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Fascism 2 (2013) 161–182 brill.com/fasc ‘We Will Never Leave.’ The Reale Accademia d’Italia and the Invention of a Fascist Africanism Emanuel Rota University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [email protected] Abstract At the beginning of November 1938 the Reale Accademia d’Italia, the official cultural institution of the Italian Fascist regime, organized a conference on Africa. Mussolini himself had chosen the theme for the conference and major Italian political figures, such as De Vecchi and Balbo, delivered papers, together with French, English and German politicians and scholars. The con- ference, organized in the same year of Hitler’s visit to Italy and of the introduction of the new racial laws, could have offered the cultural justification for a foreign policy alternative to the German turn taken by the regime. Only Mussolini’s last minute decision not to attend trans- formed the Convegno Volta on Africa from a potential alternative foreign policy into a forum where the dissenting voices within the regime voiced their opposition to German style racism. Keywords Italian Fascism; racism; anti-Semitism; Reale Accademia d’Italia; Fascist colonialism; Fascist Africanism The time of politics and the time of cultural production run at different speeds. In authoritarian and totalitarian regimes, where the political power can dic- tate the cultural agenda, the lack of synchronicity that characterizes these two different times can be a source of embarrassment for the political authorities, a space where the sudden turns of politics can reveal themselves as such. For this reason, the cultural events that a regime organizes to systematize its ideol- ogy can be invaluable ‘time machines’ for historians, who can look a these events to challenge the time frame produced by political authorities to legiti- mize their choices. -
Ambasciata D'italia Presso La Santa Sede 1929
Storia e Diplomazia Il presente volume è stato realizzato a cura dell’Unità per la Documentazione Storico- diplomatica e gli Archivi sotto la direzione del Capo della Unità, Professor Francesco Perfetti. Le opinioni espresse all’interno dei saggi contenuti nel volume sono esclusivamente degli autori e non rappresentano in alcun modo la posizione della struttura. Ministero degli Affari Esteri Segreteria Generale Unità per la Documentazione Storico Diplomatica e gli Archivi Storia e Diplomazia 2 Giugno 2009 SOMMARIO Premessa ............................................................................................................... pag. 7 SAGGI ............................................................................................ » 9 Cesare Maria De Vecchi di Val Cismon. Primo Ambasciatore d’Italia in Vaticano (giugno 1929 – luglio 1935) di Mario Casella ............................................................................ » 11 INVENTARI ..................................................................................... » 29 Il riordinamento delle carte dell’Ambasciata d’Italia presso la Santa Sede di Stefania Ruggeri ......................................................................... » 31 Titolario ...................................................................................... » 33 Inventario .................................................................................... » 35 Inventario delle carte dell’Ambasciata d’Italia presso la Santa Sede a cura di Michele Abbate ............................................................................ -
The Reale Accademia D'italia and the Invention of a Fascist Africanism
Fascism 2 (2013) 161–182 brill.com/fasc ‘We Will Never Leave.’ The Reale Accademia d’Italia and the Invention of a Fascist Africanism Emanuel Rota University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [email protected] Abstract At the beginning of November 1938 the Reale Accademia d’Italia, the official cultural institution of the Italian Fascist regime, organized a conference on Africa. Mussolini himself had chosen the theme for the conference and major Italian political figures, such as De Vecchi and Balbo, delivered papers, together with French, English and German politicians and scholars. The con- ference, organized in the same year of Hitler’s visit to Italy and of the introduction of the new racial laws, could have offered the cultural justification for a foreign policy alternative to the German turn taken by the regime. Only Mussolini’s last minute decision not to attend trans- formed the Convegno Volta on Africa from a potential alternative foreign policy into a forum where the dissenting voices within the regime voiced their opposition to German style racism. Keywords Italian Fascism; racism; anti-Semitism; Reale Accademia d’Italia; Fascist colonialism; Fascist Africanism The time of politics and the time of cultural production run at different speeds. In authoritarian and totalitarian regimes, where the political power can dic- tate the cultural agenda, the lack of synchronicity that characterizes these two different times can be a source of embarrassment for the political authorities, a space where the sudden turns of politics can reveal themselves as such. For this reason, the cultural events that a regime organizes to systematize its ideol- ogy can be invaluable ‘time machines’ for historians, who can look a these events to challenge the time frame produced by political authorities to legiti- mize their choices. -
Chapter One: Introduction
CHANGING PERCEPTIONS OF IL DUCE TRACING POLITICAL TRENDS IN THE ITALIAN-AMERICAN MEDIA DURING THE EARLY YEARS OF FASCISM by Ryan J. Antonucci Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the History Program YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY August, 2013 Changing Perceptions of il Duce Tracing Political Trends in the Italian-American Media during the Early Years of Fascism Ryan J. Antonucci I hereby release this thesis to the public. I understand that this thesis will be made available from the OhioLINK ETD Center and the Maag Library Circulation Desk for public access. I also authorize the University or other individuals to make copies of this thesis as needed for scholarly research. Signature: Ryan J. Antonucci, Student Date Approvals: Dr. David Simonelli, Thesis Advisor Date Dr. Brian Bonhomme, Committee Member Date Dr. Martha Pallante, Committee Member Date Dr. Carla Simonini, Committee Member Date Dr. Salvatore A. Sanders, Associate Dean of Graduate Studies Date Ryan J. Antonucci © 2013 iii ABSTRACT Scholars of Italian-American history have traditionally asserted that the ethnic community’s media during the 1920s and 1930s was pro-Fascist leaning. This thesis challenges that narrative by proving that moderate, and often ambivalent, opinions existed at one time, and the shift to a philo-Fascist position was an active process. Using a survey of six Italian-language sources from diverse cities during the inauguration of Benito Mussolini’s regime, research shows that interpretations varied significantly. One of the newspapers, Il Cittadino Italo-Americano (Youngstown, Ohio) is then used as a case study to better understand why events in Italy were interpreted in certain ways. -
Revolutionary Syndicalist Opposition to the First World War: A
Re-evaluating syndicalist opposition to the First World War Darlington, RR http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0023656X.2012.731834 Title Re-evaluating syndicalist opposition to the First World War Authors Darlington, RR Type Article URL This version is available at: http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/19226/ Published Date 2012 USIR is a digital collection of the research output of the University of Salford. Where copyright permits, full text material held in the repository is made freely available online and can be read, downloaded and copied for non-commercial private study or research purposes. Please check the manuscript for any further copyright restrictions. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. Re-evaluating Syndicalist Opposition to the First World War Abstract It has been argued that support for the First World War by the important French syndicalist organisation, the Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT) has tended to obscure the fact that other national syndicalist organisations remained faithful to their professed workers’ internationalism: on this basis syndicalists beyond France, more than any other ideological persuasion within the organised trade union movement in immediate pre-war and wartime Europe, can be seen to have constituted an authentic movement of opposition to the war in their refusal to subordinate class interests to those of the state, to endorse policies of ‘defencism’ of the ‘national interest’ and to abandon the rhetoric of class conflict. This article, which attempts to contribute to a much neglected comparative historiography of the international syndicalist movement, re-evaluates the syndicalist response across a broad geographical field of canvas (embracing France, Italy, Spain, Ireland, Britain and America) to reveal a rather more nuanced, ambiguous and uneven picture. -
Bombing of Gernika
BIBLIOTECA DE The Bombing CULTURA VASCA of Gernika The episode of Guernica, with all that it The Bombing ... represents both in the military and the G) :c moral order, seems destined to pass 0 of Gernika into History as a symbol. A symbol of >< many things, but chiefly of that Xabier lruio capacity for falsehood possessed by the new Machiavellism which threatens destruction to all the ethical hypotheses of civilization. A clear example of the ..e use which can be made of untruth to ·-...c: degrade the minds of those whom one G) wishes to convince. c., '+- 0 (Foreign Wings over the Basque Country, 1937) C> C: ISBN 978-0-9967810-7-7 :c 90000 E 0 co G) .c 9 780996 781077 t- EDITORIALVASCA EKIN ARGITALETXEA Aberri Bilduma Collection, 11 Ekin Aberri Bilduma Collection, 11 Xabier Irujo The Bombing of Gernika Ekin Buenos Aires 2021 Aberri Bilduma Collection, 11 Editorial Vasca Ekin Argitaletxea Lizarrenea C./ México 1880 Buenos Aires, CP. 1200 Argentina Web: http://editorialvascaekin- ekinargitaletxea.blogspot.com Copyright © 2021 Ekin All rights reserved First edition. First print Printed in America Cover design © 2021 JSM ISBN first edition: 978-0-9967810-7-7 Table of Contents Bombardment. Description and types 9 Prehistory of terror bombing 13 Coup d'etat: Mussolini, Hitler, and Franco 17 Non-Intervention Committee 21 The Basque Country in 1936 27 The Basque front in the spring of 1937 31 Everyday routine: “Clear day means bombs” 33 Slow advance toward Bilbao 37 “Target Gernika” 41 Seven main reasons for choosing Gernika as a target 47 The alarm systems and the antiaircraft shelters 51 Typology and number of airplanes and bombs 55 Strategy of the attack 59 Excerpts from personal testimonies 71 Material destruction and death toll 85 The news 101 The lie 125 Denial and reductionism 131 Reconstruction 133 Bibliography 137 I can’t -it is impossible for me to give any picture of that indescribable tragedy. -
Youth, Gender, and Education in Fascist Italy, 1922-1939 Jennifer L
James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons Senior Honors Projects, 2010-current Honors College Spring 2015 The model of masculinity: Youth, gender, and education in Fascist Italy, 1922-1939 Jennifer L. Nehrt James Madison University Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/honors201019 Part of the European History Commons, History of Gender Commons, and the Social History Commons Recommended Citation Nehrt, Jennifer L., "The model of masculinity: Youth, gender, and education in Fascist Italy, 1922-1939" (2015). Senior Honors Projects, 2010-current. 66. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/honors201019/66 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Honors Projects, 2010-current by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Model of Masculinity: Youth, Gender, and Education in Fascist Italy, 1922-1939 _______________________ An Honors Program Project Presented to the Faculty of the Undergraduate College of Arts and Letters James Madison University _______________________ by Jennifer Lynn Nehrt May 2015 Accepted by the faculty of the Department of History, James Madison University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Honors Program. FACULTY COMMITTEE: HONORS PROGRAM APPROVAL: Project Advisor: Jessica Davis, Ph.D. Philip Frana, Ph.D., Associate Professor, History Interim Director, Honors Program Reader: Emily Westkaemper, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, History Reader: Christian Davis, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, History PUBLIC PRESENTATION This work is accepted for presentation, in part or in full, at Honors Symposium on April 24, 2015. -
Bruno Porta World War II Photographs (SC-304)
SC-304: Bruno Porta World War II Photographs Collection Number: SC-304 Title: Bruno Porta World War II Photographs Dates: 1942-1943 Creator: Porta, Bruno Summary/Abstract: The collection consists of 13 photographs depicting Benito Mussolini, Erwin Rommel, and other Italian and German military officers in North Africa in 1942-1943. Lieutenant Bruno Porta was an Italian Army officer in WWII. Porta later gave the photographs to his friend Richard Dawson, who served in the 415th Night Fighter Squadron. Quantity/Physical Description: 0.1 linear foot (13 photographs) Language(s): Original photograph captions are in Italian, with English translations provided in this finding aid by archivist. Repository: Special Collections and Archives, University Libraries, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435-0001, (937) 775-2092 Restrictions on Access: There are no restrictions on accessing material in this collection. Restrictions on Use: Copyright restrictions may apply. Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder. Preferred Citation: [Description of item, Photo #, Date], SC-304, Bruno Porta World War II Photographs, Special Collections and Archives, University Libraries, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio Acquisition: The photographs were donated to Special Collections & Archives by Peter Dawson, son of Richard Dawson, in March 2017. Custodial History: The photographs were taken by Bruno Porta, who later gave them to his friend Richard Dawson. Dawson served in the 415th Night Fighter Squadron. Porta’s son married Dawson’s daughter. SC-304: Bruno Porta World War II Photographs 1 Separated Material: Materials specifically pertaining to Richard Dawson that were donated at the same time have been added to MS-120: Night Fighters of World War II Historical Collection, Series XVIII and Series XIX. -
Vedimento (ASP, PNF Di Mon- Tecatini Val Di Cecina, B
“La Spalletta”, 12 settembre 2015 DALLA MARCIA SU ROMA ALLA MVSN «Vittoria Fascista»: era questo il titolo di un articolo di fondo pubblicato il 5 novembre 1922 su “Il Corazziere” (a. XLI, n. 45): foglio che mai – occorre dirlo – aveva fatto mancare il suo sostegno al movimento fondato da Mussolini il 23 marzo 1919, prima, e poi al partito nato il 7 novembre del 1921: Il nostro giornale che ha seguito, con simpatia, con fiducia, con ammirazione fervida e sincera, il fascismo, fino dal suo sor- gere, ne celebra oggi la piena e assoluta vittoria con la più grande letizia e con la ferma sicurezza che esso saprà ottimamente ricostruire come efficacemente ha saputo compiere l’opera di santa demolizione. Alle Camice nere, al genio di Benito Mussolini – duce romanamente grande – l’Italia deve la sua salvezza e dovrà la sua rina- scita e il definitivo trionfo. I primi atti del nuovo Governo infondono un ritmo nuovo alla vita nazionale: il ritmo dei forti. Finalmente – dopo l’avvicendarsi di governi abulici, inerti, tentennanti, deboli – l’Italia – per merito di Vittorio Emanuele III – ha oggi alla sua testa un Uomo dal pugno di ferro e dalla mente superiore, un Uomo che è espressione pura e genui- na della nostra razza imperiale! Salutiamo in Benito Mussolini il continuatore dell’Italia di Vittorio Veneto; diamo a Benito Mussolini adesione piena, completa, entusiastica, incondizionata; stringiamoci concordi intorno al Fascismo trionfante: questo è il dovere di quanti hanno amore e rispetto per la Patria, affetto e devozione per il Sovrano: chi non sente questo dovere è un traditore. -
2012 NHBB Set a Round #9
2012 NHBB Set A Bowl Round 9 First Quarter BOWL ROUND 9 1. One faction supporting this group was the Sealed Knot, who planned the Penruddock uprising. This force’s commanders included Marmaduke Langdale and a man from Bohemia who was the son of Frederick the Winter King. Under the command of Prince Rupert of the Rhine, this force lost the battles of Marston Moor and Naseby to the New Model Army. For 10 points, name this group, the opponent of the Roundheads, who supported Charles I during the English Civil War. ANSWER: Cavaliers [or Royalists] 052-12-66-09101 2. This man wrote a poetry collection in classic Chinese called the Notebook from Prison. Pham Van Dong represented this man at the Geneva accords. He once said, “We will never agree to negotiate under the threat of bombing,” in response to President Lyndon Johnson. This man was the namesake of a trail that supported the Vietcong during a civil war. For 10 points, name this founder of the Viet Min and leader of North Vietnam for whom the former Saigon is now named. ANSWER: Ho Chi Minh [or Nguyen Sinh Cung; or Nguyen Tat Thanh; or Nguyen Ai Quoc] 030-12-66-09102 3. After this event, its instigator solidified his power by changing elections to a proportional representation system through the Acerbo Law. This event was led by (meek-EY-ley bee-AHN-kee) Michele Bianchi and the other three quadrumvirs. This event led to Luigi Facta and Victor Emmanuel III losing power to the leader of the Blackshirts. -
Redalyc.MASONERÍA Y FASCISMO EN ITALIA: UNA RELACIÓN AMBIGUA (1922-1943)
Diálogos - Revista do Departamento de História e do Programa de Pós-Graduação em História ISSN: 1415-9945 [email protected] Universidade Estadual de Maringá Brasil Savarino, Franco MASONERÍA Y FASCISMO EN ITALIA: UNA RELACIÓN AMBIGUA (1922-1943) Diálogos - Revista do Departamento de História e do Programa de Pós-Graduação em História, vol. 13, núm. 1, 2009, pp. 167-184 Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá, Brasil Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=305526877009 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Diálogos, DHI/PPH/UEM, v. 13, n. 1 p. 167-184, 2009. MASONERÍA Y FASCISMO EN ITALIA: UNA RELACIÓN AMBIGUA (1922-1943) * Franco Savarino** Resumen. La formación de un régimen autoritario en Italia en 1922 (desde 1925 dictadura totalitaria), causó un enfrentamiento con la masonería. Inicialmente varias logias apoyaron la llegada al poder de Mussolini, y entre los fascistas había muchos masones. Sin embargo, existía una fuerte corriente antimasónica heredada del nacionalismo, que compartía personalmente el Jefe de los «camisas negras» y varios líderes importantes del nuevo régimen. La masonería fue primero prohibida en las filas del Partido y luego (1925) proscrita. Aquí me propongo indagar sobre los motivos que llevaron a este enfrentamiento y el significado de la oposición masonería-fascismo, frente al programa fascista de alianza con fuerzas liberales, acercamiento a la Iglesia católica y formación de una nueva «religión política» incompatible con la tradición masónica. -
Ruling Elites.Indb
António Costa Pinto is a professor Dictators do not rule alone, and a governing elite stratum is always ANTÓNIO COSTA PINTO After the so-called ‘third wave’ of de- of politics and contemporary Euro- formed below them. This book explores an underdeveloped area in the study ANTÓNIO COSTA PINTO mocratisation at the end of the 20th pean history at the Institute of Social of fascism: the structure of power. The old and rich tradition of elite studies Edited by century had significantly increased the Sciences, University of Lisbon. He has can tell us much about the structure and operation of political power in the number of democracies in the world, been a visiting professor at Stanford dictatorships associated with fascism, whether through the characterisation of the survival of many dictatorships has University (1993) Georgetown Uni- had an important impact. Taking as the modes of political elite recruitment, or by the type of leadership, and the versity (2004), a senior associate mem- starting point the dictatorships that ber at St Antony’s College, Oxford relative power of the political institutions in the new dictatorial system. emerged since the beginning of the University (1995) and a senior visiting Analyzing four dictatorships associated with fascism (Fascist Italy, Nazi 20th century, but mainly those that fellow at Princeton University (1996) Germany, Salazar’s Portugal and Franco’s Spain), the book investigates the were institutionalised after 1945, the and at the University of California, dictator-cabinet-single party triad from