, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent and its glycoside, albuminoids, lignin (ADL) and saponins have been carbohydrate, fatty matter, coloring matter, identified in the inner bark of F. religiosa. 27 caoutchoue 0.7–5.1%. 32 34 The bark also contains tannin, wax, saponin,
leucocyanidin 3 0 β D glucopyrancoside, leucopelargonidin 3 0 β Dglucopyranoside, leucopelargonidin 3 0 α L
rhamnopyranoside, lupeol, ceryl behenate, lupeol acetate, α amyrin acetate, leucoanthocyanidin and leucoanthocyanin. 31
Constituents of the fruits:
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Figure: 1 Structure of the Phytoconstituents
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PHARMACOLOGY: most pronounced hypocholesterolemic effect that appeared to operate through Hypoglycemic activity increased fecal excretion of cholesterol as Oral administration of F. religiosa bark well as bile acids. Dietary hemicellulose extract at the doses of 25, 50, and 100mg/kg showed a significant negative correlation was studied in normal, glucose loaded, and with serum and liver cholesterol and a STZ (streptozotocin) diabetic rats. The three significant positive correlation with fecal doses of bark extract produced significant bile acids. The dietary fiber influenced total reduction in blood glucose levels in all the lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, and models. The effect was more pronounced in phospholipids of the liver to varying 50 and 10mg/kg than 25mg/kg. F. religiosa extents. 36 also showed significant increase in serum Anti-inflammatory and analgesic insulin, body weight, and glycogen content activities: in liver and skeletal muscle of STZ induced diabetic rats, while there was significant The anti inflammatory and analgesic effect reduction in the levels of serum triglyceride of the stem bark methanolic extract of F. and total cholesterol. F. religiosa also religiosa studied by Sreelekshmi et al. Anti showed significant antilipid peroxidative inflammatory activity was evaluated using effect in the pancreas of STZ induced carrageenan induced paw edema and diabetic rats. The results indicate that analgesic activity by acetic acid induced aqueous extract of F. religiosa bark writhing test. Treatment with the extract possesses significant antidiabetic activity. 35 (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg; p.o.) decreased the paw volume and number of writhings in Hypolipidemic activity: carrageenan induced paw edema and acetic Dietary fiber content of food namely acid induced writhing test, respectively. peepalbanti (F. religiosa), cellulose, and Anti inflammatory and analgesic effect of lignin were predominating constituents in the extract at 250 mg/kg dose was found to peepalbanti, fed at 10% dietary level to rats, be equipotent to indomethacin (5 mg/kg) induced a greater resistance to and aspirin (100 mg/kg). 37 hyperlipidemia than cellulose. Teent had the
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In another investigation, the anti aeruginosa, P. mirabilis, Staphylococcus inflammatory effect of the aqueous bark aureus, B. cereus, Alcaligenes faecalis and extract was investigated in acute and chronic Salmonella typhimurium. The aqueous models of inflammation. Carrageenan extract showed a weak antibacterial activity induced paw edema test served as acute, and against B. cereus. The ethanolic extract was cotton pellet induced granuloma test as found to be ineffective against P. chronic inflammation model. Treatment aeruginosa, but inhibited the growth of all with the extract at 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg other tested strains. 39 doses decreased the paw volume in Investigated the antibacterial effect of the carrageenan test, and at 50, 100 and 200 ethanolic leaf extract of F. religiosa along mg/kg prevented the increase in weight of with 65 other Indian medicinal herbs against granulomatous tissue in cotton pellet test. 38 nine bacterial strains was done by Aqil and Antimicrobial and antiviral activities: Ahmad. The leaf extract inhibited the growth of six bacterial strains. 40 The antibacterial effect of the aqueous and ethanolic bark extracts of F. religiosa against The antibacterial effect of the aqueous, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas ethanolic and methanolic leaf extracts of F. testosteroni, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus religiosa was investigated against Bacillus vulgaris, Enterobacter aerogenes, subtilis, P. aeruginosa, E. coli and Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella typhi. The aqueous extract Staphylococcus epidermidis, B. cereus, showed maximum activity followed by Streptococcus fecalis, Streptococcus methanolic and ethanolic extracts . 41 cremoris and Streptococcus agalactiae In an in vitro study, the ethanolic, studied by Nair and Chanda. The aqueous methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of F. extract was found to be ineffective, while religiosa exhibited inhibitory effect on the ethanolic extract inhibited the growth of methanogensis caused by methanogens two tested bacterial strains. Another study (methane producing microorganisms). 42 The by the same research group reinvestigated extracts of F. religiosa has also been found the antibacterial effect of the aqueous and to be effective against oral bacteria. 43 ethanolic bark extracts against P.
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Wound healing activity: pretreated with the leaf extract 30 min prior to PTZ (60 mg/kg; i.p.) exhibited 80–100% Wound healing activity of the hydro seizures protection. 47 alcoholic leaf extract of F. religiosa has been investigated in rats. Leaf powder was Antioxidant activity: extracted with 70% hydro alcoholic solvent, The antioxidant activity of the aqueous dried under reduced pressure to get a extract of F. religiosa was investigated in semisolid extract (yield 32.5%, w/w). streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Since Phytochemical screening showed the the oxidative stress is the major cause and presence of glycosides and tannins in the consequence of type 2 diabetes. 48 extract. The activity of the extract was determined using excision and incision rat Investigation of the in vitro antioxidant wound models. Treatment with 5 and 10% effect of the ethylacetate root extract of F. extract ointment promoted the healing of religiosa using diphenylpicryl hydrazyl wound in a dose dependent manner, (DPPH) radical scavenging, hydroxyl indicated by increased rate of wound radical scavenging, reducing capacity and contraction, decrease in the period for hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay was epithelialisation and high skin breaking done by Sharma and Gupta. The extract strength. 44 A similar study proving the showed reducing potential, scavenged wound healing effect of the hydro alcoholic DPPH radical (87.61%) at 250g/ml and leaf extract has also been reported. 45 The hydrogen peroxide (70.25%) at 1000g/ml. 49 stem bark of F. religiosa has been evaluated Antiasthmatic activity: for its wound healing activity in combination with other herbs as a The alcoholic bark extract at 300, 375, 450 polyherbal formulation. 46 mg/kg; i.p. and 75 mg/kg; i.v. doses inhibited the experimental asthma induced Anticonvulsant activity: by 5% acetylcholine aerosol in guinea pig. The effect of F. religiosa leaves was The extract treatment also prevented the investigated in the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) asthma induced by 1.5% histamine aerosol induced convulsion model. The animals at a dose of 450 mg/kg; i.p. The extract
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Chitra et. al. www.phytopharmajournal.com exhibited more pronounced effect against Powdered bark 1–3 g or its liquid extract asthma induced by acetylcholine as 60–120ml of F. religiosa exhibited antitumor compared to histamine, suggesting strong activity. 53 involvement of parasympatholytic and weak Anti-acetylcholinestrase activity: antihistaminic mechanisms. Moreover the bark extract showed relaxation of the Methanolic extract of the stem bark of F. bronchial muscles of dog when injected at religiosa found to inhibit the 35–70 mg/kg; i.v. dose. The study proved acetylcholinestrase enzyme, thereby the bronchodilatory effect of the bark and prolonging the half life of acetylcholine. It validated its traditional use in asthma. 50 was reported that most accepted strategies in alzheimer’s diseases treatment is the use of Immunomodulatory activity: cholinesterase inhibitors. The calculated The immunomodulatory effect of alcoholic 50% inhibitory dose (ID50) value was extract of the bark of F. religiosa (moraceae) 73.69µg/ml respectively. The results was investigated in mice. The study was confirm and justify the popular traditional carried out by various hematological and use of this plant for the treatment of serological tests. Administration of extract alzheimer’s disease. 54 remarkably ameliorated both cellular and CONCLUSION: humoral antibody response. It is concluded that the extract possessed promising The present review describes the immunostimulant properties. 51 morphological, phytochemical and pharmacology aspects of Ficus Religiosa Anti-ulcer activity: (Moraceae). F. religiosa is a good source of The anti ulcer activity was investigated traditional medicine for the treatment of using ethanol extract of stem bark of F. asthma, diabetes, epilepsy, cancer, religiosa against in vivo indomethacin and hyperlipidemia, inflammatory disorders, cold restrained stress induced gastric ulcer, infectious disorders etc. Most of the and pylorus ligation assays. 52 mentioned pharmacological studies were aimed on validating its traditional uses. The Anticancer activity: medicinal value of this plant in the treatment
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