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Chapter One: Introduction
CHANGING PERCEPTIONS OF IL DUCE TRACING POLITICAL TRENDS IN THE ITALIAN-AMERICAN MEDIA DURING THE EARLY YEARS OF FASCISM by Ryan J. Antonucci Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the History Program YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY August, 2013 Changing Perceptions of il Duce Tracing Political Trends in the Italian-American Media during the Early Years of Fascism Ryan J. Antonucci I hereby release this thesis to the public. I understand that this thesis will be made available from the OhioLINK ETD Center and the Maag Library Circulation Desk for public access. I also authorize the University or other individuals to make copies of this thesis as needed for scholarly research. Signature: Ryan J. Antonucci, Student Date Approvals: Dr. David Simonelli, Thesis Advisor Date Dr. Brian Bonhomme, Committee Member Date Dr. Martha Pallante, Committee Member Date Dr. Carla Simonini, Committee Member Date Dr. Salvatore A. Sanders, Associate Dean of Graduate Studies Date Ryan J. Antonucci © 2013 iii ABSTRACT Scholars of Italian-American history have traditionally asserted that the ethnic community’s media during the 1920s and 1930s was pro-Fascist leaning. This thesis challenges that narrative by proving that moderate, and often ambivalent, opinions existed at one time, and the shift to a philo-Fascist position was an active process. Using a survey of six Italian-language sources from diverse cities during the inauguration of Benito Mussolini’s regime, research shows that interpretations varied significantly. One of the newspapers, Il Cittadino Italo-Americano (Youngstown, Ohio) is then used as a case study to better understand why events in Italy were interpreted in certain ways. -
Revolutionary Syndicalist Opposition to the First World War: A
Re-evaluating syndicalist opposition to the First World War Darlington, RR http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0023656X.2012.731834 Title Re-evaluating syndicalist opposition to the First World War Authors Darlington, RR Type Article URL This version is available at: http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/19226/ Published Date 2012 USIR is a digital collection of the research output of the University of Salford. Where copyright permits, full text material held in the repository is made freely available online and can be read, downloaded and copied for non-commercial private study or research purposes. Please check the manuscript for any further copyright restrictions. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. Re-evaluating Syndicalist Opposition to the First World War Abstract It has been argued that support for the First World War by the important French syndicalist organisation, the Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT) has tended to obscure the fact that other national syndicalist organisations remained faithful to their professed workers’ internationalism: on this basis syndicalists beyond France, more than any other ideological persuasion within the organised trade union movement in immediate pre-war and wartime Europe, can be seen to have constituted an authentic movement of opposition to the war in their refusal to subordinate class interests to those of the state, to endorse policies of ‘defencism’ of the ‘national interest’ and to abandon the rhetoric of class conflict. This article, which attempts to contribute to a much neglected comparative historiography of the international syndicalist movement, re-evaluates the syndicalist response across a broad geographical field of canvas (embracing France, Italy, Spain, Ireland, Britain and America) to reveal a rather more nuanced, ambiguous and uneven picture. -
A British Reflection: the Relationship Between Dante's Comedy and The
A British Reflection: the Relationship between Dante’s Comedy and the Italian Fascist Movement and Regime during the 1920s and 1930s with references to the Risorgimento. Keon Esky A thesis submitted in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. University of Sydney 2016 KEON ESKY Fig. 1 Raffaello Sanzio, ‘La Disputa’ (detail) 1510-11, Fresco - Stanza della Segnatura, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican. KEON ESKY ii I dedicate this thesis to my late father who would have wanted me to embark on such a journey, and to my partner who with patience and love has never stopped believing that I could do it. KEON ESKY iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis owes a debt of gratitude to many people in many different countries, and indeed continents. They have all contributed in various measures to the completion of this endeavour. However, this study is deeply indebted first and foremost to my supervisor Dr. Francesco Borghesi. Without his assistance throughout these many years, this thesis would not have been possible. For his support, patience, motivation, and vast knowledge I shall be forever thankful. He truly was my Virgil. Besides my supervisor, I would like to thank the whole Department of Italian Studies at the University of Sydney, who have patiently worked with me and assisted me when I needed it. My sincere thanks go to Dr. Rubino and the rest of the committees that in the years have formed the panel for the Annual Reviews for their insightful comments and encouragement, but equally for their firm questioning, which helped me widening the scope of my research and accept other perspectives. -
'Something Is Wrong with Our Army…' Command, Leadership & Italian
Journal of Military and Strategic VOLUME 14, ISSUE 1, FALL 2011 Studies ‘Something is wrong with our army…’ Command, Leadership & Italian Military Failure in the First Libyan Campaign, 1940-41. Dr. Craig Stockings There is no question that the First Libyan Campaign of 1940-41 was an Italian military disaster of the highest order. Within hours of Mussolini’s declaration of war British troops began launching a series of very successful raids by air, sea and land in the North African theatre. Despite such early setbacks a long-anticipated Italian invasion of Egypt began on 13 September 1940. After three days of ponderous and costly advance, elements of the Italian 10th Army halted 95 kilometres into Egyptian territory and dug into a series of fortified camps southwest of the small coastal village of Sidi Barrani. From 9-11 December, these camps were attacked by Western Desert Force (WDF) in the opening stages of Operation Compass – the British counter-offensive against the Italian invasion. Italian troops not killed or captured in the rout that followed began a desperate and disjointed withdrawal back over the Libyan border, with the British in pursuit. The next significant engagement of the campaign was at the port-village Bardia, 30 kilometres inside Libya, in the first week of 1941. There the Australian 6 Division, having recently replaced 4 Indian Division as the infantry component of WDF (now renamed 13 Corps), broke the Italian fortress and its 40,000 defenders with few casualties. The feat was repeated at the port of Tobruk, deeper into Libya, when another 27,000 Italian prisoners were taken. -
Mussolini a New Life
A 364818 MUSSOLINI A NEW LIFE Nicholas Farrell Weidenfeld & Nicolson LONDON CONTENTS Acknowledgements xi Illustrations xiii Maps xv Foreword xvii 1 The Land of the Duce 1 2 The Youth of the Duce 8 3 The Duce as Tramp and Teacher 21 4 The Duce as Journalist 34 5 Avanti! 47 6 Trench War in the Alps 66 7 The Birth of Fascism 75 The Crisis of the Italian Liberal State The Fascist Movement Is Founded If d'Annunzio's March on Fiume Was Comic Opera, Mussolini's March on Rome Was Opera Lirica Life at Fiume The 1919 General Election: Fascism Fails The Fascist Phoenix Rises Squadrismo 1921: 'L'Anno Fascista' 8 The March on Rome 110 9 Power: Year One of the Fascist Era 124 10 Dux 161 The Five Souls of Fascism The Battle for the Economy and the Corporate State Marriage and the Man The Conciliation of Church and State, 1929 11 The Fascist Faithful and the Cult of the Duce 214 1932: Year Ten of the Fascist Era Duce! Duce! The Glory Years: I Ragazzi degli Anni Trenta vii Mussolini: A New Life The Wall Street Crash and the Corporate State Getting Across the Fascist Message Starace and Lo Stile Fascista Foreign Policy 1925-35: An Italian Place in the Sun Austria 12 Ethiopia 1935-6: Mad Dogs and Englishmen 252 Galeazzo Ciano: The Son-in-Law the Duce Would Have Shot All Silent at Stresa Appeasing the Dictators A Proletarian Colonial War The Hoare-Laval Pact Victory in Ethiopia Ethiopia: Italian Atrocities and Vanity 13 The Spanish Civil War (1936-9): The Blurring of Good and Evil and the Taking of Sides 281 Chamberlain's Secret Contacts with Mussolini The -
Orme) Wilberforce (Albert) Raymond Blackburn (Alexander Bell
Copyrights sought (Albert) Basil (Orme) Wilberforce (Albert) Raymond Blackburn (Alexander Bell) Filson Young (Alexander) Forbes Hendry (Alexander) Frederick Whyte (Alfred Hubert) Roy Fedden (Alfred) Alistair Cooke (Alfred) Guy Garrod (Alfred) James Hawkey (Archibald) Berkeley Milne (Archibald) David Stirling (Archibald) Havergal Downes-Shaw (Arthur) Berriedale Keith (Arthur) Beverley Baxter (Arthur) Cecil Tyrrell Beck (Arthur) Clive Morrison-Bell (Arthur) Hugh (Elsdale) Molson (Arthur) Mervyn Stockwood (Arthur) Paul Boissier, Harrow Heraldry Committee & Harrow School (Arthur) Trevor Dawson (Arwyn) Lynn Ungoed-Thomas (Basil Arthur) John Peto (Basil) Kingsley Martin (Basil) Kingsley Martin (Basil) Kingsley Martin & New Statesman (Borlasse Elward) Wyndham Childs (Cecil Frederick) Nevil Macready (Cecil George) Graham Hayman (Charles Edward) Howard Vincent (Charles Henry) Collins Baker (Charles) Alexander Harris (Charles) Cyril Clarke (Charles) Edgar Wood (Charles) Edward Troup (Charles) Frederick (Howard) Gough (Charles) Michael Duff (Charles) Philip Fothergill (Charles) Philip Fothergill, Liberal National Organisation, N-E Warwickshire Liberal Association & Rt Hon Charles Albert McCurdy (Charles) Vernon (Oldfield) Bartlett (Charles) Vernon (Oldfield) Bartlett & World Review of Reviews (Claude) Nigel (Byam) Davies (Claude) Nigel (Byam) Davies (Colin) Mark Patrick (Crwfurd) Wilfrid Griffin Eady (Cyril) Berkeley Ormerod (Cyril) Desmond Keeling (Cyril) George Toogood (Cyril) Kenneth Bird (David) Euan Wallace (Davies) Evan Bedford (Denis Duncan) -
2012 NHBB Set a Round #9
2012 NHBB Set A Bowl Round 9 First Quarter BOWL ROUND 9 1. One faction supporting this group was the Sealed Knot, who planned the Penruddock uprising. This force’s commanders included Marmaduke Langdale and a man from Bohemia who was the son of Frederick the Winter King. Under the command of Prince Rupert of the Rhine, this force lost the battles of Marston Moor and Naseby to the New Model Army. For 10 points, name this group, the opponent of the Roundheads, who supported Charles I during the English Civil War. ANSWER: Cavaliers [or Royalists] 052-12-66-09101 2. This man wrote a poetry collection in classic Chinese called the Notebook from Prison. Pham Van Dong represented this man at the Geneva accords. He once said, “We will never agree to negotiate under the threat of bombing,” in response to President Lyndon Johnson. This man was the namesake of a trail that supported the Vietcong during a civil war. For 10 points, name this founder of the Viet Min and leader of North Vietnam for whom the former Saigon is now named. ANSWER: Ho Chi Minh [or Nguyen Sinh Cung; or Nguyen Tat Thanh; or Nguyen Ai Quoc] 030-12-66-09102 3. After this event, its instigator solidified his power by changing elections to a proportional representation system through the Acerbo Law. This event was led by (meek-EY-ley bee-AHN-kee) Michele Bianchi and the other three quadrumvirs. This event led to Luigi Facta and Victor Emmanuel III losing power to the leader of the Blackshirts. -
CONTRACT for CLARESHOLM SCHOOL 1 Wsafyier FINAL Grii 1 FORECAST—FAIR, MILD Y-XJL Winnipeg Wheat EDITION MAY CLOSE 77^4
CONTRACT FOR CLARESHOLM SCHOOL 1 Wsafyier FINAL grii 1 FORECAST—FAIR, MILD y-XJL Winnipeg Wheat EDITION MAY CLOSE 77^4 VOL. XXXIII. No. 30B. LETHBRIDGE, ALBERTA, SATURDAY, DECEMBER 7, 1940 16 PAGES AND COMICS TIRANA BY CHRISTMAS" GREEK BATTLE CRY AS ARGIROCASTRO ABANDONED $882,000 MORE TROUBLE FOR IL DUCE Full Striking Force For New Unit Speed Bombers For Britain Relinquishes Greek Units Hurled Air Scheme 4* 'I'^ •I' -I' •^ ^ •i* -h 4" 4* 4* + 4" + + U.S. Will Build Two More Big Assembly Plants Command In At Fleeing Italians Bennett and White Given Fascists Leave Parts of Albanian Base in Flames— Contiact for Big 3,000 Prisoners Taken Along With Over 100 Airport Dodecanese TRAVELLING Howitzers—Drive Pushed in North With ARTISANS TO Albanian Capital City as Objective START LETHBRIDGE Second Sensational Retire ment in Italian High REBUILD G.B. THENS, Dec. 7—(A.P.)—Italian forces were report PLANT IN SPRING A ed today to have abandoned Argirocastro, leaving Command NEW YORK, Dec. 7.—(;P)— parts of the inland Albanian base in flames. Dispatches (Special to The Ilcralil.) Thirteen mobilized squads of from the front said Greek troops advancing on Argirocas OTTAWA, Out., Dec. 7.—Con bricklayers, carpenters and ONE OF FASCISM'S masons soon will travel about tro from several directions had established contact pre tract for construction of build paratory to occupation. ings for the new service flyinp ORIGINAL BIG 4 Britain repairing and re training school at Clarosholm, building bombed houses, a The road between Porto Edda and Delvino and the Alberta, has been awarded to British broadcast heard here ROME, Dec. -
Redalyc.MASONERÍA Y FASCISMO EN ITALIA: UNA RELACIÓN AMBIGUA (1922-1943)
Diálogos - Revista do Departamento de História e do Programa de Pós-Graduação em História ISSN: 1415-9945 [email protected] Universidade Estadual de Maringá Brasil Savarino, Franco MASONERÍA Y FASCISMO EN ITALIA: UNA RELACIÓN AMBIGUA (1922-1943) Diálogos - Revista do Departamento de História e do Programa de Pós-Graduação em História, vol. 13, núm. 1, 2009, pp. 167-184 Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá, Brasil Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=305526877009 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Diálogos, DHI/PPH/UEM, v. 13, n. 1 p. 167-184, 2009. MASONERÍA Y FASCISMO EN ITALIA: UNA RELACIÓN AMBIGUA (1922-1943) * Franco Savarino** Resumen. La formación de un régimen autoritario en Italia en 1922 (desde 1925 dictadura totalitaria), causó un enfrentamiento con la masonería. Inicialmente varias logias apoyaron la llegada al poder de Mussolini, y entre los fascistas había muchos masones. Sin embargo, existía una fuerte corriente antimasónica heredada del nacionalismo, que compartía personalmente el Jefe de los «camisas negras» y varios líderes importantes del nuevo régimen. La masonería fue primero prohibida en las filas del Partido y luego (1925) proscrita. Aquí me propongo indagar sobre los motivos que llevaron a este enfrentamiento y el significado de la oposición masonería-fascismo, frente al programa fascista de alianza con fuerzas liberales, acercamiento a la Iglesia católica y formación de una nueva «religión política» incompatible con la tradición masónica. -
Compare and Contrast Italian and German Nazi Ideology
1800944 Compare and contrast Italian and German Nazi Ideology Fascism is an ideology that has often been left without a solid definition, and it has been interpreted in a variety of ways.1 Fascism has been interpreted as: capitalism’s response to Communism, totalitarian ultra-nationalism, and a community focused authoritarian system which holds contradictory Socialist and conservative values. 2 3 4 Within these differing interpretations’ fascism has been described as; ultra-nationalist, authoritarian, violent, imperialist, collectivist ideology, which holds populist tendencies. Different stands of fascism also tend to add different policies which are relevant to the socio-economic context in order to appeal to the target audience, the people. Italian Fascism evolved from ‘Italian national syndicalism’, ‘revolutionary syndicalism’, and Italian nationalism taking with it their shared beliefs of productivism, and nationalism; whilst also exhibiting conventional fascist traits such as authoritarianism, imperialism, and violence. 5 6 German Fascism evolved from socialism, but also from the issues that Germany was facing in the aftermath of World War Two. German Fascism exhibited typical fascist traits such being nationalist, authoritarian, and violent, but also demonstrated socialist policies, by focusing on the betterment of the community through national projects. 7 Italian and German fascism had varying traits that appeared in different strengths, but the two different versions of fascism were similar. Both Italian and German Fascism came -
Ruling Elites.Indb
António Costa Pinto is a professor Dictators do not rule alone, and a governing elite stratum is always ANTÓNIO COSTA PINTO After the so-called ‘third wave’ of de- of politics and contemporary Euro- formed below them. This book explores an underdeveloped area in the study ANTÓNIO COSTA PINTO mocratisation at the end of the 20th pean history at the Institute of Social of fascism: the structure of power. The old and rich tradition of elite studies Edited by century had significantly increased the Sciences, University of Lisbon. He has can tell us much about the structure and operation of political power in the number of democracies in the world, been a visiting professor at Stanford dictatorships associated with fascism, whether through the characterisation of the survival of many dictatorships has University (1993) Georgetown Uni- had an important impact. Taking as the modes of political elite recruitment, or by the type of leadership, and the versity (2004), a senior associate mem- starting point the dictatorships that ber at St Antony’s College, Oxford relative power of the political institutions in the new dictatorial system. emerged since the beginning of the University (1995) and a senior visiting Analyzing four dictatorships associated with fascism (Fascist Italy, Nazi 20th century, but mainly those that fellow at Princeton University (1996) Germany, Salazar’s Portugal and Franco’s Spain), the book investigates the were institutionalised after 1945, the and at the University of California, dictator-cabinet-single party triad from -
Consensus for Mussolini? Popular Opinion in the Province of Venice (1922-1943)
UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM SCHOOL OF HISTORY AND CULTURES Department of History PhD in Modern History Consensus for Mussolini? Popular opinion in the Province of Venice (1922-1943) Supervisor: Prof. Sabine Lee Student: Marco Tiozzo Fasiolo ACADEMIC YEAR 2016-2017 2 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the PhD degree of the University of Birmingham is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of my words. 3 Abstract The thesis focuses on the response of Venice province population to the rise of Fascism and to the regime’s attempts to fascistise Italian society.