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Home , Banyan, Terminalia chebula

ISSN: 2347-3215 Volume 3 Number 5 (May-2015) pp. 262-271 www.ijcrar.com

Ethnobotanical studies of some of the traditionally important medicinal of Punjab () Rajbir Kaur*

Department of Botany, Sri Teg Bahadur Khalsa College, Sri Anandpur Sahib- 140118, Distt. Ropar (Punjab), India *Corresponding author

KEYWORDS A B S T R A C T

Ethnobotany; Plants have an immense role in the sustainability of human life and are being medicinal plants; used since ancient times to fulfill their needs. The complex relationship Punjab; between the plants, humans and cultures is studied with the help of human ethnobotany. In Punjab, Azadirachta indica, bengalensis, F. religiosa, civilization arjuna, T. belerica, T. chebula, Emblica officinalis, Bauhinia variegata, Cassia fistula, Murraya koenigii, Citrus limon, Acacia nilotica, A. auruculiformis, Mangifera indica, Tinospora cordifolia, , Dalbergia sisso, Psidium guajava, Ziziphus jujuba, Albizza lebbek, Morus alba plants in various forms are used extensively for the treatment of different ailments. In this review, the role of traditionally important medicinal plants that are grown in Punjab (India) have been evaluated alongwith their use as local remedies.

Introduction

Plants play a pivotal role in the survival and plants and their products is in danger of development of human civilization. These disappearing, forever. It has been found that are used as food and fodder, construction of there is strong vice-versa interrelationship houses, making of currency, clothes and between plants and humans. Human musical instruments, as medicine and activities have strong impact on cosmetics, in dyeing, textiles, rituals, have communities with which they interact, the ecological roles and for introduction of humans themselves are also influenced by genetic variations etc. However, human plants [1]. Ethnobotany is defined as the interference, uncontrolled urbanization, study of complex relationships between agricultural practices, grazing and plants, their uses and cultures. The focus of deforestation are posing tremendous ethnobotany is on the multiple use of plants pressure on the local flora and thus causing and their management and perception in environmental deterioration. The threat is so human society. much that the indigenous knowledge of

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Chemoprevention is most important as is as folk medicine to control leprosy, related to the use of plants for the prevention intestinal helminthiasis, respiratory and cure of various human diseases. Plants disorders, malaria, constipation and also as a have been used since ancient times and on general health promoter. Neem is mentioned the basis of their utility, many systems of in most Ayurvedic formulations for the medicines have been developed. The treatment of skin disorders because of its traditional systems of medicine include detoxifying properties. Its are used to ayurveda, homeopathy, siddha, unani etc. get relieve from dryness, itching, Indians rely on the ayurveda system of conditioning of hair and scalp, as excellent medicine and had been practised from 5000 exfoliants that tightens pores and removes years. It is officially recognized that 2500 impurities when used as a mask, cure ulcers plant species have medicinal value while and dandruff. Flower, and leaves are over 6000 plants are estimated to be used for blood purification, cough, diabetes, explored in traditional, folk and herbal fever, jaundice, obesity, thirst, tumors and medicine. Presently, this plant-based vomiting. Its leaves are known to possess traditional medical systems continue to antifungal and antibacterial properties. It provide the primary health care to more than inhibits the growth of acne-causing bacteria three-quarters of the world s populace [2]. such as Propionibacterium acnes and Ethnobotanical awareness among people Staphylococcus epidermidis. As antifungal, will reinforce the use of local remedies, it inhibits the growth of fungi Malassezia measuring the sustainability of local furfur- causal organism of dandruff. Neem remedies and devise methods of transferring oil contains fatty acid and vitamin E that knowledge from generation to generation gets absorbed easily into the skin, it helps to [3]. The present study is based on the rejuvenate skin cells and restore elasticity. evaluation of general information and folk , , , flowers and fruits together uses of some of the traditionally important cure blood morbidity, biliary afflictions, growing in Punjab, India. itching, skin ulcers, burning sensations and tuberculosis [4, 5]. Medicinal uses of plants Ficus bengalensis. The ethnobotanical value of some of the plants and their medicinal uses are F. bengalensis Linn. syn. F. banyana Oken. mentioned herewith: belongs to family . It is a large evergreen distributed all over India from Azadirachta indica A. Juss. sub Himalayan region. It is a sacred tree and plants are found to be growing near temples. A. indica A. Juss. (neem) belongs to family It is epiphytic when young. It is considered meliaceae. It is a vital ingredient in ayurveda destructive to forest trees, walls and and regarded as sarva roga nivarini (which buildings and develops in these places from keeps all diseaes at bay) or arishtha (reliever the birds droppings. It is popular in of disease) as per charaka samhita. The indigenous system of medicine like , bark, gum, leaves, , kernels ayurveda, siddha, unani and homeopathy. In and seed oil are used in a number of charaka samhita, it is known as nyagrodha therapeutic preparations for both internal due to its immense medicinal value. The and topical use. Neem oil and the bark and bark of stem and roots, aerial roots, leaf extracts have been therapeutically used vegetative buds, leaves, fruits and latex are

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medicinally important. These plant parts are samhita mentioned the pharmacological used in dysentery, diarrhoea (aqueous properties of this plants [7, 8]. In Ayurveda, extract of leaf buds mixed with and F. religiosa belongs to a class of drugs honey), diabetes leucorrhoea, nervous called rasayana. Rasayana are rejuvenators, disorders, ostyeomalacia, as tonic and antioxidants and relieve stress in the body astringent. In ayurveda, the plant is known [9]. It is used for the treatment of diabetes, for antidiabetic properties. Aerial roots or stress, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, leaf buds of Nyagrodha when processed inflammation, jaundice, enlargement of with is used in hemorrhages and spleen and congestive heart failure. bleeding piles. A decoction of leaf buds and Traditionally, the bark is used as an aerial roots of banyan tree mixed with antibacterial, antiprotozoal, antiviral, honey, might be given for checking astringent, antidiarrhoeal, in the treatment of vomiting and thirst; also during fevers with gonorrhoea and ulcers. The leaves reported burning sensation. The aerial roots are antivenom activity and regulates the useful in obstinate vomiting and leucorrhoea menstrual cycle [10]. Leaves are used to and are said to be used in ostyeomalacia of treat skin disorders. Its tender branches are the limbs. The leaves are good for ulcers, used to treat fever. Fruits are used as leprosy, allergic conditions of skin, burning laxatives which promotes digestion, checks sensations and abscesses. The fruits are vomiting, used in paralysis and to treat fever having cooling effect and are useful in wheres fruit powder is used to cure asthma. unbalanced condition of pitta (related to Its latex is used as a tonic. The roots are heat, metabolism and transformation of body chewed to prevent gum diseases. Its ripe and mind). The latex is useful in neuralgia, fruits are good for the foul taste, thirst and rheumatism, lumbago bruises, odontopathy, heart diseases. Its have proved useful hemorrhoids, gonorrhoea, inflammations, in urinary troubles, as refrigerant and as cracks of the sole and skin diseases. Milky laxative. The leaves are used to treat juice and seeds are beneficial as local constipation, have wound healing properties, application to sores and ulcers, soles of the used to cure skin disorders. People in India feet when cracked or inflamed and in collect the Peepal leaves, clean, dry, and rheumatism [6]. then paint with the gold acrylic in order to preserve them for years. From the bark of the Peepal tree, reddish dye is extracted. Its leaves are used to feed the camels and the F. religiosa Linn. (moraceae) commonly elephants. When the leaves are dried they known as Peepal tree is a sacred tree, are used for the decoration purpose [7-11]. worshipped in many parts of India and its leaves are used for religious purpose. F. Terminalia arjuna religiosa is a Bo tree (Bodhi tree) as Lord Buddha attained enlightenment mediating T. arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. is under the Peepal tree. It is medicinally commonly known as arjuna and belongs to important and has got reference in family . The arjuna was aryurvedic and unani system of medicine mentioned in ayurveda by Vagbhata in and in several ancient holy texts like seventh century, as its bark is used for the Arthasastra, Puranas, Upanisads, Ramayana, treatment for heart disease. It is traditionally Mahabharta, Bhagavadgita and Buddhistic prepared as a milk decoction. Its bark is literature etc. Charaka samhita and sushrut used for the purposes of cardioprotection

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and as relief in symptomatic hypertension. It being 5000 kcal/kg. The kernel produces a appears to reduce blood pressure, lowers non-edible oil used in toilet soap and is good cholesterol level and pulse rate, and may for hair [13]. increase aerobic exercise capacity. In the Ashtanga Hridayam, Vagbhata mentions Terminalia chebula arjuna in the treatment of wounds, hemorrhages and ulcers when applied T. chebula is a popular traditional medicine topically as a powder. It has got reference of family combretaceae. It is also known as for the treatment of cancer, dermatolgical chebulic myrobalan, haritaki, harad. It is and gynaecolgical complaints. It is also known as the King of Medicine in Tibet used as a water pill, and for earaches, because of its immense healing properties. It dysentery, sexually transmitted diseases is extensively used in unani, ayurveda and (STDs) and urinary tract infections. The homeopathic medicine. It is used in the leaves are fed to Antheraea paphia moth preparation of many ayurvedic formulations which produces the tassar silk (tussah). Its for infectious diseases such as chronic bark is used as and dyeing material ulcers, diarrhoea, dysentry, leucorrhoea, and produces light buff colour with red tint pyorrhoea (ulcerated gums) and fungal [12]. infections of the skin. It is used for the cure of other diseases like cancer, paralysis, Terminalia belerica cardiovascular diseases, leprosy, arthritis, gout, epilepsy etc. It is an ingredient of T. belerica Roxb. belongs to family triphala and used for the treatment of combretaceae and is commonly known as constipation. It is used to prevent aging and bahera (hindi), beleric myrobalan (english), impart longevity, immunity and body and bhibitaki (sanskrit). In Ayurveda, the resistance against disease development. The drug is classified as an expectorant and has plant has the ability to prevent hemorrhage. also got reference in unani and siddha It is good to increase the appetite, as system of medicine. It is an integral part of digestive aid liver stimulant, as stomachic, ayurvedic laxative formulation. Bahera is a as gastrointestinal prokinetic agent and mild component of triphala alongwith amla and laxative. It is used as a blood purifier, gargle harad. It is used in the treatment of common for sore throat, and muscular rheumatism, cold, pharyngitis and constipation. The bark opthalmic (when taken with water), for skin is mildly diuretic and is useful in anaemia itching and edema [14, 15]. and leucoderma. The fruits are having a number of medicinal properties including Emblica officinalis ophthalmic, antipyretic, rejuvenating, astringent, antihelmintic and digestive. E. officinalis known as Phyllanthus emblica Unripe fruit is a mild laxative and ripe fruit is a member of family euphorbiaceae and is is used as an astringent. Seeds are used as known as amla and Indian gooseberry. aphrodisiac. Oil extract from the seed pulp is According to believe in ancient Indian used in leucoderma and alopecia. The fruit mythology, it is the first tree to be created in produces and is used for tanning of the universe. The plant is mentioned as leather, dyeing of clothes and as inks. The rasyana in charaka samhita and is known to leaves are used as fodder. The tree is a prevent aging and promote longevity. It has source of good quality firewood and a natural balance of five tastes i.e. sour, charcoal with calorifc value of sapwood astringent, sweet, bitter and pungent. It is an

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ingredient of triphala and number of herbal buds and fruits are used as vegetables and formulations. Fresh and dry fruits are laxative. Roots are used as antidote to snake extensively used as laxatives. It is richest poison. Dried buds are used for the natural source of vitamin C and the amount treatment of diarrhoea, dysentery, worms, is more than orange and tomato. In piles and tumors. Leaves have nutritive ayurvedic texts, it is decsribed as potent value and are used as food for the growth antacid. It helps in reducing all the three and development of tassar silk worms [18]. bodily humors (vata, pitta and kapha). It is having rejuvenating properties and is one of Cassia fistula the ingredients of renowned herbal formulations, chayavanprasha. The fruits C. fistula Linn. (Cassia) of sub-family are known to possess antibacterial, caesalpiniodeae of family fabaceae is antifungal and antiviral properties. Fruits are commonly known as amulthus, amaltas and diuretic and used for the treatment of in English popularly called Indian diarrhoea, ingestion, ulcers, inflammation, Laburnum . The plant has been extensively nausea, scurvy, fever, skin sores and used in ayurvedic system of medicine for wounds. The pericarp of the fruit is used in various ailments. It has been reported to decoction alongwith other ingredients. This possess hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, decoction is applied to boils and spots. The antifungal, antibacterial and wound healing fruits are excellent antioxidants and act as properties. It is one of the ingredients, of the potent scavengers of free radicals. Roots are preparation known as Constivac (Lupin used to cure dental problems. Juice of bark Herbal) a bowel regulator that relieves is used to cure gonorrhoea. Fruits are also constipation. It is also one of the ingredients known to prevent premature graying of hairs of the preparations known as Pilex and and makes them strong and free from Purian (Himalaya drug company) for piles dandruff. Its regular use improves immunity and detoxifier respectively. The root is and protects heart, brain and other vital prescribed as a tonic, astringent, febrifuge organs of body [16, 17]. and strong purgative. Extract of the root bark with alcohol can be used for backwart Bauhinia variegata fever. The roots are used in chest pain, joint pain, migraine, heart disease and blood Kachnar and mountain ebony are the dysentery. The leaves are laxative and used common names of B. variegata of sub- externally as emollient, a poultice (used for family caesalpiniodeae of fabaceae. In chilblains), in insect bites, swelling, skin ayurveda, different parts of this tree are eruptions, ringworms, eczema, rheumatism mentioned to be used to treat various and facial paralysis. Leaves possess diseases. Plant parts have anti-diabetic, anti- antiperiodic and laxative properties, used in inflammatory, antitumor, liver protective, the treatment of jaundice, piles, rheumatism antibacterial, haemagglutinating, antiulcer, and ulcers. The leaves and bark mixed with antitumor action and tendency to cure oil are applied to pustules and insect bites. thyroid problems. Its bark is used in treating Fruits are used as catharatic and in snake stomach related problems, ulcers, cyst and bite. The extract of the root is known to tumors. Its leaves are very nutritious and lower blood sugar levels upto 30%. The fruit helpful in curing weakness and reducing pulp is used for constipation, colic and sugar level in body. Leaves and flowers are urinary disorders [19]. used to treat diarrhoea. Its flowers, flower

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Murraya koenigii antifungal properties. It is beneficial for blood circulation and is known as capillary M. koenigii (Linn.) Spreng., commonly protector and also help in lowering blood known as curry leaf or kari patta in Indian pressure. It act as blood cleanser, nerve dialects, belonging to family rutaceae. It is a tonic, has anti-ulceric and vermifuge highly value plant for its characteristic properties and improves digestion. It aroma and medicinal value. It is widely eliminates gastric acidity and stimulates the used as herb, spice, condiments and also functioning of the liver. It is also helpful in used to treat various types of ailments in cases of flatulence and vomiting. Citrus is Indian traditional system. Leaves are an useful in cases of headaches, especially important ingredient in an Indian cuisine as migraines. Lemon juice is used in topical it promotes appetite and digestion. M. application for healing wounds, herpes and koenigii is used as a stimulant, antidysentric other skin conditions. The boiled lemonade and for the management of diabetes is used against colds and as sweat increaser. mellitus. The different parts of plant are Lemon seeds boiled in cow milk have used as tonic and have stomachic and vermicide effect. It is effective against carminative properties. Leaves are applied scurvy, regulates the nervous system, fights externally to bruises and eruption. The against depression, stress and anxiety. leaves and roots are bitter, acrid, cooling, Lemon leaf is sedative (used to cure anti-helminthic, analgesic, cures piles, allays insomnia) and antispasmodic. The fruit rind heat of the body, thirst, inflammation and is good remedy for lack of appetite, itching. It is also useful in leucoderma and indigestion, constipation and typhoid fever blood disorders. An infusion of the roasted [22]. leaves is used to stop vomiting. The juice of roots is good to relieve pain of kidneys. The Acacia nilotica pastes of leaves are applied externally to treat the bites of poisonous animals. The A. nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del. is also known branches of plant are very popular for as gum arabic tree, babul, kikkar, Egyptian cleaning the teeth and used as datun as are thorn, or prickly Acacia is multipurpose known to strenghten the teeth and gums [20, nitrogen fixing tree legume. It belongs to 21]. The plant is mentioned to have family fabaceae. The plant is important for a influence on the activity of heart, cholesterol variety of functions and is economically reducing property, antimicrobial, antiulcer, used as a source of tannins, gums, timber, antioxidative, cytotoxic, antidiarrhoeal and fuel and fodder. Babul plant is having phagocytic activity alongwith many more therapeutic ability and is used as anti-cancer, medicinal values. anti-tumor, astringent, anti-oxidant, natriuretic, antispasmodial, diuretic agent. It Citrus limon is used for the treatment of intestinal pains and diarrhoea, nerve stimulant, cold, C. limon (Linn.) Burm also known as lemon congestion, coughs, dysentery, fever, is a plant of family rutaceae. It is rich in hemorrhages, leucorrhoea, leucoderma, vitamin C and is a powerful medicinal plant leprosy, ophthalmia, tuberculosis and with numerous therapeutic benefits. The sclerosis. Its seeds have antimalarial, plant is known for its anticatarrhal, antidiabetic, antihypertensive and antihypertensive, antispasmodic, diuretic, antispasmodic activities. The leaves and antibacterial, antiinflammatory and pods are an excellent fodder with

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antiinflammatory properties and are rich in large, glabrous, climbing shrub protein. The pods have molluscicidal and belonging to the family menispermaceae. In algicidal properties. The bark is used Hindu mythology, giloya refers to the extensively for colds, bronchitis, heavenly elixir that have saved celestial biliousness, diarrhoea, dysentery, bleeding beings from old age and kept them eternally piles and leucoderma. Roots of A. nilotica young. It is widely used in ayurvedic system are used as an aphrodisiac and the flowers of medicine for its general tonic, for treating syphilis lesions. Gum obtained antiperiodic, anti-spasmodic, anti- from the tree is pharmaceutically used as inflammatory, antiarthritic, anti-allergic and suspending and emulsifying agent and in anti-diabetic properties. The plant is used in preparation of many formulations. Its resins ayurvedic, "Rasayanas" to improve the repel insects and water [23, 24]. immune system and the body resistance against infections. The root of this plant is Acacia auriculiformis known for its stress relieving, anti-leprotic and anti-malarial activities [26, 27]. A. auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. is an exotic species in Punjab. It is known as Aegle marmelos Australian wattle and belongs to sub-family mimosoideae and family fabaceae. The The bael (A. Marmelos) (L.) Corr.) is flowers of plant are a source of pollen for another Indian plant, which has enormous honey production. It is a major source of traditional uses against various diseases. The firewood. The is used as source of plant belongs to family rutaceae. It is paper pulp. The bark of plant contain generally considered as sacred tree by the sufficient amount of and is used as Hindus, as its leaves are offered to Lord tanning and in batik textile industry [25]. Shiva during worship. The different parts of bael are used for various therapeutic Mangifera indica purposes, such as for the treatment of asthma, anaemia, fractures, healing of M. indica Linn. belongs to family wounds, swollen joints, high blood pressure, anacardiaceae and is distributed throughout jaundice, diarrhoea, and brain typhoid the world. It is known as , aam, amra troubles during pregnancy. It has been used etc. The plant is cultivated for the fruits. Its as a herbal medicine for the management of charred and pulverized leaves make a plaster diabetes mellitus. The ripe fruit is a good to remove warts. Seeds are used to treat cold and simple cure for dyspepsia. The oil and coughs, obstinate diarrhoea and obtained from unripe fruits is said to be bleeding piles. The bark is astringent, useful in removing the peculiar burning homeostatic and has antirheumatic sensation in the soles. The roots and the bark properties. Its bark yields a dye that is used of the tree are used in the treatment of fever. for coloring silk fibres. It is an important The leaf part of the plants have been claimed honey plant secreting large quantities of to be used for the treatment of inflammation, nectar [26]. asthma, hypoglycemia, febrifuge, hepatitis and analgesic. Fruit of the plant is used for Tinospora cordifolia intestinal tonic, chronic constipation and dysentery; some forms of indigestion, Guduchi or giloya (Tinospora cordifolia debility, cholera, hemorrhoids, intermittent (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. F. & Thoms) is a fever and for heart palpitation [28].

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Dalbergia sisso sensations, thirst, vomiting and is also good in treating tuberculosis and blood diseases. D. sissoo DC is commonly known as The seeds cure eye diseases and are also shisham and belongs to family fabaceae. useful in leucorrhoea [31]. The plant has got reference in ayurveda. Leaf juice is used for eye ailments. The Albizia lebbek wood and bark is having abortifacient, antihelminthic, antipyretic, aphrodisiac, A. lebbeck Linn. belongs to family expectorant and refrigerant properties. The fabaceae. It is used in Indian folk medicine wood and bark is also used for anal to treat several inflammatory pathologies disorders, blood diseases, burning such as asthma, arthritis and burns. It is sensations, dysentery, dyspepsia, reported to be useful in treatment of leucoderma, and skin ailments. Herbal Alzheimer s and Parkinson s diseases. The preparation of D. sissoo and Datura flowers are being commonly used to treat stramonium with cow urine can be used as a anxiety, depression and insomnia in potent antiseptic preparation for the traditional system of medicine [32]. prevention and treatment of chronic bacterial infections [29]. Morus alba

Psidium guajava Morus alba Linn., a popular medicinal plant belongs to family moraceae, has long been Psidium guajava Linn. is a small medicinal used commonly in Ayurvedic and many of tree and is popularly known as guava traditional systems of medicine. The plant is (family myrtaceae) and has been used widely used for the treatment of asthma, traditionally as a medicinal plant throughout cough, bronchitis, edema, insomnia, wound the world for a number of ailments. Guava healing, diabetes, influenza, eye infections leaf extract has analgesic, anti- and nosebleeds. Traditionally, the mulberry inflammatory, antimicrobial, fruit has been used as a medicinal agent to hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities. nourish the blood, benefit the kidneys and P. guajava is mainly known for its treat weakness, fatigue, anemia and antispasmodic and antimicrobial properties premature graying of hair. It is also used to in the treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery. treat urinary incontinence, dizziness and Its pulp reduces the body weight, glycemia constipation in the elderly patient. It has and cholesterol levels [30]. been used in the indigenous system of medicine for cooling, acrid, purgative, Ziziphus jujuba diuretic, laxative, anthelmintic, brain tonic, antibacterial, hepatopathy properties. They Z. jujuba Mill, a member of the family are useful in vitiated condition of vata and rhamnaceae, commonly known as beri. pitta, burning sensation [33]. According to ayurveda, the root of Z. nummularia is bitter and cooling, and cures Conclusion coughs, biliousness and headache. The bark cures boils and is good for the treatment of Medicinal plants have been used since dysentery and diarrhoea. The leaves are prehistoric period for the cure of various antipyretic and reduce obesity. The fruit is diseases. Nearly about 80% of the world s cooling, digestible, tonic, aphrodisiac, populations still depend upon traditional laxative and removes biliousness, burning remedies together with folklore system

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mainly based on phytotherapy. Since these 6. Patil VV, Patil VR. Ficus bengalensis are in common use by the local people and Linn. - An Overview. Int J Pharma Bio are of great importance that s why a lot of Sci. 2010; 1(2): 1-11. people are engaged in the trade of important 7. Kaur A, Rana AC, Tiwari V, Sharma R, medicinal herbs throughout the world. Kumar S. Review on Ethanomedicinal Especially, people living in villages have and Pharmacological Properties of been using indigenous plants as medicines Ficus religiosa. J Appl Pharma Sci. In certain parts of country, these potential 2011; 1(8): 6-11 sources of drugs are overexploited and might led to the extinction of important 8. Gautam S, Meshram A, Bhagyawant SS, plants. However, advancement of modern Srivastava N. Ficus religiosa Potential drug development sometimes tend to make role in Pharmaceuticals. Int J Pharm Sci people adopt faster healing procedures Res 2014; 5(5): 1616-1623. ignoring the rich ayurvedic heritage of our 9. Makhija IK, Sharma IP, Khamar D. country. In such situations, it is necessary to Phytochemistry and Pharmacological generate ethnobotanical awareness among properties of Ficus religiosa: an people alongwith sensible use of these overview. Ann Biol Res. 2010; 1(4): exhaustive resources for healthy life. 171-180. 10.Chandrasekar SB, Bhanumathy M, References Pawar AT, Somasundaram T. Phytopharmacology of Ficus religiosa. 1. Pie SJ. Ethnobotany and sustainable use Pharmacog Rev. 2010; 4(8): 195-199. of plant resource in HKH mountain 11.Paliwal D, K, Sangwan Y, region. Planning workshop on Kaushuk M, Kiran D. Preliminary and ethnobotany and its application to Pharmacological Profile of Ficus conservation and community religiosa L.: An Overview. development in Hindukush Himalayan Pharmacologyonline. 2011; 3: 387- region, Biol Conser 1999; 63(3): 395. 205-210. 12. Dwivedi S. Terminalia arjuna Wight & Arn. A useful drug for cardiovascular 2. Choudhary K, Singh M, Pillai U. disorders. J Ethnopharm. 2007; 114: Ethnotanical Survey of Rajasthan An 114 129. Update. Am Eur J Botany. 2008; 1(2): 13. Saraswathi MN, Karthikeyan M, 38-45. Kannan M, Rajasekar S. Terminalia 3. Martin GJ. Ethnobotany: A Methods belerica. Roxb. A manual. Chapman and Hall.London. Phytopharmacological Review. Int J 1995. Res Pharm Biomed Sci. 2012; 3(1): 96- 4. Biswas K, Chattopadhyay I, Banerjee 99. RK, Bandyopadhyay U. Biological 14. Suryaprakash DV, Sree Satya N, activities and medicinal properties of Anabigadda S, Vangalapati M. neem (Azadirachta indica). Curr Sci. Pharmacological Review on Terminalia 2002; 82(11): 1336-1345. chebula. Int J Res Pharm Biomed Sci. 5. Subapriya R, Nagini S. Medicinal 2012; 3: 670-683. properties of neem leaves: a review. 15. Rathinamoorthy R, Thilagavathi G. Current Medicinal Chemistry: Antican Terminalia chebula Review on Agents. 2005; 5(2): 149-156. Pharmacological and Biochemical

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Studies. Int J PharmTech Res. 2014; 6: 25. Orwa C, Muta A, Kindt R, Jamnads R, 97-116. Anthony S. Agroforestry Database: a 16. Khan KH. Roles of Emblica officinalis tree refrence and selction guide version in medicine A Review. Botany Res 4.0, 2009 Int. 2009; 2(4): 218-228. (http:/www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/ 17. Kumar KPS, Bhowmik D, Dutta A, treedbs/treedatabase.asp). Yadav AP, Paswan S, Srivastava S, Deb 26. Singh SS, Pandey SC, Srivastava S, L. Recent Trends in Potential Gupta VS, Patro B, Ghosh AC. Traditional Indian Herbs Emblica Chemistry and Medicinal Properties of officinalis and Its Medicinal Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi). Ind J Importance. J Pharmacog Phytochem. Pharmacol. 2003; 35: 83-91. 2012; 1(1): 24-32 27. Mittal J, Sharma MM, Batra A. 18. Sahu G, Gupta PK. A Review on Tinospora cordifolia: a multipurpose Bauhinia variegata Linn. Int Res J medicinal plant- A review. J Med Pharm. 2012; 3(1): 48-51. Plants Stud. 2014; 2(2): 32-47 19. Danish M, Singh P, Mishra G, 28. Sharma GN, Dubey SK, Sharma P, Sati Srivastava S, Jha KK, Khosa RL. N. Medicinal Values of Bael (Aegle Cassia fistula Linn. (Amulthus) - An marmelos) (L.) Corr.: Review. Int J Important Medicinal Plant: A Review of Curr Pharmaceut Rev Res. 2011; 1(3): its Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry 12-22. and Pharmacological Properties. J Nat 29. Bharath M, Tulasi ELR, Sudhakar K, Prod Plant Res. 2011; 1(1): 101-118. Eswaraiah MC. Dalbergia sissoo DC.- 20. Jain V, Momin M, Laddha, K. Murraya An Important Medicinal Plant. Int J Res koenigii: An updated review. Int J Ayur Pharm Chem. 2013; 3(2): 384-388. Medicin Med. 2012; 2(4): 607-627. 30. Barbalho SM, Farinazzi-Machado FMV, 21. Handral HK, Pandith A, Shruthi SD. A de Alvares Goulart R, Brunnati ACS, Review of Murraya koenigii: Ottoboni AM, Nicolau CCT. Psidium Multipotential Medicinal Plant. As J guajava (Guava): A Plant of Pharmaceut Clin Res. 2012; 5(4): 5-14. Multipurpose Medicinal Applications. 22. Mohanapriya M, Ramaswamy L, Med Aromat Plants. 2012; 1:104. doi: Rajendran R. Health and Medicinal 10.4172/2167-0412.1000104. Properties of Lemon (Citrus limonum). 31. Preeti, Tripathi S. Ziziphus jujuba: A Int J Ayur Herb Med. 2013; 3(1): 1095- Phytopharmacological review. Int J 1100. Res Dev Pharm Life Sci. 2014; 3(3): 23. Malviya S, Rawat S, Kharia A, Verma 959-966. M. Medicinal attributes of Acacia 32. Farag M, El Gamal A, Kalil A, Al- nilotica Linn. - A comprehensive Rehaily A, El Mirghany O, El Tahir K. review on ethnopharmacological Evaluation of Some Biological claims. Int J Pharm Life Sci. 2011; Activities of Albizia lebbeck Flowers. 2(6): 830-837. Pharmacol Pharm. 2013; 4: 473-477. 24. Ali A, Akhtar N, Khan BL, Khn MS, 33. Devi B, Sharma N, Kumar D, Jeet K. Rasul A, Uz-Zaman S, Khalid N, Morus alba Linn: A Waseem K, Mahmood T, Ali L. . Phytopharmacological Review. Int J Acacia nilotica: A plant of multipurpose Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. (2013). 5(2): medicinal uses. J Med Plants Res. 2012; 14-18 6(9): 1492-1496.

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