Phylogenetic Study of African Combretaceae R. Br. Based on /.../ A
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants - Online Edition
Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants - Online edition Family Profile Combretaceae Family Description A family of about 20 genera and nearly 500 species, pantropic, well developed in Africa; five genera occur naturally in Australia. Genera Combretum - A genus of about 250 species, pantropic; one species occurs naturally in Australia. Exell (1954); Pedley (1990). Dansiea - A genus of two species endemic to Australia. Byrnes (1981); Pedley (1990). Macropteranthes - A genus of five species endemic to Australia. Cooper & Cooper (2004); Forster (1994); Harden et al. (2014); Pedley (1990); Stace (2007). Quisqualis - A genus of about 17 species in Africa, Asia and Malesia. Exell (1954). One species may have become naturalised in Australia. Terminalia - A genus of about 200 species, pantropic; 24 species occur naturally in Australia. Byrnes (1977); Coode (1973, 1978); Pedley (1990), Stace (2007). References Byrnes, N.B. (1977). A revision of Combretaceae in Australia. Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium No. 20:1-88. Byrnes, N.B. (1981). Addition to Combretaceae (Lagunclurieae) from Australia. Austrobaileya 1:385-387. Coode, M.J.E. (1973). Notes on Terminalia L. (Combretaceae) in Papuasia. Contributions from Herbarium Australiense 2:1-33. Coode, M.J.E. (1978). Combretaceae. In Womersley, J.S. (Ed.) 'Handbooks of the flora of Papua New Guinea.' Vol. 1, (Melbourne University Press: Melbourne.), pp. 43-110. Cooper, Wendy & Cooper, William T. (2004) Fruits of the Australian tropical rainforest, Nokomis Publications, Clifton Hill, Vic. Exell, A.W.C. (1954). Combretaceae. In 'Flora Malesiana.' Ser. 1, Vol. 4, (P. Noordhoff Ltd: Groningen.), pp. 533-589. Forster, P.I. (1994). Notes on Dansiea Byrnes and Macropteranthes F. -
The Effects of Linear Developments on Wildlife
Bibliography Rec# 5. LeBlanc, R. 1991. The aversive conditioning of a roadside habituated grizzly bear within Banff Park: progress report 1991. 6 pp. road impacts/ grizzly bear/ Ursus arctos/ Banff National Park/ aversive conditions/ Icefields Parkway. Rec# 10. Forman, R.T.T. 1983. Corridors in a landscape: their ecological structure and function. Ekologia 2 (4):375-87. corridors/ landscape/ width. Rec# 11. McLellan, B.N. 1989. Dymanics of a grizzly bear population during a period of industrial resource extraction. III Natality and rate of increase. Can. J. Zool. Vol. 67 :1865-1868. reproductive rate/ grizzly bear/ Ursus arctos/ British Columbia/ gas exploration/ timber harvest. Rec# 14. McLellan, B.N. 1989. Dynamics of a grizzly bear population during a period of industrial resource extraction. II.Mortality rates and causes of death. Can. J. Zool. Vol. 67 :1861-1864. British Columbia/ grizzly bear/ Ursus arctos/ mortality rate/ hunting/ outdoor recreation/ gas exploration/ timber harvest. Rec# 15. Miller, S.D., Schoen, J. 1993. The Brown Bear in Alaska . brown bear/ grizzly bear/ Ursus arctos middendorfi/ Ursus arctos horribilis/ population density/ distribution/ legal status/ human-bear interactions/ management/ education. Rec# 16. Archibald, W.R., Ellis, R., Hamilton, A.N. 1987. Responses of grizzly bears to logging truck traffic in the Kimsquit River valley, British Columbia. Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7:251-7. grizzly bear/ Ursus / arctos/ roads/ traffic/ logging/ displacement/ disturbance/ carnivore/ BC/ individual disruption / habitat displacement / habitat disruption / social / filter-barrier. Rec# 20. Kasworm, W.F., Manley, T.L. 1990. Road and trail influences on grizzly bears and black bears in northwest Montana. -
Seasonal Selection Preferences for Woody Plants by Breeding Herds of African Elephants (Loxodonta Africana)In a Woodland Savanna
Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Ecology Volume 2013, Article ID 769587, 10 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/769587 Research Article Seasonal Selection Preferences for Woody Plants by Breeding Herds of African Elephants (Loxodonta africana)in a Woodland Savanna J. J. Viljoen,1 H. C. Reynecke,1 M. D. Panagos,1 W. R. Langbauer Jr.,2 and A. Ganswindt3,4 1 Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa 2 ButtonwoodParkZoo,NewBedford,MA02740,USA 3 Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa 4 Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa Correspondence should be addressed to J. J. Viljoen; [email protected] Received 19 November 2012; Revised 25 February 2013; Accepted 25 February 2013 Academic Editor: Bruce Leopold Copyright © 2013 J. J. Viljoen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. To evaluate dynamics of elephant herbivory, we assessed seasonal preferences for woody plants by African elephant breeding herds in the southeastern part of Kruger National Park (KNP) between 2002 and 2005. Breeding herds had access to a variety of woody plants, and, of the 98 woody plant species that were recorded in the elephant’s feeding areas, 63 species were utilized by observed animals. Data were recorded at 948 circular feeding sites (radius 5 m) during wet and dry seasons. Seasonal preference was measured by comparing selection of woody species in proportion to their estimated availability and then ranked according to the Manly alpha () index of preference. -
Chemistry and Pharmacology of Kinkéliba (Combretum
CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF KINKÉLIBA (COMBRETUM MICRANTHUM), A WEST AFRICAN MEDICINAL PLANT By CARA RENAE WELCH A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Medicinal Chemistry written under the direction of Dr. James E. Simon and approved by ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey January, 2010 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Chemistry and Pharmacology of Kinkéliba (Combretum micranthum), a West African Medicinal Plant by CARA RENAE WELCH Dissertation Director: James E. Simon Kinkéliba (Combretum micranthum, Fam. Combretaceae) is an undomesticated shrub species of western Africa and is one of the most popular traditional bush teas of Senegal. The herbal beverage is traditionally used for weight loss, digestion, as a diuretic and mild antibiotic, and to relieve pain. The fresh leaves are used to treat malarial fever. Leaf extracts, the most biologically active plant tissue relative to stem, bark and roots, were screened for antioxidant capacity, measuring the removal of a radical by UV/VIS spectrophotometry, anti-inflammatory activity, measuring inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, and glucose-lowering activity, measuring phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) mRNA expression in an H4IIE rat hepatoma cell line. Radical oxygen scavenging activity, or antioxidant capacity, was utilized for initially directing the fractionation; highlighted subfractions and isolated compounds were subsequently tested for anti-inflammatory and glucose-lowering activities. The ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of the crude leaf extract were fractionated leading to the isolation and identification of a number of polyphenolic ii compounds. -
Phytochemical Constituents of Combretum Loefl. (Combretaceae)
Send Orders for Reprints to [email protected] 38 Pharmaceutical Crops, 2013, 4, 38-59 Open Access Phytochemical Constituents of Combretum Loefl. (Combretaceae) Amadou Dawe1,*, Saotoing Pierre2, David Emery Tsala2 and Solomon Habtemariam3 1Department of Chemistry, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Maroua, P.O.Box 55 Maroua, Cameroon, 2Department of Earth and Life Sciences, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Maroua, P.O.Box 55 Ma- roua, Cameroon, 3Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories, Medway School of Science, University of Greenwich, Cen- tral Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK Abstract: Combretum is the largest and most widespread genus of Combretaceae. The genus comprises approximately 250 species distributed throughout the tropical regions mainly in Africa and Asia. With increasing chemical and pharma- cological investigations, Combretum has shown its potential as a source of various secondary metabolites. Combretum ex- tracts or isolates have shown in vitro bioactivitities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antihyperglycemic, cytotoxicity against various human tumor cell lines, anti-inflammatory, anti-snake, antimalarial and antioxidant effects. In vivo studies through various animal models have also shown promising results. However, chemical constituents and bioactivities of most species of this highly diversified genus have not been investigated. The molecular mechanism of bioactivities of Combretum isolates remains elusive. This review focuses on the chemistry of 261 compounds isolated and identified from 31 species of Combretum. The phytochemicals of interest are non-essential oil compounds belonging to the various struc- tural groups such as terpenoids, flavonoids, phenanthrenes and stilbenoids. Keywords: Combretum, phytochemistry, pharmacology, terpenoids, polyphenolic compounds, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity. INTRODUCTION is sometimes persistant, and especially in climbers it forms a hooked wooded spine when the leaf abscises. -
The Conservation Biology of Tortoises
The Conservation Biology of Tortoises Edited by Ian R. Swingland and Michael W. Klemens IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group and The Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) No. 5 IUCN—The World Conservation Union IUCN Species Survival Commission Role of the SSC 3. To cooperate with the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) The Species Survival Commission (SSC) is IUCN's primary source of the in developing and evaluating a data base on the status of and trade in wild scientific and technical information required for the maintenance of biological flora and fauna, and to provide policy guidance to WCMC. diversity through the conservation of endangered and vulnerable species of 4. To provide advice, information, and expertise to the Secretariat of the fauna and flora, whilst recommending and promoting measures for their con- Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna servation, and for the management of other species of conservation concern. and Flora (CITES) and other international agreements affecting conser- Its objective is to mobilize action to prevent the extinction of species, sub- vation of species or biological diversity. species, and discrete populations of fauna and flora, thereby not only maintain- 5. To carry out specific tasks on behalf of the Union, including: ing biological diversity but improving the status of endangered and vulnerable species. • coordination of a programme of activities for the conservation of biological diversity within the framework of the IUCN Conserva- tion Programme. Objectives of the SSC • promotion of the maintenance of biological diversity by monitor- 1. -
Variation in Antibacterial Activity of Schotia Species
South African Journal of Botany 2002, 68: 41–46 Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd Printed in South Africa — All rights reserved SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY ISSN 0254–6299 Variation in antibacterial activity of Schotia species LJ McGaw, AK Jäger and J van Staden* Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Botany and Zoology, University of Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Received 29 March 2001, accepted in revised form 7 June 2001 The roots and bark of Schotia brachypetala are used in ture, or as an extract residue at -15°C, had little effect on South African traditional medicine as a remedy for the antibacterial activity. In general, the ethanolic dysentery and diarrhoea. The paucity of pharmacologi- extracts were more active than the aqueous extracts. cal and chemical data on this plant prompted an inves- The chemical profiles on TLC chromatograms were tigation into its antibacterial activity. The differences in compared and found to be very similar in the case of activity of ethanol and water extracts with respect to ethanol extracts prepared in different months of the plant part, season and geographical position were year, and from different trees. The extracts of the three analysed. No extreme fluctuations in activity were species and of the leaves stored under various condi- noted. Two other Schotia species, S. afra and S. capita- tions also showed similar TLC fingerprints, however, ta, were included in the study, and both displayed good various plant parts of S. brachypetala showed distinctly in vitro antibacterial activity. -
Pharmacoinformatics and UPLC-QTOF/ESI-MS-Based Phytochemical Screening of Combretum Indicum Against Oxidative Stress and Alloxan-Induced Diabetes in Long–Evans Rats
molecules Article Pharmacoinformatics and UPLC-QTOF/ESI-MS-Based Phytochemical Screening of Combretum indicum against Oxidative Stress and Alloxan-Induced Diabetes in Long–Evans Rats Md. Shaekh Forid 1, Md. Atiar Rahman 2,* , Mohd Fadhlizil Fasihi Mohd Aluwi 3, Md. Nazim Uddin 4 , Tapashi Ghosh Roy 5 , Milon Chandra Mohanta 6 , AKM Moyeenul Huq 7,* and Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria 8,* 1 Department of Pharmacy, School of Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh; [email protected] 2 Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh 3 Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia; [email protected] 4 Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; [email protected] 5 Department of Chemistry, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh; [email protected] 6 Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; [email protected] 7 Citation: Forid, M.S.; Rahman, M.A.; Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Asia Pacific, 74/A, Green Road, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh Aluwi, M.F.F.M.; Uddin, M.N.; Roy, 8 Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, T.G.; Mohanta, M.C.; Huq, A.M.; UPM Serdang, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia Amiruddin Zakaria, Z. * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.A.R.); [email protected] (A.M.H.); [email protected] (Z.A.Z.); Pharmacoinformatics and UPLC- Tel.: +880-3126-060011-4 (M.A.R.); +880-1906-790224 (A.M.H.); +60-1-9211-7090 (Z.A.Z.) QTOF/ESI-MS-Based Phytochemical Screening of Combretum indicum Abstract: This research investigated a UPLC-QTOF/ESI-MS-based phytochemical profiling of Com- against Oxidative Stress and bretum indicum leaf extract (CILEx), and explored its in vitro antioxidant and in vivo antidiabetic Alloxan-Induced Diabetes in effects in a Long–Evans rat model. -
Plant Life of Western Australia
INTRODUCTION The characteristic features of the vegetation of Australia I. General Physiography At present the animals and plants of Australia are isolated from the rest of the world, except by way of the Torres Straits to New Guinea and southeast Asia. Even here adverse climatic conditions restrict or make it impossible for migration. Over a long period this isolation has meant that even what was common to the floras of the southern Asiatic Archipelago and Australia has become restricted to small areas. This resulted in an ever increasing divergence. As a consequence, Australia is a true island continent, with its own peculiar flora and fauna. As in southern Africa, Australia is largely an extensive plateau, although at a lower elevation. As in Africa too, the plateau increases gradually in height towards the east, culminating in a high ridge from which the land then drops steeply to a narrow coastal plain crossed by short rivers. On the west coast the plateau is only 00-00 m in height but there is usually an abrupt descent to the narrow coastal region. The plateau drops towards the center, and the major rivers flow into this depression. Fed from the high eastern margin of the plateau, these rivers run through low rainfall areas to the sea. While the tropical northern region is characterized by a wet summer and dry win- ter, the actual amount of rain is determined by additional factors. On the mountainous east coast the rainfall is high, while it diminishes with surprising rapidity towards the interior. Thus in New South Wales, the yearly rainfall at the edge of the plateau and the adjacent coast often reaches over 100 cm. -
Anogeissus Leiocarpus (DC) Guill
Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technolog y All Rights Reserved Euresian Publication © 2012 eISSN 2249 0256 Available Online at: www.environmentaljournal.org Volume 2, Issue 5: 383-392 Open Access Research Article Phytochemistry and Biological Activities of Extracts from Two Combretaceae Found in Burkina Faso: Anogeissus Leiocarpus (DC) Guill. and Perr . And Combretum Glutinosum Perr. Ex DC SORE Harouna 1* , HILOU Adama 1, SOMBIE Pierre Alexandre Eric Djifaby 1, COMPAORE Moussa 1, MEDA Roland, MILLOGO Jeanne 2 and NACOULMA Odile Germaine 1 1Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Chimie Appliquées (LABIOCA), UFR-SVT, Université de Ouagadougou, 09 BP 848 Ouagadougou 09, Burkina Faso 2Laboratoire de Biologie et Ecologie Végétale, UFR-SVT, Université de Ouagadougou, 09 BP 848 Ouagadougou 09, Burkina Faso *Corresponding Author : [email protected] Abstract: Many studies indicate that Combretaceae species are commonly used in Africa to treat various diseases. Nonetheless, no phytochemical and/or biological activity data are available from species found in Burkina Faso to secure their ethnomedicinal uses. In addition, drugs derived from these species, especially those of the genus Combretum, are sometimes the objects of adulteration by herbalists dealing in large cities of the country.This paper reports the pharmacognostic, phytochemical and biological activity of extracts from two of the most commonly used Combretaceae species found in Burkina Faso: Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC) Guill. and Perr . and Combretum glutinosum Perr. ex DC. Through the method of Ciulei, the characterization of the two drugs was made possible, and it was found that the phenolic compounds and flavonoids are the main active ingredients in the methanol extracts. -
Components from the Leaves and Twigs of Mangrove Lumnitzera Racemosa with Anti-Angiogenic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects
marine drugs Article Components from the Leaves and Twigs of Mangrove Lumnitzera racemosa with Anti-Angiogenic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects Szu-Yin Yu 1,†, Shih-Wei Wang 1,2,† , Tsong-Long Hwang 3,4,5 , Bai-Luh Wei 6, Chien-Jung Su 1, Fang-Rong Chang 1,7,* and Yuan-Bin Cheng 1,8,* 1 Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; [email protected] (S.-Y.Y.); [email protected] (S.-W.W.); [email protected] (C.-J.S.) 2 Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan 3 Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, and Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; [email protected] 4 Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan 5 Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan 6 Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, Taitung 950, Taiwan; [email protected] 7 National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 112, Taiwan 8 Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan * Correspondence: [email protected] (F.-R.C.); [email protected] (Y.-B.C.); Tel.: +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2162) (F.-R.C.); +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2197) (Y.-B.C.) † These authors contributed equally to this work. Received: 5 October 2018; Accepted: 23 October 2018; Published: 25 October 2018 Abstract: One new neolignan, racelactone A (1), together with seven known compounds (2−8) were isolated from the methanolic extract of the leaves and twigs of Lumnitzera racemosa. -
Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Combretum Glutinosum Extract Against Some Human Pathogens
British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 3(5): 233-236, 2012 ISSN: 2044-2459; E-ISSN: 2044-2467 © Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2012 Submitted: June 01, 2012 Accepted: June 23, 2012 Published: October 25, 2012 Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Combretum glutinosum Extract against Some Human Pathogens 1O. Yahaya, 2J.A. Yabefa and 1B. Usman 1Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Idah, Kogi State, Nigeria 2Department of Chemistry, Collage of Education, Brass-Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine the antibacterial effects of Combretum glutinosum plant extract on some clinically isolated bacteria species. Combretum glutinosum powdered plant materials was extracted using methanol and sterile distilled water. The Agar diffused methods was used to determine the antimicrobial activity of the plant against Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The methanolic and water both provide yield from different parts of the plant and both showed effectiveness. Phytochemical screening of the crude extract revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, phenolcs, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, anthroquinones and alkaloids and the growth of all bacteria were inhibited though to varying degrees thus justifying their use in traditional medicines in treating enteric infection and other diseases across Africa. Keywords: Combretum glutinosum, enteric infections, methanolic extract, phytochemicals INTRODUCTION gonorrhea and typhoid fever while the stem bark of Daniella oliveri was used in the treating fever, boil and The use of plant parts in the treatment of human back ache (Tony, 2005). disease is as old as the disease itself and herbal Combretum glutinosum is a very large genus medicine was the major form of medicine in Nigeria.