DOCSLIB.ORG

How to Look at Figs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

How to Look at Figs Species name: __________________________________________ Growth habit: tree or shrub or climbing vine Stems: Pith hollow or pith solid Young twigs: hairy or hairless Roots: aerial roots present buttress roots present Leaves Leaf blade shape: or draw shape: Leaf margin: lobed or entire (smooth margins) Leaf tips: long and tapering (acute, with a drip tip) or blunt (obtuse) Leaf base: tapering to petiole or truncate symmetrical or asymmetrical Stipules: stipule or terminal bud length: ________ stipules fused into 1 or two stipules per node Leaf venation: 1 main vein or several veins from the base side veins few or side veins many Venation angle: parallel or acute or obtuse Leaf hairs: leaves hairless (glabrous) or covered with fne hairs Leaf hair color: golden white yellow other: ________ Figs cauliforous fgs present on woody stems or found in axils of leaves fgs single or paired sessile or stalked Fig diameter:____________ Fig color:____________ Fig hairs: leaves hairless (glabrous) or covered with fne hairs Fig hair color: golden white yellow other: ________ Fig surface: smooth hairy (pubescent) ribbed fecks of white bracts present on body or base of fgs Fig internal surface: size:____________ color: ____________ Other Notable Features: Characteristics and Taxonomy of Ficus Family: Moraceae Genus Ficus = ~850 species Original publication: Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 1059. 1753 Subgenera and examples of commonly grown species: Subgenus Ficus (~350 species) Africa, Asia, Australasia, Mediterranean Mostly gynodioecious, no bracts among the fowers, free standing trees and shrubs, cauliforous or not, pollination passive Ficus carica L. – common fg Ficus deltoidea Jack – mistletoe fg Subgenus Sycidium (~100 species) Africa, Asia, Australasia Mostly gynodioecious, no bracts among the fowers, free standing trees and shrubs, cauliforous or not, pollination passive Ficus coronata Spin - creek sandpaper fg Ficus fraseri Miq. - shiny sandpaper fg Ficus montana Burm.f. – oakleaf fg Ficus opposita Miq. – sweet sandpaper fg Ficus tinctoria G.Forst. – dye fg Subgenus Sycomorus (~15 species) Africa Mostly gynodioecious, no bracts among the fowers, free standing trees and shrubs, cauliforous or not, pollination passive Ficus auriculata Lour. – Roxburgh fg Ficus dammaropsis Diels – highland breadfruit, kapiak Ficus racemosa L. – cluster fg Ficus pumila L. – creeping fg Subgenus Urostigma (~250 species) Americas, Africa, Asia, Australasia, Mediterranean Monoecious, bracts among the fowers, hemiepiphyte habit, rarely cauliforous, pollination active Ficus aurea Nutt. - Florida strangler fg Ficus benghalensis L. – Indian banyan Ficus benjamina L. – weeping fg Ficus citrifolia Mill. – short-leaved fg Ficus elastica Hornem. - Indian rubber plant Ficus lyrata Warb. – fddle-leaved fg Ficus maclellandii King – Alii fg Ficus macrophylla Desf. ex Pers. – Moreton Bay fg Ficus microcarpa L. – Indian laurel fg Ficus petiolaris Kunth Ficus religiosa L. – sacred fg Ficus rubiginosa Desf. – rusty leaf fg Ficus sycomorus Miq. – sycamore fg Ficus virens Aiton – white fg Ficus watkinsiana F.M.Bailey – Watkins's fg Te classifcation and distribution of Ficus L. according to Corner (1965) and summarized by Berg (1989). Te arrangement of sections within subgenera is alphabetical. CORNER, E. J. H. 1965. Check-list of Ficus in Asia and Australasia with keys to identifcation. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 21: 1–186 BERG, C. C. 1989. Classifcation and distribution of Ficus. Experientia 45: 605–611. Key to California’s Commonly Cultivated Fig Trees 1. Plant a climbing vine, ofen on walls—Creeping Fig (Ficus pumila) 1’ Plant a tree or large shrub, usually free standing 2. Young stems hollow, with little or no pith—Roxburgh Fig (Ficus auriculata) 2’ Young stems with a solid pith 3. Leaves 3- to 5-lobed, deciduous, with 3 main veins from the leaf base— Edible Fig (Ficus carica) 3’ Leaves not lobed, evergreen, with 1 main vein 4. Mature expanded leaves 4.5 inches wide or wider, two stipules (sheaths) covering terminal bud united and falling as a single unit, stipules variously colored but ofen reddish—Rubber Tree (Ficus elastica) 4’ Mature expanded leaves less than 4 inches wide, two stipule sheathes falling separately 5. Leaves covered with fne rust-colored hairs (at least when young) 6. Mature trees with large buttress roots; leaves 2.5 to 4 inches wide, fgs 3/4 to 1 inch wide—Moreton Bay Fig (Ficus macrophylla) 6’ Mature trees without large buttress roots, leaves 1.5 to 2.5 inches wide, fgs 1/4 to 1/2 inch wide—Rusty Leaf Fig (Ficus rubiginosa) 5’ Leaves hairless 7. Leaf blade edge fat, tip pointed but without a long tip; veins conspicuous, usually <10 pairs of lateral veins; fgs turning purple or blackish—Indian Laurel Fig (Ficus microcarpa) 7’ Leaf blade edge wavy, tip long and tapering; veins inconspicuous, numerous; fgs turning orange to yellow or red—Weeping Fig (Ficus benjamina) Other fgs grown as houseplants or occasionally outdoors in California See Key to California’s Occasionally Cultivated Figs by Don Hodel on backside Rock Fig (Ficus petiolaris) Sycamore Fig (Ficus sycomorus) Alli Fig (Ficus maclellandii) Fiddle-leaf Fig (Ficus lyrata) Peepul Tree (Ficus religiosa) Mysore Fig (Ficus drupacea) Indian Banyan (Ficus benghalensis) Highland Breadfruit (Ficus dammaropsis) Giant Leaved Fig (Ficus lutea) Watkins' Fig (Ficus watkinsiana) Key to California’s Occasionally Cultivated Figs by Don Hodel 1. Leaf blades fddle-shaped—Fiddle-leaf Fig (Ficus lyrata) 1’ Leaf blades not fddle-shaped 2. Leaf blades with a long (longer than the leaf is wide) tip at the apex—Peepul Tree (Ficus religiosa) 2’ Leaf blades without a long tip 3. Leaf blades heart-shaped, veins pinkish—Rock Fig (Ficus petiolaris) 3’ Leaf blades not heart-shaped, veins not pinkish 4. Leaf blades large, 16-35 inches long; fgs covered with large, conspicuous bracts—Highland Breadfruit (Ficus dammaropsis) 4’ Leaf blades smaller, less than 15 inches long; fgs not covered with conspicuous bracts 5. Leaf blades with small teeth, especially toward apex; fgs tomato-shaped—Roxburgh’s Fig (Ficus auriculata) 5’ Leaf blades not toothed; fgs variously shaped 6. Leaf blades with 8 or fewer pairs of lateral veins 7. Bark yellowish; fgs borne on short, leafess stems from trunk and main branches—Sycamore Fig (Ficus sycomorus) 7’ Bark gray or tan; fgs borne in leaf axils 8. Leaf blades broadest from mid-blade toward apex, with 6-8 pairs of lateral veins, these and midrib prominent, typically yellowish or cream colored— Giant Leaved Fig (Ficus lutea) 8’ Leaf blades broadest near base, with 5-6 pairs of lateral veins, these and midrib whitish—Indian Banyan (Ficus benghalensis) 6’ Leaf blades with 9 or more pairs of lateral veins 9. Stipules 1.5-2.5 inches long; fgs with prominent “nipple” at apex—Watkin’s Fig (Ficus watkinsiana) 9’ Stipules 0.4-0.8 inch long; wigs without prominent “nipple” at apex 10. Leaf blades spearhead-shaped; stipules 0.4 inch long; fgs globose, 0.3 inch long—Alii Fig (Ficus maclellandii) 10’ Leaf blades egg-shaped; stipules 0.8 inch long; fgs ellipsoid, 1-1.5 inches long—Mysore Fig (Ficus drupacea) .
Recommended publications
  • Particulars of Some Temples of Kerala Contents Particulars of Some

    Particulars of Some Temples of Kerala Contents Particulars of Some

    Particulars of some temples of Kerala Contents Particulars of some temples of Kerala .............................................. 1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 9 Temples of Kerala ................................................................................. 10 Temples of Kerala- an over view .................................................... 16 1. Achan Koil Dharma Sastha ...................................................... 23 2. Alathiyur Perumthiri(Hanuman) koil ................................. 24 3. Randu Moorthi temple of Alathur......................................... 27 4. Ambalappuzha Krishnan temple ........................................... 28 5. Amedha Saptha Mathruka Temple ....................................... 31 6. Ananteswar temple of Manjeswar ........................................ 35 7. Anchumana temple , Padivattam, Edapalli....................... 36 8. Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple ......................................... 38 9. Arathil Bhagawathi temple ..................................................... 41 10. Arpuda Narayana temple, Thirukodithaanam ................. 45 11. Aryankavu Dharma Sastha ...................................................... 47 12. Athingal Bhairavi temple ......................................................... 48 13. Attukkal BHagawathy Kshethram, Trivandrum ............. 50 14. Ayilur Akhileswaran (Shiva) and Sri Krishna temples ...........................................................................................................
  • SACRED SPACES and OBJECTS: the VISUAL, MATERIAL, and TANGIBLE George Pati

    SACRED SPACES and OBJECTS: the VISUAL, MATERIAL, and TANGIBLE George Pati

    SACRED SPACES AND OBJECTS: THE VISUAL, MATERIAL, AND TANGIBLE George Pati BRAUER MUSEUM OF ART | APRIL 13 — MAY 8, 2016 WE AT THE BRAUER MUSEUM are grateful for the opportunity to present this exhibition curated by George Pati, Ph.D., Surjit S. Patheja Chair in World Religions and Ethics and Valparaiso University associate professor of theology and international studies. Through this exhibition, Professor Pati shares the fruits of his research conducted during his recent sabbatical and in addition provides valuable insights into sacred objects, sites, and practices in India. Professor Pati’s photographs document specific places but also reflect a creative eye at work; as an artist, his documents are also celebrations of the particular spaces that inspire him and capture his imagination. Accompanying the images in the exhibition are beautiful textiles and objects of metalware that transform the gallery into its own sacred space, with respectful and reverent viewing becoming its own ritual that could lead to a fuller understanding of the concepts Pati brings to our attention. Professor Pati and the Brauer staff wish to thank the Surjit S. Patheja Chair in World Religions and Ethics and the Partners for the Brauer Museum of Art for support of this exhibition. In addition, we wish to thank Gretchen Buggeln and David Morgan for the insights and perspectives they provide in their responses to Pati's essay and photographs. Gregg Hertzlieb, Director/Curator Brauer Museum of Art 2 | BRAUER MUSEUM OF ART SACRED SPACES AND OBJECTS: THE VISUAL, MATERIAL, AND TANGIBLE George Pati George Pati, Ph.D., Valparaiso University Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad 6:23 Only in a man who has utmost devotion for God, and who shows the same devotion for teacher as for God, These teachings by the noble one will be illuminating.
  • Feeding Damage of the Introduced Leafhopper Sophonia Rufofascia (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) to Plants in Forests and Watersheds of the Hawaiian Islands

    Feeding Damage of the Introduced Leafhopper Sophonia Rufofascia (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) to Plants in Forests and Watersheds of the Hawaiian Islands

    POPULATION AND COMMUNITY ECOLOGY Feeding Damage of the Introduced Leafhopper Sophonia rufofascia (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) to Plants in Forests and Watersheds of the Hawaiian Islands VINCENT P. JONES, PUANANI ANDERSON-WONG, PETER A. FOLLETT,1 PINGJUN YANG, 2 3 DAPHNE M. WESTCOT, JOHN S. HU, AND DIANE E. ULLMAN Department of Entomology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822 Environ. Entomol. 29(2): 171Ð180 (2000) ABSTRACT Experiments were performed to determine the role of the leafhopper Sophonia rufofascia (Kuoh & Kuoh) in damage observed on forest and watershed plants in the Hawaiian Islands. Laboratory manipulation of leafhopper populations on Þddlewood, Citharexylum spinosum L., caused interveinal chlorosis and vein browning on young fully expanded leaves similar to that observed on leafhopper infested plants seen in the Þeld and necrosis on older leaves. Field studies with caged “uluhe” fern, Dicranopteris linearis (Burman), demonstrated that frond veins turned brown within2dofleafhopper feeding; and by 141 d after feeding, an average of 85% of the surface area of the fronds were necrotic compared with only 12% necrosis in untreated cages. Field trials with stump-cut Þretree, Myrica faya Aiton, were performed to determine the effect of leafhopper feeding on new growth. Our studies showed that the new growth in exclusion cages had signiÞcantly greater stem length and diameter, a higher number of nodes, fewer damaged leaves, and almost twice as much leaf area compared with plants caged but with the sides left open to permit leafhopper access. Microscopic examination of sections through damaged areas of several leafhopper host plants showed vascular bundle abnormalities similar to those associated with hopperburn caused by potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), feeding on alfalfa.
  • In the Hindu Temples of Kerala Gilles Tarabout

    In the Hindu Temples of Kerala Gilles Tarabout

    Spots of Wilderness. ’Nature’ in the Hindu Temples of Kerala Gilles Tarabout To cite this version: Gilles Tarabout. Spots of Wilderness. ’Nature’ in the Hindu Temples of Kerala. Rivista degli Studi Orientali, Fabrizio Serra editore, 2015, The Human Person and Nature in Classical and Modern India, eds. R. Torella & G. Milanetti, Supplemento n°2 alla Rivista Degli Studi Orientali, n.s., vol. LXXXVIII, pp.23-43. hal-01306640 HAL Id: hal-01306640 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01306640 Submitted on 25 Apr 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Published in Supplemento n°2 alla Rivista Degli Studi Orientali, n.s., vol. LXXXVIII, 2015 (‘The Human Person and Nature in Classical and Modern India’, R. Torella & G. Milanetti, eds.), pp.23-43; in the publication the photos are in B & W. /p. 23/ Spots of Wilderness. ‘Nature’ in the Hindu Temples of Kerala Gilles Tarabout CNRS, Laboratoire d’Ethnologie et de Sociologie Comparative Many Hindu temples in Kerala are called ‘groves’ (kāvu), and encapsulate an effective grove – a small spot where shrubs and trees are said to grow ‘wildly’. There live numerous divine entities, serpent gods and other ambivalent deities or ghosts, subordinated to the presiding god/goddess of the temple installed in the main shrine.
  • Botanical Briefs: the Fig—Ficus Carica L

    Botanical Briefs: the Fig—Ficus Carica L

    Close Encounters With the Environment Botanical Briefs: The Fig—Ficus carica L. Thomas W. McGovern, MD Clinical Importance Figs can cause irritant reactions with erythema, ulceration, or bullae; phototoxic reactions with bullae and hyperpigmentation sometimes followed by depigmentation and keloids; and chronic eczema with paronychia.1 These dermatoses occur in those who cultivate, gather, pack, or consume figs. The ability of fig plant extracts to stimulate pigmentation in vitiligo patients has been known for almost 2000 years,1 and in India fig extracts are used to treat eczema and psoriasis.2 In addition, the latex has been used as a treatment for warts.3 Family The family Moraceae (the mulberry family) contains 53 genera with about 1400 species, approximately 800 of which are in the genus Ficus. Family members include trees, shrubs, lianes, and herbs that usually have lacticifers with a milky latex.3 Distribution of Plant Ficus carica is probably a native of southwest Asia that rapidly spread to the Mediterranean region, where it was cultivated in Egypt at least 6000 years ago. Today the fig is cultivated mainly in temperate climates throughout the world but also thrives in tropical and subtropical regions. Ficus carica can grow among rocks, in woods, and in hot, dry soils. The first figs in the New World were planted in Figure 1. A young tree of Ficus carica L. about 3-feet Mexico in 1560. In 1669, Europeans sent figs to tall. Note the palmate leaves with “fingers” radiating as Virginia; they were brought to California in 1769. from the palm of a hand.
  • TML Propagation Protocols

    TML Propagation Protocols

    PROPAGATION PROTOCOLS This document is intended as a guide for Tamborine Mountain Landcare members who wish to assist our regeneration projects by growing some of the plants needed. It is a work in progress so if you have anything to add to the protocols – for example a different but successful way of propagating and growing a particular plant – then please give it to Julie Lake so she can add it to the document. The idea is that our shared knowledge and experience can become a valuable part of TML's intellectual property as well as a useful source of knowledge for members. As there are many hundreds of plants native to Tamborine Mountain, the protocols list will take a long time to complete, with growing information for each plant added alphabetically as time permits. While the list is being compiled by those members with competence in this field, any TML member with a query about propagating a particular plant can post it on the website for other me mb e r s to answer. To date, only protocols for trees and shrubs have been compiled. Vines and ferns will be added later. Fruiting times given are usual for the species but many rainforest plants flower and fruit opportunistically, according to weather and other conditions unknown to us, thus fruit can be produced at any time of year. Finally, if anyone would like a copy of the protocols, contact Julie on [email protected] and she’ll send you one. ………………….. Growing from seed This is the best method for most plants destined for regeneration projects for it is usually fast, easy and ensures genetic diversity in the regenerated landscape.
  • Lista Plantas, Reserva

    Lista Plantas, Reserva

    Lista de Plantas, Reserva, Jardín Botanico de Vallarta - Plant List, Preserve, Vallarta Botanical Garden [2019] P 1 de(of) 5 Familia Nombre Científico Autoridad Hábito IUCN Nativo Invasor Family Scientific Name Authority Habit IUCN Native Invasive 1 ACANTHACEAE Dicliptera monancistra Will. H 2 Henrya insularis Nees ex Benth. H NE Nat. LC 3 Ruellia stemonacanthoides (Oersted) Hemsley H NE Nat. LC 4 Aphelandra madrensis Lindau a NE Nat+EMEX LC 5 Ruellia blechum L. H NE Nat. LC 6 Elytraria imbricata (Vahl) Pers H NE Nat. LC 7 AGAVACEAE Agave rhodacantha Trel. Suc NE Nat+EMEX LC 8 Agave vivipara vivipara L. Suc NE Nat. LC 9 AMARANTHACEAE Iresine nigra Uline & Bray a NE Nat. LC 10 Gomphrena nitida Rothr a NE Nat. LC 11 ANACARDIACEAE Astronium graveolens Jacq. A NE Nat. LC 12 Comocladia macrophylla (Hook. & Arn.) L. Riley A NE Nat. LC 13 Amphipterygium adstringens (Schlecht.) Schiede ex Standl. A NE Nat+EMEX LC 14 ANNONACEAE Oxandra lanceolata (Sw.) Baill. A NE Nat. LC 15 Annona glabra L. A NE Nat. LC 16 ARACEAE Anthurium halmoorei Croat. H ep NE Nat+EMEX LC 17 Philodendron hederaceum K. Koch & Sello V NE Nat. LC 18 Syngonium neglectum Schott V NE Nat+EMEX LC 19 ARALIACEAE Dendropanax arboreus (l.) Decne. & Planchon A NE Nat. LC 20 Oreopanax peltatus Lind. Ex Regel A VU Nat. LC 21 ARECACEAE Chamaedorea pochutlensis Liebm a LC Nat+EMEX LC 22 Cryosophila nana (Kunth) Blume A NT Nat+EJAL LC 23 Attalea cohune Martius A NE Nat. LC 24 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Aristolochia taliscana Hook. & Aarn. V NE Nat+EMEX LC 25 Aristolochia carterae Pfeifer V NE Nat+EMEX LC 26 ASTERACEAE Ageratum corymbosum Zuccagni ex Pers.
  • An Ancient Technique for Ripening Sycomore Fruit in East.Mediterranean Countries

    An Ancient Technique for Ripening Sycomore Fruit in East.Mediterranean Countries

    An Ancient Technique for Ripening Sycomore Fruit in East.Mediterranean Countries J. GALIL 1 Introduction was always very short on trees, the wood of Sycomore trees (Ficus sycomor~s L.) are the sycomore was highly valued. The ancient widespread in the Near East, in Egypt, Egyptians used it to make a wide assortment Israel, Lebanon and Cyprus. They grow of household utensils and factory imple- chiefly in plains and along rivers, where the ments, houses, all kinds of boxes and espe- soil renmins humid even during the hot and cially coffins (23). Figuratively speaking dry s']mmer. They are tall trees with a broad and from the standpoint of construction crown and spreading branches, standing out timber, the ancient Egyptian civilization conspicuously from other plants. may be said to have been firmly based on the Sycomores originate fro.m the savannas of sycomore tree (17). Although the taste of eastern Central Africa and from Yemen, sycomore fruit is not superlative, in Egypt where they grow spontaneously and repro- it has been held in high esteem since earliest duce by seeds. The flowers are pollinated times. regularly by the small chalcidoid wasp Cera- The Egyptians of old expressed their tosolen arab@us Mayr. affection and appreciation for the sycomore It is not known how the sycomore was in many ways. It was held sacred to various introduced into the Near East. Perhaps deities, especially to Iiathor, the goddess of seeds or branches were swept with the Nile love. Representations of the tree and its flood, or man may have brought it along fruit are to be found on bas-reliefs and from the south (20).
  • Paperbark Park Bramston Beach

    Paperbark Park Bramston Beach

    PAPERBARK PARK BRAMSTON BEACH Paperbark Park Bramston Beach This list contains plants observed during a visit 1st November 2020 by a combined outing of the Tablelands, Innisfail and the Cairns Branches of the Society for Growing Australian Plants, Queensland Region to Bramston Beach. Names used for family, genera and species are generally in accordance with the Census of the Queensland Flora 2020 by the Queensland Herbarium, Brisbane. * Introduced naturalised exotic species not native to Australia C3 Class 3 weed FERNS & ALLIES Aspleniaceae Asplenium nidus Birds Nest Fern Nephrolepidaceae Nephrolepis obliterata Polypodiaceae Drynaria rigidula Basket Fern Platycerium hillii Northern Elkhorn Fern Pyrrosia longifolia GYMNOSPERMS Podocarpaceae Podocarpus grayae Weeping Brown Pine FLOWERING PLANTS-BASAL GROUP Annonaceae *C3 Annona glabra Pond Apple Polyalthia nitidissima Canary Beech Lauraceae Beilschmiedia obtusifolia Blush Walnut; Hard Cassytha filiformis Dodder Laurel Cryptocarya hypospodia Northern Laurel Litsea fawcettiana Bollywood Monimiaceae Wilkiea pubescens Tetra Beech FLOWERING PLANTS-MONOCOTYLEDONS Arecaceae * Cocos nucifera Coconut Commelinaceae Commelina ensifolia Sailor's Purse; Scurvy Cyperaceae Cyperus pedunculatus Pineapple Sedge Fuirena umbellata Rhynchospora corymbosa Golden Beak Rush Scleria sphacelata R.L. Jago Last update 23 June 2021 Page 1 PAPERBARK PARK BRAMSTON BEACH Flagellariaceae Flagellaria indica Supplejack Heliconiaceae * Heliconia psittacorum Heliconia Hemerocallidaceae Dianella caerulea var. vannata Blue
  • WIAD CONSERVATION a Handbook of Traditional Knowledge and Biodiversity

    WIAD CONSERVATION a Handbook of Traditional Knowledge and Biodiversity

    WIAD CONSERVATION A Handbook of Traditional Knowledge and Biodiversity WIAD CONSERVATION A Handbook of Traditional Knowledge and Biodiversity Table of Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... 2 Ohu Map ...................................................................................................................................... 3 History of WIAD Conservation ...................................................................................................... 4 WIAD Legends .............................................................................................................................. 7 The Story of Julug and Tabalib ............................................................................................................... 7 Mou the Snake of A’at ........................................................................................................................... 8 The Place of Thunder ........................................................................................................................... 10 The Stone Mirror ................................................................................................................................. 11 The Weather Bird ................................................................................................................................ 12 The Story of Jelamanu Waterfall .........................................................................................................
  • Plant Life Magill’S Encyclopedia of Science

    Plant Life Magill’S Encyclopedia of Science

    MAGILLS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE PLANT LIFE MAGILLS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE PLANT LIFE Volume 4 Sustainable Forestry–Zygomycetes Indexes Editor Bryan D. Ness, Ph.D. Pacific Union College, Department of Biology Project Editor Christina J. Moose Salem Press, Inc. Pasadena, California Hackensack, New Jersey Editor in Chief: Dawn P. Dawson Managing Editor: Christina J. Moose Photograph Editor: Philip Bader Manuscript Editor: Elizabeth Ferry Slocum Production Editor: Joyce I. Buchea Assistant Editor: Andrea E. Miller Page Design and Graphics: James Hutson Research Supervisor: Jeffry Jensen Layout: William Zimmerman Acquisitions Editor: Mark Rehn Illustrator: Kimberly L. Dawson Kurnizki Copyright © 2003, by Salem Press, Inc. All rights in this book are reserved. No part of this work may be used or reproduced in any manner what- soever or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy,recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information address the publisher, Salem Press, Inc., P.O. Box 50062, Pasadena, California 91115. Some of the updated and revised essays in this work originally appeared in Magill’s Survey of Science: Life Science (1991), Magill’s Survey of Science: Life Science, Supplement (1998), Natural Resources (1998), Encyclopedia of Genetics (1999), Encyclopedia of Environmental Issues (2000), World Geography (2001), and Earth Science (2001). ∞ The paper used in these volumes conforms to the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, Z39.48-1992 (R1997). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Magill’s encyclopedia of science : plant life / edited by Bryan D.
  • Aerial Roots of Ficus Microcarpa Phelloderm

    Aerial Roots of Ficus Microcarpa Phelloderm

    "Chinese Banyan grows Aerial roots of ‘rapidly with but little care, its Ficus microcarpa foliage is of a glossy green Mathew Pryor and Li Wei colour, and it soon affords an agreeable shade from the fierce rays of the sun, which renders it particularly valuable in a place like Hong-kong’." Robert Fortune, (1852). A Journey to the Tea Countries of China Section of flexible aerial root of Ficus microcarpa This article reports on a study to The distribution and growth of aerial since the beginning of the colonial investigate the nature of aerial roots in roots was observed to be highly variable, period,2 and was used almost exclusively Chinese banyan trees, Ficus microcarpa, but there was a clear link between for this purpose until the 1870s.3 The and the common belief that their growth and high levels of atmospheric botanist Robert Fortune noted, as early presence and growth is associated with humidity. The anatomical structure of as 1852,4 that the Banyan grew ‘rapidly wet atmospheric conditions. the aerial roots suggests that while with but little care, its foliage is of a aerial roots could absorb water under glossy green colour, and it soon affords First, the form and distribution of free- certain conditions, their growth was an agreeable shade from the fierce rays hanging aerial roots on eight selected generated from water drawn from of the sun, which renders it particularly Ficus microcarpa trees growing in a terrestrial roots via trunk and branches, valuable in a place like Hong-kong’. public space in Hong Kong, were mapped and that the association with humid Even the Hongkong Governor, in 1881, on their form and distribution.