Index Aaronovitch, S., 13, 26 relations, 81 Abercrombie, N., 116, 120, 128, 130, 131, tenant control, 79 132, 133 time-span, 62 Accumulation of capital Agriculture aided by state intervention, 142 capitalist: development, 59, 62, 72 causing reduced rate of profit, 21 (production relations, 59, 60--1, contradictions, 12 73-81; properties, 69--73 determined by profit for investment, 34 cycle of indebtedness, 76--7 determining organisation of labour distribution of surplus value, 64-5 process, 129 East Africa, 78 dis proportionality, 124-6 English conditions, 63 function of state intervention, 156 food production, and population internationalisation, 130 growth limits, 171-2 link with city construction, 182-3 'green revolution', 80 link with environmental degradation, India, 77, 78 169--70 inherent uncertainties, 71 primitive (or 'primary'), 43 investment problems, 71 regional variations, 180 investible surpluses, 72-3 regular swings, 19 need for more investigation, 82 regulated by profit rate, 20 particularity of, 60--2 role of space, 175--8 pre-capitalist, factors shaping, 80 social structure, 26 (relations, 79) wave characteristic, 176 separation from industrial production, ACTT, see Association of Cinematograph, 63 Television and Allied Technicians simple commodity and peasant Adey, G., 122 producers compared, 72 Adorno, T., 121, 230, 248, 249--50, 270, social relations, categorisation, 77 284 state intervention, 68, 81 Aesthetic sensibility, 231-4 superiority of large scale, 66 Agamben, G., 213 Alavi, H., 179 Agrarian question, 4, 58--86, 117 Althusser, L., 8!, 102, 103-4, 122-6, 205, classical Marxist position, 62-9 217,218,235,252-4,259,269,276, contemporary positions, 69--81 277, 282, 284 origin, 58 extreme positions untenable, l 06 Agricultural production on empiricism in scientific texts, 123 attempts to categorise, 78 Thompson's critique, 103-5, 125 decline in 20th century, 69 Alvarado, M., 274, 286 different from other industries, 58 Ambrose, P., 184 essential nature, 61 Amin, S., 175 household, 69--70, 74, 81 Anderson, B., 179, 180, 187 inherent uncertainties, 61-2 Anderson, P., l, 90, 101, 106, 107, 112, low market value, 70 118, 120, 128, 141,213,218,261, organisational differences, 61 270 peasant, factors affecting, 75 Ardrey, R., 168 293 294 Index Art relationship with superstructure, Benjamin's warning against Gramsci's contribution, 103 fetishisation, 248 Bassett, K.A., 177, 182, 188 expression of human values, 233 Baudelaire, C. P., 248 link with labour cut under capitalism, Bauer, 0., 206 232-3 Baumol, W.J., 55 Marxist contribution to avant-garde, Bax, E. B., 95 246-7 Belsey, C., 247, 253, 259 mechanical reproduction, 248 Benjamin, W., 213, 230, 247-9, 249, 262, more independent than other 270 superstructural elements, 234 Bennett, T., 240, 257, 276, 279, 284 relationship with ideology, 253 Bentham,]., 113 Artisan, role in social development, 95 Benton, T., 126, 127 Artistic freedom, 248 Berger, J., 270 Arvon, H., 229 Bernstein, B., 221, 222 Association of Cinematograph, Television Bernstein, H., 76, 77, 82 and Allied Technicians, 274 Bertolazzi, C., 253 Audience research, 280--2 Best, M., 150 Audiences Beynon, H , 129 cultural conformism, 280 Bhaduri, A., 79, 82 decoding media messages, 281 Bhaskar, R., 126 response to media messages, 280 Biological basis of social action, 168, 1 73 subjugated to mass persuasion, 280 Birmingham University: Centre for Avant-garde movements Contemporary Cultural Studies, 269, in literature, 260--1 281 in media, 287 Blackburn, R., 129 Marxist contribution to art, 246-7 Blaut, J. M., 175 Soviet attacks, 241 Bleaney, M., 22 Avineri, S., 113, 115, 116 Bloch,]., 214 Bloomfield, L., 205 Bluestone, B., 149 Babbage, C., 129 Bodammer, Th., 201 Bahro, R., 120, 170, 173, 174 Boddy, M., 162, 184 Bakhtin, M., 212, 240, 254, 260 Bohm-Bawerk, E. von, 33 Bakhtin's Circle, 212 Bolelli, T., 214 Balibar, E., 122, 221 Booms, effects, 19 Balibar, R., 219, 256 Borbe, T., 208 Balzac, H. de, 235, 237, 243, 255 Bortkiewicz, L. von, 47 Banaji, J., 66, 75, 76, 82 Bourdieu, P., 268--9, 275, 287 Bankruptcies, 13, 15 Bourgeois ideology, 120 as economic purge, 19 Bourgeoisie, progressive class in 19th Banks century, 244 failures, 16 Braverman, H., 128, 129, 130 international dealings, 16 Brecht, B., 230, 245--7, 247, 262, 270, see also Central banks; Financial system 271' 276, 277' 278 Baran, P., 22, 183 Adorno's critique, 249 Barrell, J., 170 on Lukacs, 242, 245 Barrett, M., 6, 261 Brohm,J.-M., 284 Barthes, R., 217, 25 7, 259, 276, 278 Brookfield, H. C., 175 Bartoli, M.G., 214 Brown, G., 219 Base, 116-17,282 Brunsdon,C., 279,281,282 base-superstructure model in literary Buchanan, K., 175 theory, 234-5, 238 Buci-Glucksmann, C., 119 determining language, 208 Burawoy, M., 129, 130 language, 209, 214 Bureaucracy, 161 Index 295 Burgess, E. W., 168 Castells, M., 150, 156, 159, 180, 181, 182, Burnham, W., 158 185, 187 Buscombe, E., 274, 279 Catalano, A., 177 Byres, T. J., 61, 79, 82 Cawson, A., !57, 158 Byrne, D., 187 CCCS, see Birmingham University: Centre for Contemporary Cultural Cable television, 275 Studies Calhoun, C., 125, 133 Central hanks, intervention to prevent Callinicos, A., 218 financial collapse, 15-16 Calve!, L.-J., 205, 206 Chagall, M., 212 Capital Chattopadhyay, P., 78 as social relationship, 26 Chayanov, A. V., 73, 81 circuit: 13--15; types of crisis, 14 Childe, V. G., 97 expansion, conditions, 25 China, Marxist impact on peasant global functions, 130, 143 society, 4 in opposition to wage labour, 115 Chomsky, N., 221-2 interests dictating state policy, !52 Cinema organic composition, 123--4 positioning of spectator, 276 realisation of surplus value, 21-2 presenting dominant ideology, 277 restructuring: factors controlling, 25 (to realism criticised, 277 remove imbalances, 26) structuralist criticism, 278 sectoral segmentation, 149 City state policy involvement, !54 as investment outlet, 183 symbolic, 275 concentration of workers, 182 translation of money into, 41 (for link with capital accumulation, 182-3 investment, 34) links with community, 184-6 1ee also Accumulation of capital Marxist views, 181-2 Capitalism Clark, G., 175, 182, 186 analysis of finance-capitalism, 117-18 Clarke, S., 261 appraisal of political life under, 141-2 Class(es) causing indirect social connections antagonisms, in evolution of society, 30 through commodities, 114 as cultural phenomenon, !00 coercive property relations, 31 balance of class forces model, 155-6 commodity fetishism, 119 bias in media presentations, 270 competition, 27 competition between, 27 conditions for purchasing labour con temporary analyses, 128 power, 42 contemporary categories, 143--4 crisis as inherent part, 26-7 culture as expression, 284 crisis in Britain, features, 14-15 definitions, 30, 134 dominance of money relations, 32 definitions affected by race and gender dynamics of production mode, 43 studies, 6 export of capital, 118 discussion by Thompson, 99-100 growth and crisis, 12 divisions between, 142 history of, characteristics, II domination, and role of state, 152-60 implications of crisis, 27 emerging from homogeneous peasantry, nature of capitalist state, 120 76 phases of boom and slump, 17 existence of 'fractions', 14 7 rationality and irrationality, 12 ideologies, 133--4 social control through mass culture, language, 206-7, 209, 218-20 284 literature, 235-6, 238, 244, 251-2 ultimate collapse, 14 need for 'within-class' categories, 145 .>ee afro Agriculture, capitalist need to respecify definitions, 145 Cardechi, G., 130, 143 organised as collective actors, 132 Carney,J., 175,187 problematising, 131-5 Carr, E. H., 102 redefinition of concept, 100 296 Index Class(es)- contmued Coward, R., 247, 253, 259 relations, in cultural field, 271 Cowen, M., 78 relative powers, disproportionality, 24 Cremonini, L., 253 revolutionary tradition, 100 Crime studies, 108 social categories within, 148 Crisis stratification within classes, 14 7 factors controlling frequency, 25 structure, related to residential area, form, 27, 13--20 184 implications for capitalism, 27 struggle over exploitation, 48 inherent in dynamic of capitalism, 26--7 theory of society, 116 origin of term, II Class conflict Crisis theory, 4, 11-29 after class formation, 146 capital restructuring, 12 'displaced', 147 discussions in writings of Marx, 11-12 dominam in political scene, 142 mechanisms, 20-6 related to political conflict, 142-52 . structure, 12 Cloward, R., 155, 162 Croall, S., 173 Cobb,J., 150 Croce, B., 214 Cockburn, C., 187 Crompton, R., 143, 146 Cohen, G., 106, 113, 115, 116, 127-8 Cuba, Marxist impact on peasant society, Cohen, M., 214 4 Colenutt, B., 184 Culler,]., 253 Collins, R., 260, 279 Cultural studies Commodities courses set up, 268 agricultural production, 72 Marxist analyses, 269 capitalist fetishism, 119, 121 Culture, 6 commensurability, 38-9 as expression of social classes, 284 consumed by unproductive sector, 130 broadening definition, 268 exchange value, 38, 39, 45-6 class relations, 271 free exchange economy, 41 see also Popular culture in production, 114 Curran, J., 269 indirect connection between people, Cutler, A., 33, 56, 126, 129 114 input values compared with prices of Dahl, R., 154 production, 46 Dante Alighieri, 229, 257 specialisation in production, 41 Dear, M., 182, 186 use-value, 40 Della Volpe, G., 261 wage bundle consumed by workers, 47 Delphy, C., 125 see also Symbolic goods Demand, disproportionality with supply, Communications, between members of 24 labour, 133 Democratic dissent, 94 Communist Party Historians' Group, 98 Depressions Community, city links, 184-6 periods, 17 Community associations, 181 preceded by financial collapse, 15 Competition Derrida, .J., 217, 257 between capitalists and between Dickens, P., 155 classes, 27, 44 Dickenson, J., 7l equalising rate of profit, 35 Discourse theory, 218--19, 259--60 Connell, I., 274, 282, 286 notion of 'subject', 219 Connolly, W., 95, !50 Disraeli, B., 92 Constitutional history, 91 Dissent, democratic, 94 Consumption Distribution of social product, 33-4 politics of, 181 effects on valuation, 35 realising use-values, 42 Djurfeldt, G., 70, 71, 74 Cook, P., 271, 282 Dobb, M., 48, 55 Cooke, P., 180, 187, !88 Dostaler, G , 55 Index 297 Dostoevskij, F.