Index

Aaronovitch, S., 13, 26 relations, 81 Abercrombie, N., 116, 120, 128, 130, 131, tenant control, 79 132, 133 time-span, 62 Accumulation of capital Agriculture aided by state intervention, 142 capitalist: development, 59, 62, 72 causing reduced rate of profit, 21 (production relations, 59, 60--1, contradictions, 12 73-81; properties, 69--73 determined by profit for investment, 34 cycle of indebtedness, 76--7 determining organisation of labour distribution of surplus value, 64-5 process, 129 East Africa, 78 dis proportionality, 124-6 English conditions, 63 function of state intervention, 156 food production, and population internationalisation, 130 growth limits, 171-2 link with city construction, 182-3 'green revolution', 80 link with environmental degradation, India, 77, 78 169--70 inherent uncertainties, 71 primitive (or 'primary'), 43 investment problems, 71 regional variations, 180 investible surpluses, 72-3 regular swings, 19 need for more investigation, 82 regulated by profit rate, 20 particularity of, 60--2 role of space, 175--8 pre-capitalist, factors shaping, 80 social structure, 26 (relations, 79) wave characteristic, 176 separation from industrial production, ACTT, see Association of Cinematograph, 63 Television and Allied Technicians simple commodity and peasant Adey, G., 122 producers compared, 72 Adorno, T., 121, 230, 248, 249--50, 270, social relations, categorisation, 77 284 state intervention, 68, 81 Aesthetic sensibility, 231-4 superiority of large scale, 66 Agamben, G., 213 Alavi, H., 179 Agrarian question, 4, 58--86, 117 Althusser, L., 8!, 102, 103-4, 122-6, 205, classical Marxist position, 62-9 217,218,235,252-4,259,269,276, contemporary positions, 69--81 277, 282, 284 origin, 58 extreme positions untenable, l 06 Agricultural production on empiricism in scientific texts, 123 attempts to categorise, 78 Thompson's critique, 103-5, 125 decline in 20th century, 69 Alvarado, M., 274, 286 different from other industries, 58 Ambrose, P., 184 essential nature, 61 Amin, S., 175 household, 69--70, 74, 81 Anderson, B., 179, 180, 187 inherent uncertainties, 61-2 Anderson, P., l, 90, 101, 106, 107, 112, low market value, 70 118, 120, 128, 141,213,218,261, organisational differences, 61 270 peasant, factors affecting, 75 Ardrey, R., 168

293 294 Index

Art relationship with superstructure, Benjamin's warning against Gramsci's contribution, 103 fetishisation, 248 Bassett, K.A., 177, 182, 188 expression of human values, 233 Baudelaire, C. P., 248 link with labour cut under capitalism, Bauer, 0., 206 232-3 Baumol, W.J., 55 Marxist contribution to avant-garde, Bax, E. B., 95 246-7 Belsey, C., 247, 253, 259 mechanical reproduction, 248 Benjamin, W., 213, 230, 247-9, 249, 262, more independent than other 270 superstructural elements, 234 Bennett, T., 240, 257, 276, 279, 284 relationship with ideology, 253 Bentham,]., 113 Artisan, role in social development, 95 Benton, T., 126, 127 Artistic freedom, 248 Berger, J., 270 Arvon, H., 229 Bernstein, B., 221, 222 Association of Cinematograph, Television Bernstein, H., 76, 77, 82 and Allied Technicians, 274 Bertolazzi, C., 253 Audience research, 280--2 Best, M., 150 Audiences Beynon, H , 129 cultural conformism, 280 Bhaduri, A., 79, 82 decoding media messages, 281 Bhaskar, R., 126 response to media messages, 280 Biological basis of social action, 168, 1 73 subjugated to mass persuasion, 280 Birmingham University: Centre for Avant-garde movements Contemporary Cultural Studies, 269, in literature, 260--1 281 in media, 287 Blackburn, R., 129 Marxist contribution to art, 246-7 Blaut, J. M., 175 Soviet attacks, 241 Bleaney, M., 22 Avineri, S., 113, 115, 116 Bloch,]., 214 Bloomfield, L., 205 Bluestone, B., 149 Babbage, C., 129 Bodammer, Th., 201 Bahro, R., 120, 170, 173, 174 Boddy, M., 162, 184 Bakhtin, M., 212, 240, 254, 260 Bohm-Bawerk, E. von, 33 Bakhtin's Circle, 212 Bolelli, T., 214 Balibar, E., 122, 221 Booms, effects, 19 Balibar, R., 219, 256 Borbe, T., 208 Balzac, H. de, 235, 237, 243, 255 Bortkiewicz, L. von, 47 Banaji, J., 66, 75, 76, 82 Bourdieu, P., 268--9, 275, 287 Bankruptcies, 13, 15 Bourgeois ideology, 120 as economic purge, 19 , progressive class in 19th Banks century, 244 failures, 16 Braverman, H., 128, 129, 130 international dealings, 16 Brecht, B., 230, 245--7, 247, 262, 270, see also Central banks; Financial system 271' 276, 277' 278 Baran, P., 22, 183 Adorno's critique, 249 Barrell, J., 170 on Lukacs, 242, 245 Barrett, M., 6, 261 Brohm,J.-M., 284 Barthes, R., 217, 25 7, 259, 276, 278 Brookfield, H. C., 175 Bartoli, M.G., 214 Brown, G., 219 Base, 116-17,282 Brunsdon,C., 279,281,282 base-superstructure model in literary Buchanan, K., 175 theory, 234-5, 238 Buci-Glucksmann, C., 119 determining language, 208 Burawoy, M., 129, 130 language, 209, 214 Bureaucracy, 161 Index 295

Burgess, E. W., 168 Castells, M., 150, 156, 159, 180, 181, 182, Burnham, W., 158 185, 187 Buscombe, E., 274, 279 Catalano, A., 177 Byres, T. J., 61, 79, 82 Cawson, A., !57, 158 Byrne, D., 187 CCCS, see Birmingham University: Centre for Contemporary Cultural Cable television, 275 Studies Calhoun, C., 125, 133 Central hanks, intervention to prevent Callinicos, A., 218 financial collapse, 15-16 Calve!, L.-J., 205, 206 Chagall, M., 212 Capital Chattopadhyay, P., 78 as social relationship, 26 Chayanov, A. V., 73, 81 circuit: 13--15; types of crisis, 14 Childe, V. G., 97 expansion, conditions, 25 China, Marxist impact on peasant global functions, 130, 143 society, 4 in opposition to wage labour, 115 Chomsky, N., 221-2 interests dictating state policy, !52 Cinema organic composition, 123--4 positioning of spectator, 276 realisation of surplus value, 21-2 presenting dominant ideology, 277 restructuring: factors controlling, 25 (to realism criticised, 277 remove imbalances, 26) structuralist criticism, 278 sectoral segmentation, 149 City state policy involvement, !54 as investment outlet, 183 symbolic, 275 concentration of workers, 182 translation of money into, 41 (for link with capital accumulation, 182-3 investment, 34) links with community, 184-6 1ee also Accumulation of capital Marxist views, 181-2 Capitalism Clark, G., 175, 182, 186 analysis of finance-capitalism, 117-18 Clarke, S., 261 appraisal of political life under, 141-2 Class(es) causing indirect social connections antagonisms, in evolution of society, 30 through commodities, 114 as cultural phenomenon, !00 coercive property relations, 31 balance of class forces model, 155-6 commodity fetishism, 119 bias in media presentations, 270 competition, 27 competition between, 27 conditions for purchasing labour con temporary analyses, 128 power, 42 contemporary categories, 143--4 crisis as inherent part, 26-7 culture as expression, 284 crisis in Britain, features, 14-15 definitions, 30, 134 dominance of money relations, 32 definitions affected by race and gender dynamics of production mode, 43 studies, 6 export of capital, 118 discussion by Thompson, 99-100 growth and crisis, 12 divisions between, 142 history of, characteristics, II domination, and role of state, 152-60 implications of crisis, 27 emerging from homogeneous peasantry, nature of capitalist state, 120 76 phases of boom and slump, 17 existence of 'fractions', 14 7 rationality and irrationality, 12 ideologies, 133--4 social control through mass culture, language, 206-7, 209, 218-20 284 literature, 235-6, 238, 244, 251-2 ultimate collapse, 14 need for 'within-class' categories, 145 .>ee afro Agriculture, capitalist need to respecify definitions, 145 Cardechi, G., 130, 143 organised as collective actors, 132 Carney,J., 175,187 problematising, 131-5 Carr, E. H., 102 redefinition of concept, 100 296 Index

Class(es)- contmued Coward, R., 247, 253, 259 relations, in cultural field, 271 Cowen, M., 78 relative powers, disproportionality, 24 Cremonini, L., 253 revolutionary tradition, 100 Crime studies, 108 social categories within, 148 Crisis stratification within classes, 14 7 factors controlling frequency, 25 structure, related to residential area, form, 27, 13--20 184 implications for capitalism, 27 struggle over exploitation, 48 inherent in dynamic of capitalism, 26--7 theory of society, 116 origin of term, II Crisis theory, 4, 11-29 after class formation, 146 capital restructuring, 12 'displaced', 147 discussions in writings of Marx, 11-12 dominam in political scene, 142 mechanisms, 20-6 related to political conflict, 142-52 . structure, 12 Cloward, R., 155, 162 Croall, S., 173 Cobb,J., 150 Croce, B., 214 Cockburn, C., 187 Crompton, R., 143, 146 Cohen, G., 106, 113, 115, 116, 127-8 Cuba, Marxist impact on peasant society, Cohen, M., 214 4 Colenutt, B., 184 Culler,]., 253 Collins, R., 260, 279 Cultural studies Commodities courses set up, 268 agricultural production, 72 Marxist analyses, 269 capitalist fetishism, 119, 121 Culture, 6 commensurability, 38-9 as expression of social classes, 284 consumed by unproductive sector, 130 broadening definition, 268 exchange value, 38, 39, 45-6 class relations, 271 free exchange economy, 41 see also Popular culture in production, 114 Curran, J., 269 indirect connection between people, Cutler, A., 33, 56, 126, 129 114 input values compared with prices of Dahl, R., 154 production, 46 Dante Alighieri, 229, 257 specialisation in production, 41 Dear, M., 182, 186 use-value, 40 Della Volpe, G., 261 wage bundle consumed by workers, 47 Delphy, C., 125 see also Symbolic goods Demand, disproportionality with supply, Communications, between members of 24 labour, 133 Democratic dissent, 94 Communist Party Historians' Group, 98 Depressions Community, city links, 184-6 periods, 17 Community associations, 181 preceded by financial collapse, 15 Competition Derrida, .J., 217, 257 between capitalists and between Dickens, P., 155 classes, 27, 44 Dickenson, J., 7l equalising rate of profit, 35 Discourse theory, 218--19, 259--60 Connell, I., 274, 282, 286 notion of 'subject', 219 Connolly, W., 95, !50 Disraeli, B., 92 Constitutional history, 91 Dissent, democratic, 94 Consumption Distribution of social product, 33-4 politics of, 181 effects on valuation, 35 realising use-values, 42 Djurfeldt, G., 70, 71, 74 Cook, P., 271, 282 Dobb, M., 48, 55 Cooke, P., 180, 187, !88 Dostaler, G , 55 Index 297

Dostoevskij, F. M., 212, 240-1 Enzenberger, H. M., 270 Drummond, P., 276 Erckenbrecht, U., 204 Duhring, E. K., 204 Erlich, V., 240 Duncan,]., 189 Ethnic conflicts, 151 Duncan, S., !59 Ethnicity Duncan, S. S., 187 basis of working class division, 130, 134 Dunford, M., 176, 187 bias in media presentations, 270 Dunleavy, P., 135, 150, 181 Eurocurrency markets, 16 Durkheim, E., 92, 275 Evans, M., 252 Dyer, R., 279 Experience 'lived' and 'perceived', 106 Eagleton, T., 230, 233, 239, 248, 258, 261 relationship to social consciousness, 105 East Africa, agriculture, 78 Easthope, A., 261 Factors of production, in price theory, 36 Eco, U., 217,282 Fainstein, N. I. and S. S., 188 Ecology Family studies, 108 causes of crisis, I 70 Farrington, B., 97 human, 168 Feminist movement, 6, 262 Economic determinism, 89 re-evaluation of ideologies offemininity, in media, 271, 272-5 271 understanding workings of, 273 see also Women Economics Fetishism-based theory of society, 116 categories, limitations of, 31 Fetishism of commodities, 119, 121 Marxist legacy, 4 F euerbach, L., 115 Economy Finance-capitalism, analysis, 11 7-18 collapse in West, 120 Financial collapse, 14, 1~17 determination/dominance debate, 124 central bank intervention, 15-16 Education, social implications, 120 international, current potential, 15 Edwards, R., 129 Financial system Ehrenreich,]. and E., 131 fragility, 15 Ehrlich, P.R. and A. H., 171 international, problems of regulation, Elliott, P., 273 1~16 Ellis, J., 247, 253, 259, 270, 274, 276,280 periods of near-collapse, 16--17 Elson, D., 55 regulation, 1~16 Elster,]., 128, 132-3 see also Banks Empiricism, in scientific texts, 123 Fine, B., 13, 24, 49, 51 Employment, patterns matching Foley, D. K., 51, 55 profitability and investment, 19 Forester, J., 188 Engels, F., 58, 89, 112 Formigari, L., 206, 207 literary theory, 230, 231-8 Forster, E. M., 220 onlanguage,200-5 Foster, J., 101 social theory, 112-1 7 Foucault, M., 217,218,219,257,259 view of city, 181-2 Fowler, R., 219 Ennew,J., 74 Fox-Genovese, E., 108 Entrepreneurship, 25 Frank, A. G., 175 Environment Frankfurt School, 1, 121, 270, 274, 280, context of social relations, 5 284, 287 degradation, link with capital Frankish dialect, 203, 204 accumulation, 169--70 Franklin National Bank, failure, 16 pressure groups, 181 Frazer, J. G., 97 Environmentalism Free exchange economy, 41 development, 172 'Free rider' problem, 132, 133 Marxist positions, 173 French Communist Party, 122 reaction of Marxist commentators, French Revolution, 206 172-3 French structuralist school, 102, 103 298 Index

Freud, S., 93, 216, 218, 255, 259 Harley, A. M., 168 Friedland, R., 188 Harloe, M., 182 Friedman, A., 129 Harre, R., 126 Friedmann, G., 129 Harris, L., 13, 24 Friedmann, H., 72 Harris, R., 68, 185 Frisby, D., 122 Harris, Z., 205, 218 Frobel, F., 130 Harrison, M., 74 Fudge, C., 162 Harriss, J., 78 Fundamentalist theory, 21 Hartmann, H., 130 Harvey, D., 13, 165-7, 172, 174, 177, 181, Cadet, F., 208 182, 184 Galbraith, J., !54 Harvey, S., 276, 279 Gardner, C., 274 Hawkes, T., 253, 275 Garnham, N., 269, 274, 275, 286 Heath, S., 261 Garramon, C., 78 Hegel, G. W. F., 201, 203, 207 Gender, 6 Hegemony basis of working class division, 130, 134 established by , 119 bias in media presentations, 270, 282 Gramscian, 102-3, 214, 284 Geras, N., 113 Heinrichs,]., 130 German Social Democratic Party, debates Held, D., 121, 122, 133 on peasantry, 58, 66 Herr, 91 Gerstein, I., 55 Herstadt Bank, failure, 16 Giddens, A., 184, 190 Heyderbrand, W., 141, 157, 161 Ginsburg, N., 129 High Culture, Marxist attachment, 287 Gladstone, W. E., 92 Hilferding, R., 117-18 Glasgow Media Group, 270, 279 Hill, C., 95, 96, 98 Glucksmann, M., 252 Hill, J., 273-4, 274 Glyn, A., 23 Hill, S., 128 Godard, F., 180 Hillel-Ruben, D., 126 Godwin, M., 187 Hilton, R., 98 Goethe,]. W. von, 235 Himmelweit, S. F., 49, 51,55 Golding, P., 272-3, 275, 280, 285 Hindess, B., 103, 125, 126 Goldmann, L., 242, 251-2 Hirst, P., 103, 125, 126 Gordon, D. M., 26, 182 Historical materialism, 89, 97, 113, 122 Gorky, M., 239 Marx's definition, 106 Gorz, A., 129, 173 technological interpretation, 127-8 Gough, 1., 150, 156 Thompson's defence, 103 Gramsei, A., 102-3, 119, 213-15, 250-1 Historiography 281, 284-5 current place of , 107-9 Green,]. R., 94 development, 89--90 Green Party, 173 French structuralist school, 102-3 'Green revolution', 80 'History Workshop' methodology, 101 Greenberg, E., !53 Marxist, 5: emergence, 98--101 (origins Gregory, D., 174, 176, 190 in Britain, 93-8) Grimm,]., 203 theoretical debate, 102-7 Gubay,J., 143, 146 'History Workshop', I 0 I Hobsbawm, E.]., 98, 99, 135, 180 Habermas,J., 122, 133, 135, 150, 156, Hobson, D., 282 157, 159, 213 Hobson, J. A., 118 Haeckel, E., 97 Hodge, R., 219 Hall, G., 170 Hodgson, G., 48 Hall, S., 106, 134, 235, 251, 258, 261, 276, Hodson, R., 149 279, 280, 281, 284, 285, 286 Hoggart, R., 283 Halliday, M.A. K., 219 Holland, S., 175 Harkness, M., 237 Hood, S., 279 Index 299

Horkheimer, M., 270, 284 Kafka, F., 248, 249 Houdebine, .J.-L., 204, 205, 221 Kaplan, A., 277 Human behaviour, biological basis, 168 Katznelson, 1., 185 Human geography Kautsky, K., 58, 59, 66, 66-8, 70, 75, 91, influence of Marxist theory, 165 117, 118, 206 scope, 165 Kautsky, M., 237 work of David Harvey, 165--7 Keat, R., 126, 127 Hussain, A., 66, 68, 126 Kindleberger, C. P., 15 Hyden, G., 75 Klingender, F. D., 130 Hyndman, H. M., 95 Kolakowski, L., 117, 135 Kolb, H., 203 Kondratieff, N. D., 17 Ideology, 39-40, 219, 235--6 Kondratieff long waves, 14, 17 art's relationship with, 253 peaks as bunched investments, 175 bourgeois, 120 Kraiski, G., 239 class ideology of writers, 235 Kress, G., 219 class re-examined, 133-4 Kreye, 0., 130 'dominanant ideology', 277 Kristeva,J., 218,240,257,259 related to mass communication growth, Kuhn, A., 278 270 Illich, 1., 173 Ilyenkov, E. V., 56 Labour Imperialism, as monopoly stage of collective identity, 133 capitalism, 118 deskilled by technology, 44, 129 India, agriculture, 77, 78 growth of aristocracy within, 128 Industry need for undistorted communications, disinvestment in old areas, 176-7 133 new classes within, 134 Labour power restructuring during slump period, 18 abstract, 51, 53; distinguished from Inner city problems, 174 'useful', 40 Instrumentalism, 153-5 as productive capital, 13 Internationalism, 206-7 capital able to obtain precise Interpersonal relationships, 6 requirements, 129 Investment coercion, 31 determining capital accumulation, 34 compliance, 25 patterns matching employment and consumption in production, 42 profitability, 19 distinguishing human characteristic, problems of regulation, 22 113 protecting profits, 20 distribution struggle, 23 Israel, bank failures, 16 effects of shortage, 23 Italy, bank failures, 16 exploitation, 48, 143 forced from peasant societies, 43 Jakobson, R., 207, 212 from agriculture, 63 Jameson, F., 240, 243, 247, 261, 276, 278 in class definition, 30 Janvry, A. de, 78 Marx's distinction from labour, 122 Japhetic theory, 208 measurement through commodity Jaures,J.,9l values, 4(}...1 Jay, M., 121 quantity employed, in price Jefferson, T., 281, 285 determination, 34 Jendreick, H., 203 rate of exploitation, 24 Jesop, R., 120, 151-2, 157, 158 reduced demand with falling profits, Johnson, R., 106, 125, 258, 284 2(}...21 Johnson, T., 131, 162 surplus, form analysis, 31 Johnston, R. J., 95, 186, 189 value, defined, 43 Jones, B., 130 see also Wage labour; Workers 300 Index

Labour time Lindblom, C., 154 in determination of value, 36 Linguistics, 5 not corresponding to price, 52 disparities in ability, 199 Labov, W., 221, 222 importance to literary studies, 258 Labriola, A., 91 positions of early Marxists, 205--7 Lacan,J., 218,257,259,269 poverty of Marxist writings on, 220-1 Laclau, E., 133,217 role ofGransci, 213-15 Lafargue, P. 205--6 Saussure's contribution, 216-17 Laing, D., 233 sign, signifier and signified, 216-17, 259 Land Soviet structuralism, 210-11 nationalisation, 178 Stalin's intervention, 209--10, 221 nature of ownership, 177-8 see also language Lane, D., 118 Lipietz, A., 51, 55, 180 Language Liquidations, 15 and nation, 206 Literary criticism, in textual analysis of as cultural and spiritual force, 214 media communications, 275 Bakhtin's views, 240 Literary theory, 6 development, 202 base-superstructure model, 234-5, 238 empirical study, 221 German, 241-50 importance to internationalism, 206-7 post-war French developments, 251-62 individual, 202-3 realism, 236-8 mathematical theory, 210-11 realism-modernism debate, 241-50 mixing, 204 relationship between historical use by authors, 255 movement and literary change, see also Linguistics 242 Laporte, D., 219, 256 Russian, 238-41 Larrain, J., 116, 120 substituting notion of'text' for 'author', Larson, M., 162 251 Lash, S., 133 Literature, reflecting historical situations, Lassalle, F., 234 243-4 Latin America, peasant societies, 78 Littlejohn, G., 74 Laurat, L., 210 Littler, C., 129, 130 Lebas, E., 175, 182 Lo Piparo, F., 214 Legitimation function of state Long waves, 17-19 intervention, 156-7 characteristics, 17, 18 Leitch, V. B., 253 growth phase, related to type of Lender of last resort facilities, 16 production organisation, 18 Lenin, V. I., 59, 66, 75, 179, 230 slump, 14 agrarian question, 68-9, 117 see also Kondratieff long waves contribution on literature, 238-9 Lotman,Ju. M., 213 critique of work on differentiation, 73 Lovatt, D., 182 on bureaucracy, 161 Lovell, T., 247, 257, 260, 261, 279 on export of capital, 118 Lowe, P., 173 on language, 207 Lukacs, G., 119, 120, 230, 237, 239, Lepschy, G., 211 242-5, 251 Levi-Strauss, C., 102, 205 Adorno's critique, 249 Ley, D., 189 Luporini, C., 205 Liberal democracy, resilience, 141 Luxembourg, R., 117 Liberal tradition, 90 Liberalism McArthur, C., 247, 279 British and European traditions MacCabe, C., 247, 260, 261 compared, 91 McDonnell, K., 247 impact of World War I, 92 McDowell, L., 190 positivism buttressed by, 191 Macherey, P., 122, 233, 237, 239, 252, Lifshitz, M., 229 254-7, 259, 260 Index 301

McRobbie, A., 281, 285 contemporary, defined, 3 Madden, E., 126 diversity of approaches, I Maddison, A., 17 gaining attention from 1950s, 99 Mallet, S., 129 grafted onto existing influences, 94 Malthus, T. R., 22, 168 hostility towards, 90 (from academics, Management structure, 129 98) direct control oflabour process, 129 intellectual approach, I divisive effect on workforce, 130 radical changes in emphases, 108 professional-managerial class, 131 Marxist writers, definition, 3 see also Scientific management Mass communications Mandel, E., 4, 135 growth, ideology related to, 270 Mann, M., 129 political economy debate, 272 Mann, S., 71 see also Cinema; Media; Media studies, Mann, T., 243 Television Marcuse, H., 121, 270, 284 Mass production techniques, effect on Marcuse, P., 188 space, 176 Market forces, 2 7 'Mass society' thesis, 270 Markets Massey, D., 175, 176, 177 availability, 25 Matejka, L., 240 exchange of value-equivalents, 41 Mayrl, W. W., 252 external, 22 Meadows, D. H., 171 failure, 13 Means of production problems of overproduction, 117 and politics of consumption, 180-1 Markusen, A., 188 in defining classes, 30 Marr, N.J., 208 money exchanged for, 13 Marrism, 207-8 reduced demand with falling profits, 21 Stalin's intervention, 209--10 Mechanisation, effect on profits, 23-4 Marx, K. Media agrarian question, 62-9 economic determination, 271, 272-5 analysis of ground rent, 59 gender differences, 282 condition of English working class, 89 influence of protest movements, 270 criticismofBentham, 113 messages decoded by audiences, 281 critique of political economy, 30-3 ownership and control, 272 (by state, critique of Ricardo's value theory, 36--8 286) distinguishing between labour and policy approaches, 286 labour power, 122 regulation to guarantee cultural literary theory, 230, 231-8 content, 286 no systematic treatment of crises, II technological advances, 274--5 on control of media, 272 Media studies on language, 200-5 approaches confined to educational on poetry, 229 field, 286 opinion of peasant production audience research, 280-2 potential, 65 courses set up, 268 relationship to Ricardo's work, 32-3 struggle between Marxist approaches, significance of writings, 112 286 social theory themes, 112-1 7 textual analysis, 27 5-80 value theory, 38-45; Bi:ihm-Bawerk's see also Mass communications attack, 33 Medvedev, P. N., 212 views on city, 181-2 Meek, R. L., 48, 55 Marx, Laura, 205-6 Meillet, A., 214, 215 Marxism Mepham, J., 113 academic methodology, 2 Mersevside Socialist Research Group, ISO and British working class tradition, 92 Meth~dism, evident in Marxist basis in rationalism and freethinking, historians, 95 96-7 Michels, R., 92 302 Index

Miliband, R., 123, 124, 141, 142, 144-5, North-South dialogue, 174 151, !53, 154, 155, !61 North Tyneside Community Military expanditure, 22 Development Project, 180 Mingione, E., 182 Novel, as dominant literary form, 243 Minns, R., 178 Mississippi Bubble, 15 O'Connor,]., 150, 156, !88 Mitra, A., 81 Offe, C., 133, !57, !59, !60 Modernism, 24!-50; media textual O'Hagan, T., 126 criticism based on, 276 O'Keefe, P., 169 Mohun, S., 49, 51, 55 Oilman, B., 115 Money Olson, M., !32, 133 dominance in capitalist society, 32 Open University, 286 expressing value of products of labour, Popular Culture Course, 285, 286 32 Opojaz, see Society for the Study of Poetic in value theory, 39 Language (Opojaz) translation into capital, 41 Organisations, theory of, 162 Montgomery, D., 132 Orwell, G., 219 Morawski, S., 233, 236, 237, 238, 239 Outhwaite, W., 126 Morley, D., 279,280, 281, 282 Owen, R., 95 Morris, D., !68 Mosca, G., 92 Pareto, V. F. D., 92, 93 Moscow Linguistic Circle, 207 Parkin, F., 148, !51 Mouffe, C., 119 Parsons, H. L., 165 Mouzelis, N., 72 Pascal, B., 252 Mulhern, F., 268 Pascal, R., 97 Mulvey, L., 277, 278 Patnaik, U., 74, 77 Murdock, G., 272-3, 275, 280, 285 Pearce, R., 79 Pearn, M., 130 Nairn, T., 151, !61, 179, 187 Peasant societies Namier, L., 92 agricultural production, 72 National Association for Multiracial changes in landholding structure, 73-4 Education, 270 classes emerging from, 76 Nationalism, 179-80 cycle of indebtedness, 76-7 Nationalist movements, 187 dispossession of means of subsistence, Nature 43 human production of, 169-71 evolving capitalist agriculture, 68 reproduction in cultural forms, 170 factors affecting agrarian production, society's relationship with, 167-74 75 Neale, S., 276, 278 impact of Marxism, 4 Neo-Ricardian theory, 21 independence lost, 95 New Deal (1930s), 146 Latin America, 78 'New Right', 134 precarious position in agriculture, 81 Newly industrialised countries production potential, 65 adopting new technologies, 26 revolutionary potential, 63, 65-6 investment related to cost of workforce, see also Agrarian question 176 Pecheux, M., 218,219-20, 259 old industries re-established in, !8 Peet, R., 167,175 see also Third World Perrons, D., 176 Nice, R., 275 Perry, D., 177 Nichols, B., 275 Petty bourgeousie, rising numbers, l3G-l Nicolaus, M., 130 Philology, comparative, 203 Nochlin, L., 247 Physical coercion oflabour, 31 Noire, L., 201 Pickvance, C. G., 182 Nonllinger, E., !55 Pilling, G., 55 Norris, C., 253 Piven, F., 155, !62 Index 303

Planning Problematic, Althusser's thesis, 122-3 problems in current slump, 18-19 Production urban, 188 capitalist mode, 113; changes, 117 Pleasure, 257, 278, 282 (dynamics, 43) Plebs League, 96 consumpt10n oflabour power, 42 Plekhanov, G. V., 238 decreasing participation, 130 Plender, J., I 78 defined by forms of labour, 31 Pluralism, 154 for profit not need, 20 in Russian literary life, 240 forces of, environmental position, 173 Political conflict human need, 231 class analysis, 144-52 labour adding value to raw materials, class-inclusive explanations, 145--7 44 cross-class explanations, 14~52 material and social processes, 113 defining 'people' and 'officialdom', 151 organisation, related to growth phase of in city, 185 long waves, 18 related to class struggle, 145--52 problems of overproduction, 117 within-class explanations, 14 7-9 rate, determining price, 35 Political economy relations of, distinguished from forces critique, 30-3 of, 127-8 critiques of Marx and Engels, 112-13 sectors, balance between, 25 Political movements, local, 181 specialisation, 41 Political relations, analysis, 115 surplus, 47 (sectoral, 60) Political theory, life under advanced theory of differing modes, 124 capitalism, 141-2 .1ee alw Agricultural production; Factors Polivanov, D., 211-12 of production; Means of Pollution, and technological development, production 170 Production relations Pomorska, K., 240 among people, 114 Popular culture, 25 7, 283-5 related to media, 281 antagonisms to forms, 282 Production studies of media programmes, complexity of system, 287 274 debate, 268, 283 Productivity rethinking of term, 285 agricultural, increases, 69 struggle against dominant order, 283 raised, effect on commodity values, 44 Population, limits to growth, 17!-2 Professions Porter, V., 260 managerial class, 131 Positivism proletarianisation, 131 impact on historical study, 90-l role in policy making, 162 Marxism taking place of, 92 Profit Poulantzas, N., 123, 124, 130, 133, 143, as aim of production, 20 147, 148, 159 effect of mechanisation, 23-4 Prague Linguistic Circle, 207 in circuit of capital, 13 Prawer, S. S., 229 maximised by low wages, 22 Price ploughed back, 22 Adam Smith's determination, 34 rate equalised by competition, 35 deviation from money values, 46 rate reduced by accumulation, 21 expressing value of products of labour, 32 realisation of surplus value, 21 not corresponding to labour time, 52 regulating accumulation process, 20 of production, 46 (anti-Ricardian surplus value from agriculture, position, 50) distribution of, 64-5 related to rate of production, 35 Profitability, patterns matching related to slump periods, 34 employment and investment, 19 Ricardian determination, 34 Proletarian movement, 143 theory, replacing value theory, 36 Proletarianisation, 130 1ee ar10 Value theory of the professions, 131 304 Index

Property development, 184 Marxian theory, 63 Property relations, 31 Ricardian theory, 63 Property sector, 184 Rentier class, and market maintenance, Protest movements, influence on media, 22 270 Residents groups, 181 Proust, M., 248 Resler, H., 147, 150 Przeworski, A., 132, 145 Resources, limits to growth, 171-2 Psychoanalysis, 259 Revolutionary change importance to literary studies, 258 brought about by collapse of state, 132 in mass media, 278 not purely a class concern, 131 Public expenditure, competing demands, Revolutionary consciousness, not evident 188 in Western working classes, 128 Putney debates, 96 Revolutionary party, vanguard role, 118 Revolutions, related to space, 179 Rhodes, E., 130 Quaini, M., 165 Ricardo, D., 54 differential rent theory, 63 Rabelais, F., 212, 241 relationship to Marx's work, 32-3 Race, 6 value theory, 33-8 (Marx's critique, bias in media presentations, 270 36-8) discrimination, in employment, 147 Roberts, J., 248 Racine, J., 252 Robertson, A., 97 Radicalism, 94 Robins, K., 247 Raikes, P., 71 Robinson, .J., 280 Ramal, P., 203 Rogers, T., 94 Rankin, W., 173 Ronge, V., 160 Raphael, M., 233 Rosdolsky, R., 49, 55 Raw materials Rosenthal, M., 170 supply, 25 Rosiello, L, 214, 221 value added hy labour, 44 Rowbotham, S., 95 Realism Roweis, S., 188 author's attitude to historical moment, Rowthorn, B., 13 250 Rubin, I. 1., 49, 55, 113 'classic realist texts', 260 Rudra, A., 77, 81 in Gramsci, 250 Ruskin College, 'History Workshop', 101 in mass communications, 277 Russia, Tsarist, Marxist impact on literary theory, 236-8 (relation with peasant society, 4 the 'typical', 237 Russian Formalists, 207, 240 rejected by Brecht as aesthetic textual criticism based on, 276 category, 245 Russian Revolution, Trotsky's analysis, theoretical, 126-7 118-19 Realism-modernism debate, 241-50 Recessions Sahin, H., 280 capital restructuring, 22 Samuel, R., 94, 95, 97, 98, 101 effects, 19 Sandbach, F., 165, 172 Regional problems, 174, 187 Sandberg, L. G., 25 Reification, Lukacs' analysis, 119 Sapegno, N., 229 Rent Saunders, P., 157, 158, 181, 182, 185, 187 absolute, 64, 177 Saussure, F. de, 213, 216, 260 as transfer mechanism, 65 Sawyers, L., 182 concept in location studies, 177 Sayer, A., 190 derivation of payments, 65 Sayer, D., 112, 126, 127 determination by land fertility, 34 Schum peter, J. A., 17 differential and monopoly, 177 Schwarz, J., 55 differential rent I and II, 63-4 Schweppei1hauser, H., 213 Index 305

Science Social relations as metaphor of human achievement, 97 analysis, 115 theoretical realism debate, 126 changes to overcome wage Scientific management, degrees of labour/capital opposition, 115 deskilling associated with, 130 historical variability, 113 Scientific rationalism, 97 in agriculture, categorisation, 77 Scott, A. J., 182 varying over space, I 78 Scott, Sir W., 243, 244 Social structure, impact of state Screen, 24 7, 269 intervention, 150 Seabrook, J., 283 Social theory, 5 Secessionist movements, 161 contemporary debates, 120--35 Semantics, 218 (methodology, 121-8; Semiology, 21 7 problematising class, 131-5) importance to literary studies, 258 labour process and social class, 128-31 in textual analysis of media one-dimensional society, 121-2 communications, 275 themes in Marx and Engels, 112-17 Sempler, K., 173 work in western universities, 120 Sennett, R., !50 Socialist realism, 237, 239, 242, 244 Service industries, 134 Society Seton, F., 47, 55 analysis of social and political relations, Shanin, R., 179 115 Sharecropping, 79 British, hierarchical basis, 94 Shaumjan, S. K., 210--11 evolution through class antagonisms, Shklovskij, V., 211 30 Short,]. R., 177, 179, 181,182, 185,186 legal and political superstructure, 116 Sign, signifier and signified, 216-1 7, 259 relationship with nature, 167-74 Simmie, J. M., 182 theories of, 5 Simon,]., 201 western, Gramsci's analysis, 119 Simon, R. M., 180 Society for the Study of Poetic Language Skocpol, T., 131 (Opojaz), 207 Slaughter, C., 240 Solomon, M., 231 Smith, Adam, 34 South Sea Bubble, 15 Smith, M. P., 182 Space Smith, N., 167 and accumulation of capital, 17 5--8 Smith, R. P., 13, 26 and location, 174-81 Smith, W., 169 and social reproduction, 178-81 Smythe, D., 280 effects of transport developments, 176 Social action, biological basis, 168 state's relationship to, 186-7 Social behaviour Speech, articulate, 202 influence of nature, criticisms, 168-9 Spencer, H., 168 role of nature, 168 Sraffa, P., 47, 54 Social conflict Stalin, J., II 7, 221 in city, 185 on language, 207,209-10 through disparities in linguistic ability, Stark, D., 132 199 State Social consciousness, significance of accumulation and legitimation roles, experience, I 05 159-60 Social democracy, from growth of Ia bour bourgeois nature of personnel, 153 aristocracy, 128 central and local, relationship, 187-8 Social Democratic Federation, 92 collapse, as precondition for Social Environment and Resources revolutioon, 132 Association, 173 decentralisation of powers, 161 Social justice, 94 illusory separation from business, !54 Social movements, urban, 185 notion of corporatism, !57 Social product, distribution, 33-4 organisation, 131, 160--2 306 Index

State- contznued Technological development, 18, 25-6 ownership of media, 286 and increased pollution, 170 policy: changed by social unrest, 162 cost-benefit, 25-6 (dictated by capitalist interests, deskilling workers, 44, 129 152; instrumentalist view, 153-5 forming new working class, 129 involvement with capital, 154) in agriculture, 69 policy-making, functional accounts, in long wave theory, 175 150-60 (link with input politics in media industries, 274-5 analysis, 157-8; role of professions, Technology, critique of, 122 162) Tel que/ group, 25 7 problems of relative autonomy, 159 Television relationship with space, 180-7 effect in positioning reader, 276 State intervention, 25 presenting dominant ideology, 277 effect on class formation, 146 realism criticised, 277 effect on trade cycle downturns, 19 structuralist criticism, 278 functions, 156 Territorialism, 168, 181 impact on social structure, 150 Textual analysis in agriculture, 68, 81 effect in positioning reader, 276 in liberal democracies, 142 of media presentations, 27 5-80 necessary and contingent features, success of reactionary texts, 275 distinguishing, 159 Theoretical realism, 120-7 partial social regulation of capitalism, Thibaudeau, J ., 229 27 Third World, 179 see also Welfare state debt problems, 16 Stedman Jones, G., 89, 92, 93, 101, 284 Marxist impact on peasant society, 4 Steedman, I., 48, 55 see al.ro Newly industrialised countries Stipcevic, N., 229 Thomas, L. L., 208 'Stop-go' policies, 19 Thompson, E. P., 95, 99-100, 102, 103, Storper, M., 175 124-5, 155, 283, 285 Strada, V., 239 criticisms of, 105-6 Structuralism, 251-9, 261-2 critique of Althusser, I 03-4 analysis of television and cinema, 278 Thompson, G., 118, 178 (attacked by Marxists, 279) Thompson,]. B., 122, 133 in textual analysis of media Thrift, N.J., 190 communications, 275 Timpanaro, S., 218 Stubbs, M., 219 Tolstoy, L., 238, 243 Sue, E., 236 Trade cycle downturn, 14, 19-20 Superstructure, 110-17, 282 in 19th century, 19 base-superstructure model in literary role of state intervention, 19 theory, 234-5, 238 Transformation problem, 45, 55 'class-for-itself, 132 Transport, effect of improvements on language, 208, 209 space, 176 relationship with base, Gramsci's Tribe, K., 66, 68 contribution, I 03 Trotsky, L., 230 relative autonomy, 217 analysis of Russian Revolution, 118-19 Supply, disproportionality with demand, writings on cultural matters, 240 24 Trubeckoj, N., 207 Sutcliffe, R., 23 Tullock, G., 155 Sweezy, P., 22, 183 Turner, B., 128 Symbolic goods, 275 Tylor, E. B., 97

Tabb, W. K., 182 Under-consumptionist theory, 21 Tawney, R. H., 92 Unemployment, 13 Taylor, G., 125 capitalist advantage, 19 Technological determinism, 120-7 distribution struggle, 23 Index 307

Union of Socialist Geographers, 167 West Germany, Green Party, 173 United Kingdom, fringe bank collapse, 16 Westergaard,]., 147, 150 Urban planning, 188 White,]., 101 Urbanisation, 182 Wiener, M.J., 17~1 specific agents, 184 Willett, J., 277 Urry,J., 116, 120, 126, 127, 130,131, Williams, M., 50 132, 133, 135, 174, 178 Williams, R., 170, 230, 235, 242, 268, Uspenskij, B. A., 213 269, 275, 283, 285, 286 Williamson,]., 286 Winship,]., 271,281 'Value added' concept, 44 Winstanley, G., 96 Value theory, 4, 3~57 Wollen, P., 278, 287 anti-Ricardian positions, 4~53, 54 Women commentaries, 55-6 as 'readers', 282 commodities' value in exchange, 38 attempts at 'feminine aesthetic', 278 concept of surplus value, 122 exclusion from history, 101 conflicting calculations, 52 magazines, 281 labour theory, 143 new middle class in labour force, 134 Marxian, 38-45, 53, 54-5 representation, 271, 276--8 Marxian and Ricardian compared, 48 role in society, I 08 money in, 39 see also Feminist movement post-Ricardian positions, 47-9, 54 Women's Studies Group, 270 replaced by price theory, 36 Wood, S., 129 Ricardian, 33--8, 47-9, 53 (Marx's Work, alienating character, 120 critique, 36--8) Workers transformation problem, 45, 55 concentration in cities, 182 uses, 53--4 consuming wage bundle of see also Price commodities, 47 Vergopoulos, K., 69-70, 72, 74 deskilled by technology, 44 Verne,]., 255 failure to think politically, 142 Vietnam, Marxist impact on peasant unproductive, 130 society, 4 see also Labour power Voloshinov, V. N., 212 Working class Vroey, M. de, 49 British, tradition, 92 changes in Marxist emphases, 108 definitions, 143 Wage labour divisions, 130 (greater than in in opposition to capital, 115 dominant class, 144) intermediate classes, 143-4 effect of political and industrial see also Labour power organisation, 23 Wages, reduced to maximise profits, 22 emergence of 'dual consciousness', 129 Walby, S., 130 historical role, theories of, 89 Walker, P., 131 in England, work of Marx and Engels, Walker, R., 170, 175, 183 89 Wall Street Crash, 15 little evidence of revolutionary Warboys, M., 173 consciousness, 128 Warde, A., 125 manual, decline in importance, 129 Watkins, A.]., 177 redefined as 'class-for-itself', 152 Weber, M., 92, 93, 275 role of revolutionary party, 118 Weeks,]., 49 struggle affected by behaviour of other Welfare state, 128, 160 classes, 146 redistribution within classes, 150 transformation to 'class-for-themselves', tensions with accumulation process, 115-16 157 World War I, impact on liberalism, see also State intervention 92 308 Index

Wren-Lewis,j., 282 Youth subcultures, 281 Wright, E. 0., 13, 131, 143, 144, 146 Yule, G., 219

Yaffe, D., 50, 55 Zhdanov, A. A., 239