Rupali Mokashi M. Phil, Ph. D Associate Professor Post Graduate Department of History R K Talreja College, Ulhasnagar Dist. Thane, Maharashtra. (Permanently Affiliated to the University of Mumbai) [email protected]
Abstract: The Shilaharas of North Kokana originated as a feu dal clan of the Rashtrakutas probably during the reign of King Govinda III (Shaka year 715–736). Jhanjha was the fifth known ruler of the house of Shilaharas of North Kokana. It has been popularly accepted by the historians that King Jhanjha constructed twelve temples of Shiva. This paper attempts to study the inscriptions of the Shilaharas for searching more evidences on King Jhanjha and the Legend of Shiva Temples.
Key Words: Shilaharas, Rashtrakutas, Shiva Temple, Jhanjha
King Jhanjha and the Legend of Shiva Temples: An Epigraphical Analysis King Jhanjha as gleaned through the inscriptions of the Shilaharas: The Shilaharas of North Kokana originated as a feu dal clan of the Rashtrakuta probably during the reign of King Govinda III (715–736 Shaka year). Jhanjha was the fifth ruler of the house of Shilaharas of North Kokana. According to the genealogy recorded in the inscriptions he was the son of King Vappuvanna. Predecessors and Successors of King Jhanjha till King Chittaraja: Rock Edict/ No Name of King Name of Grant ShakaYear Copper Plate 1 Kapardi I no epigraphical record ------2 Pullashakti Kanheri 765 RE 3 Kapardi II Kanheri 775 RE 4 Kapardi II Kanheri 799 RE 5 Vappuvanna no epigraphical record ------6 Jhanjha no epigraphical record ------7 Goggi no epigraphical record ------8 Chadvaideva Prince of Wales undated CP 9 Vajjada I no epigraphical record ------10 Aparajita Janjira (no. 1) 915 CP 11 Aparajita Janjira (no. 2) 915 CP 12 Aparajita Bhadana 919 CP 13 Vajjada II no epigraphical record ------14 Arikesari Thane 939 CP 15 Chittaraja Kalyan 941 CP 16 Chittaraja Bhoighara 946 CP 17 Chittaraja Panvel 947 CP 18 Chittaraja Bhandup 948 CP 19 Chittaraja Dive Agar 949 CP 20 Chittaraja Berlin 956 CP
Reign of King Jhanjha There are no direct records of the reign of King Jhanjha. No copper plate or rock inscription of King Jhanjha is available as of now for our perusal. So there is no clue to understand either the important political events that happened or any mon ument or temple construction activity during his reign from his own records. Regional Years of King Jhanjha Following table enumerates the known dates from the reigns of following Shilahara Kings who preceded and succeeded King Jhanjha till King Chittaraja ascended the throne. Though A. S. Altekar1 and V. V. Mirashi2 have tentatively assigned regnal years of Kings like Kapardi I, Vappuvanna, Jhanjha, Goggi, Vajjada I and Vajjada II who have no epigraphic record of their own, it can only be concluded that they ruled between the dates as recorded in the following chart. These assigned dates need not be considered as the exact regional years. Their relationship however can very well be ascert ained with the help of the genealogy recorded in the later copper plates. A. S. Altekar has assigned Shaka year 832-852 to Jhanjha. Same years have been retained by V. V. Mirashi in the Corpus Inscriptinum Indicarum-Vol-VI. No epigraphical proofs are available to ascertain the exact dates of his rule. Record of Al Masudi Al Masudialias Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Mas'udi (c. 896 AD -September 956 AD), was an Arab historian and geographer. 3 Al-Masudi was one of the first to combine history and scientific geography in a large-scale work, Mur ujadh-dhahabwama'adin al-Jawhar (The Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems), a world history. Al Masudi records in 916 A. D. that’4 ‘Le Prince qui y régnaitalorss'appelait Djandja’ (The Prince who reigned there Samur (Chaul) was called Djandja.) [Prairies d'or II 85]) Extent of King Jhanjha’s Kingdom In the absence of any epigraphical data we are rend ered clueless regarding the exact extent of King Jhanjha’s kingdom. The Shilahara rulers of thi s particular branch ruled over north Kokana headed by Puri as the Mahamandaleshvaras of the imp erial Rashtrakutas. S H risthanaka, modern city of Thane was their capital. Following information can be gleaned from the inscriptions of the preceding Shilahara rulers. 1. Probably Rashtrakuta King Govinda III entrusted Kapardi I the area of North Kokana under the designation of Mahasamanta. 2. The Kanheri Cave Inscription of Pullashakti (Shaka year 765) pays obeisance to Rashtrakuta King Amoghavarsha I. 3. The Kanheri Cave Inscriptions of Kapardi II (Shaka year 775) and (Shaka year 799) pays obeisance to Rashtrakuta King Amoghavarsha I. 4. The ruling Rashtrakuta King at the time of issuing the copper plates of Chadvaideva was Krishna III. 5. Based on the regional years assumed by the scholars, King Jhanjha ruled between Shaka years 832-852. As such his Rashtrakuta overlord was either Indra II or Krishna II or both depending on the exact period of his reign. 6. Following references will help us to determine the neighboring political situation of that time. a. South: Probably Shilahara Kings Avasara or Indraraja II ruled over the South Kokana as the feudatories of Rashtrakutas during this time.5 b. East: Inscriptions suggest that in the east the area around Govardhana near Nashika was conquered by Upendra a Paramara King. As per the record in the Navasari Copper Plates, King Indra II defeated Upendra and freed the area surrounding Govardhana.
Probably the adjacent Pune and Ahamadanagar area were under direct of the Rashtrakuta Kings. c. North: The entire Sanyana Mandala i.e. Modern Sanjana, n orth of Thane District was administered by Tajika Madhumati an Arab feudatory of Krishna II who continued to rule under the reign of Indra III too.7 Selective choice of inscriptions by the historians It has been popularly accepted by the historians th at King Jhanjha constructed twelve temples of Shiva. In all the previous scholarly references to Jhanjha, historians have been very selective in citing the inscriptional reference. Most of them have quoted references from any single inscription of Shilahara Kings who ruled later than Chittaraja. 1. A S Altekar8 has referred to only Kharepatana Copper Plates of King Anantadeva as published by K. T. Telang in 1880.9 2. V V Mirashi has remarked that ‘… he is said to have built twelve temples of Shiva evidently at the site of the twelve jyotirlingas and named them after himself. None of them is now extant.’ 10 There is no epigraphic proof available till date to assert this statement. Following table offers a holistic view of the portrayal of King Jhanjha in various copper plate inscriptions of the Shilaharas of North Kokana. This will help to realize a very important fact that h as been overlooked so far. King Jhanjhaas depicted in all the Copper Plate inscriptions of the Shilaharas of North Kokana
Name Shaka No Name of King of Details Details year Grant From him was Jhanjha who is : : ( ) constantly praised throughout the world, Prince Undated 11 being endowed with 1 Chadvaideva of c. 870 ( ) all multitudes of Wales ( ) : merit. He like Indra became well known of account his military qualities. From Vappuvanna was born that well 12 known son named 2 Aparajita Janjira I 915 Jhanjha who 20 manifested the greater rise of his ( ) family 20 Even the four faced (Brahma) 21 was not able to enumerate all his : good qualities, white like autumnal clouds, what to say of persons who are not endowed with four faces! 22 21 Then reined his younger brother, the illustrious Goggiraja, who by his arms vanquished powerful enemies and whose power was well known; who possessed in a double degree the good qualities of the illustrious Jhanjha by his liberality, who won a victory over the Nagasand bore the name of Irmadi Jhanjha. 22
13 Janjira 3 Aparajita 915 ------II ------II ------II From Vappuvanna
was born that well 14 known son named 4 Aparajita Bhadana 919 Jhanjha who manifested the greater
rise of his family His son 15 5 Arikesari Thane 939 : (Vappuvanna’s) was the illustrious Jhanjha who erected twelve temples of Shiva, named after himself, 16 which served, as it 6 Chittaraja Kalyan 941 were, as steps to pious people, ready to open to the path of heaven Bhoigha 7 Chittaraja 17 946 …….. ------ra 8 Chittaraja19 Panvel 947 ------His son 20 Bhandu 9 Chittaraja 948 : (Vappuvanna’s) was p the illustrious Jhanjha 21 Dive Thereafter there was 10 Chittaraja 949 Agar King Jhanjha From him (Vappuvanna) sprang his praiseworthy son, the illustrious Jhanjha who delighted all people even as the moon does, and who destroyed all the 22 Berlin ( ) 11 Chittaraja 956 blemishes even as the Museum sun dispels all darkness; who erected twelve temples of Shiva, named after himself, which served, as it were, as steps to pious people, ready to repan to the path of heaven 12 Chittaraja24 Cincani 956 ------From him (Vappuvanna) sprang his praiseworthy son, the illustrious Jhanjha who delighted all people even as the moon does, and who ( ) destroyed all the 13 Nagarjuna25 Thane 961 blemishes even as the sun dispels all darkness; who erected twelve temples of Shiva, named after himself, which served, as it were, as steps to pious people, ready to repan to the path of heaven 14 Mummuni27 Thane 970 ------II ------II ------
Prince 15 Mummuni28 of 971 ------II ------II ------Wales
29 Kharepa 16 Anantadeva 1016 ------II ------II ------tana MahakumaraK 17 30 Thane 1042 ------II ------II ------eshideva
31 Vadaval 16 Aparaditya 1049 ------II ------II ------i
17 Vikramaditya32 Panha e 1061 ------II ------II ------
18 Mallikarjuna33 Panha e 1073 ------II ------II ------
King Jhanjha as depicted in the Copper Plate Charters from King Chadvaideva to King Chittaraja: 1. Inscription of Chadvaideva First immediate copper plate available after the ru le of King Jhanjha was that of King Chadvaideva. Jhanjha was the grandfather of Chadvaideva. The Prince of Wales Copper Plates of Chadvaideva are undated. As we do not know the exac t dates of the rule of King Jhanjha and the present plates being undated, the precise time gap between these two kings cannot be determined. As per the tentative chronology offered by V. V. Mirashi, a span of three decades might have lapsed between these two kings. It is very important to note that Chadvaideva prais es him for the gallantry and qualities like Indra. Chadvaideva makes no mention of the construction of the twelve temples of Shiva at all. It is noteworthy that the record closest to the reign of Jhanjha has not associated him with the Shiva temples. Chadvaideva himself could not find a place in the records of the all succeeding Kings. 2. Inscriptions of Aparajita: Aparajita was the nephew of Chadvaideva. The standardization of the format of the Shilahara Copper Plate Charters was finalized during the reign of King Aparajita. It is noteworthy that Aparajita extols King Jhanjhain Janjira I, Janjira II Copper Plates as ‘possessing good qualities that even Lord Brahma was not able to match up to’. It is interesting to note that Goggiraja, his younger brother who succeeded him possessed ‘good qualities’ like his elder brother and hence was addressed with a fond title of Irmadi Jhanjha or ‘Young Jhanjha’. It is very clear that the lofty eulogy of Jhanjha i n the copper plates of Aparajita, does not mention anything about the construction of Shiva temples. In the Bhadana Copper plate however, Aparajita offers a modest introduction to Jhanjha, ‘….From Vappuvanna was born that well known son named Jhanjha who manifested the greater rise of his family.’ Once again like King Chadvaideva, Aparajitahas not associated King Jhanjha with the legend of twelve Shiva temples. 3. Inscription of Arikesari: Thane Copper Plates34 is the sole epigraphical record available for the reign of King Arikesari, son of Aparajita (brother of Vajjada II) and uncle of Chittaraja. Verse 7 of this grant very briefly introduces Jhanjha as follows, ‘…His son (Vappuvanna’s) was the illustrious Jhanjha.’ Like his predecessors Arikesari too has not associated King Jhanjha with the legend of twelve Shiva temples. 4. Inscriptions of Chittaraja: Arikesari was succeeded by his nephew Chittaraja. Seven Copper Plate Charters issued by him are available for our perusal. So far it is the lar gest number of Copper Plates issued by any Shilahara king of North Kokana. 5. The first most important clue in search of King Jhanjha and the legend of twelve Shiva temples can be traced in the newly discovered Kalyan Copper Plates35. i. Kalyan Copper Plates were deciphered by the author and S. G. Dhopate in 2013. Dated Shaka year 941, these plates are the earliest available c harters issued by Chittaraja. This record was not available for the study of previous scholars, thus of immense importance. Verse 9 of the charter describes King Jhanjha as ‘…who erected twelve temples of Shiva, named after himself, which served, as it were, as steps to pious people, ready to open to the path of heaven.’ A close inspection of all the seven charters of Chittaraja reveals some more interesting facts. ii. Photograph of only one Copper Plate of the recently deciphered Panvel Charter is available. In the absence of other plates, it is not possible to understand how Jhanjha was described in this record. iii. Though Chittaraja was the first king who for the first time associated the legend of twelve Shiva temples with King Jhanjha, it is interesting to note that he has not done so in all his remaining charters. iv. In the Bhandup and Dive Agar Copper plates Jhanjha is described simply as ‘His son (Vappuvanna’s) was the illustrious Jhanjha’ and ‘Thereafter there was King Jhanjha’ respectively. v. King Jhanjhais not recorded in the Cincani Grant as it was issued by Camundaraja, a feudatory of Chittaraja ruling over Sanyanapattana. vi. The facsimiles Bhoighara Plates are not available as the plates are lost. The text of this vyavasthapatra was memorized by Mr. Natu, who discovered these plates. M G Dikshit published the text as recited by Mr. Natu. 36 When Dikshit published this text in 1947, only Bhand up and Berlin copper plates of Chittaraja wer e available. He also compared the verses
of this text with other Shilahara copper plates. Only two words namely ‘ ’
appear in line number 22 of the text recited by Mr. Natu.37 Dikshit surmised from these words that the entire verse would have been attributed to Jhanjha. V. V. Mirashi while re editing the text in the Corpus Inscriptinum Indicarum (Vol-VI) added this verse quoting the reference of Berlin Copper Plates where this verse appears in its full form.38 vii. It is in the Berlin Copper Plates of Chittaraja tha t the verse appears in its full form. Thereafter the same verse has been used in each and every copp er plate issued by the later Shilahara kings as mentioned in the above table.
a) (Kalyan Copper Plates) b) ( )
(Berlin Copper Plates) Evaluation of the above Inscriptions: a) It is evident from the above analysis that the verse that famously associated King Jhanjha with the legend of twelve temples of Shiva was found narrated for the first time in the Kalyan Copper Plates issued almost after a gap of a century after his rule. b) This fact will hold goodwill further availability o f new epigraphical discovery. Why the predecessors of Chittaraja chose not to associate J hanjha with the construction of twelve temples of Shiva finds no satisfactory answer in the inscriptions of the Shilahara kings of North Kokana. c) While Jhanjha was remembered in the copper plates of Chadvaideva for his valor like Indra, Chittaraja associated him with a lofty feat of cons truction of twelve Shiva temples. It is somewhat difficult to assume that this tremendous feat of construction of twelve temples of Shiva was simply overlooked by his immediate successors. Jhanjha’s bloodline could not continue to rule will not be a valid argument because Arikesari’s too didn’t. d) If it is assumed that Jhanjha started construction of these temples that were completed after his demise like Chittaraja then it is nowhere mentioned in the inscriptions of later Shilahara kings. e) However, it must be remembered that Chittaraja himself was a devotee of Shiva. He is the first Shilahara king who started the construction o f the magnificent Bhumija style Shiva temple at Ambernath that was completed during the reign of his youngest brother King Mummuni. (Shaka year 982) A small inscription engraved on the girder records these details.
(Ambernath Temple Inscription of Mamvaniraja [Mummuni]) Understanding ‘kirtrana’: The verse that glorifies Jhanjha uses the word kirtrana and state that he constructed twelve kirtranas. It is necessary to evaluate this term and look into ot her contemporary inscriptions if this word has been used and what sense it denotes there. Following verse from the devalayanirmanaphalama of the Agni Purana states, 40
Agni. 38.25-26 …therefore having got wealth by luck or by exertion , one should give it in the proper way to the best among the twice born and cause temples to be constructed. D C Sircar has defined ‘kirtana’ as ‘A temple or any other th ing that renders famous the name of the person responsible for it; often interpreted as ‘a building or a temple’; but really ‘fame producing work’; ‘a monument of fame’; a pious work like temple.’ 41 Kirtana as seen in the other contemporary inscriptions: Following examples from the contemporary inscriptions will elaborate in detail the usage of the term ‘kirtana’. 1. The Baroda Copper Plate Inscription 42 of the reign of Rashtrakuta King Karka (Krishna) I (Shaka year 734) was presented to the Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1839 by W P Grant who obtained them from Beni Rama of Baroda. The Plates were deciphered by Kamalakanta and later by Saroda Prashada Cakravarti. Verse 11 and 12 of the grant read as follows,
: ( ) 11
12 The original recorded translation is as below, The immortals walking on the firmament (sky), being astonished with the view of his fort of Elapura, declared continually that the beauty of the fort was nowhere to be found but in the works of svayanbh , Shivaand b(v)amana. 11 The architect of it was himself struck with wonder at its beauty. His name has been proclaimed everywhere by the king himself. 12 J. F. Fleet and Burgess also accepted the above translation. Bühler further added to this translation as ‘…the same grant connects him with the hill of E lap ra, where he (Krishna) seems to have built a fort and a splendid temple of Shiva.43 R. G. Bhandarkar suggested changes in the above reading in his artic le ‘The Rashtrakuta Krshnarajai and Elapura’. 44 He remarked, ‘… That sense (proposed in the original reading quoted above) is not at all appropriate here and the word must be taken to signify “a temple”. Though the dictionaries do not give this sense, there is no question the word denotes a ‘temple’. Bhandarkar takes note of A. S. Altekar who interpreted kirtana as “a temple” as recorded in the Kharepatana Plates of Shilahara King Anantadeva (Shaka year 1016).45 2. The Camunda Image Inscription of Vatsadevi46: This one-line pedestal Nagari inscription dated 7 th century AD refers to the kirtti of queen Vatsadevi . There are no clues to identify Vatsadevi. Probably she was the queen of an early Bhaumakara King.
: :
(This image of Camunda is) the fame (The fame producing work) of the queen Vatsadevi D C Sircar who deciphered this inscription states t hat the kirtti referred to is undoubtedly the image of goddess Camunda on which the epigraph is incised. Sircar further quotes J.F. Fleet’s remarks from the Mandara Rock of the reign of Adityasena. 3. Mandara Rock of the reign of Adityasena47: The inscription records that Konadevi, wife of Later Gupta King Adityasena performed an act of piety by excavating a tank. Fleet refers to pushkarinikirtti recorded in this i nscriptions ‘famous work of a tank’ and pointed out that same meaning may be applied in many other cases to the word kirtti. He further states, ‘……kirtti and kirtana are hardly to be actually tra nslated by the word ‘temple’ or by any other specific term, but denote generally ‘any work of public utility, calculated to render famous the name of the constructor of it … and the particular work referred to may be a temple as in the instances quoted above or a ‘tank’ in the above inscription 4. No. 9 Amrta Cave Inscription48: This inscription deciphered by J. F. Fleet, dated 1036-37 AD records visit of one Kanha to this cave was excavated by Candragupta. Line 5-6 of the record states,
5. Mahadeva Temple Inscription &Kenduvalli Temple Inscription: B. Ch. Chhabra has noticed following two verses in the Mahadeva Temple Inscription 49 dated 10th or 11th century and Kenduvalli Temple Inscription dated 10 th century.
1. (MahadevaTemple Inscription)
2. : ( ) : (Kenduvalli Temple
Inscription) Lexically the usages of the word kirttitan as well as kirtita have been explained by Chhabra. The term ‘kirti’is used as a synonym of kirtana meaning a building or a temple. The significance of this word has been discussed by Prof. R. G. Bhandarkar. Kirtanaas recored in post Shilahara inscriptions: The term kirtana has been used in some Yadava inscriptions too. 1. Undated A bejogai Sangita Mosque Inscription of Singhanadeva 51
2. Man ra Inscription of Krishnadeva (Shakayear 1170) 52
Jhanjha, the Rashtrakuta King: Another Jhanjha (973 AD-990 AD)53 finds mention in the Lattalap ra Copper Plate Grant of Kanharadeva dated Shaka year 941. As recorded in the inscription, he belonged to the Maharathi family. This family claims descent from the Imperial Rashtrakuta dynasty. However the period suggests that this family belonged to the local feudal clan who flourished after the decline of the Imperial Rashtrakutas in Shaka year 904.54 Jhanjha was the son of Bhammaha, founder of this family.55 During his period this family had matrimonial relations with the two potential royal families of that time. Jakkavva, the sister of Jhanjha and the daughter of Bhammaha was married to Western Calukya King Tailapa II. 56 ‘Taila II married Jakkavva (1.44), a daughter of King Bhammaha the Ratta, the ornament of the family of the Rashtrakutas’. (Verse 43-44)57 Lakshmi, Lacchi or Lasthi was the daughter of Jhanjha. She was married to Yadava Bhillama II. She is described as follows,
It can be surmised from the above evidences that Jhanjha mentioned in the above records was different from the Shilahara King. A. S. Altekar 59 has correctly identified the discrepancy of the period that the two Jhanjhas belonged to. V. V. Mirashi also suggested him to be a grandson of the earlier ShilaharaJhanjha. 60 However, with the help of the above records the identity of the Rashtrakuta Jhanjha can be satisfactorily confirmed. Though the exact dates of Rashtrakuta Jhanjha are not available, the only record of his son in law Bhillama II dates Shaka year 947 (Sangamner Copper Plates) 61 Précis 1. King Jhanjha and the Legend of Shiva Temples has be en an enigmatic question in the history of Shilahara dynasty. This paper has taken into consideration the inscriptional evidences as the legend is based on the references taken from various Shilahara inscriptions. 2. As per the available records the verse that famousl y associated Jhanjha with the legend of Shiva Temples is observed for the first time is the recently discovered Kalyan Copper Plates of King Chittaraja dated Shaka year 941. 3. The analysis of the copper plates issued by the predecessors of King Chittaraja reveal that all of them have not linked the famed legend to Jhanjha and he has been extolled for bravery. 4. No satisfactory justification can be offered at thi s juncture except the fact that there was not such a legend prevalent till the issuance of the Kalyan Copper Plates of King Chittaraja. 5. King Chittaraja was the builder of the famous Shiva temple at Ambernath. The verse that famously associated Jhanjha with the legend of Shiv a Temples is observed for the first time is the recently discovered Kalyan Copper Plates of King Chittaraja and copied thereafter in each and every succeeding Shilahara copper plates. It is ver y difficult to identify these two extremely important facts as a ‘mere coincidence’ or a ‘delib erate attempt’ at this juncture due to the want of required proof. Finally, my thanks are to Sachin Deodhar for quizzi ng me on the Jhanjha and Legend of Shiva Temples and Dr. Prasad Bhide for his valuable suggestions. References and Notes 1. Altekar A S (1936) The Shilaharas of Western India, Indian Culture, Volume II, Issue 3, P. 404. 2. Mirashi V.V. (1977) Corpus Inscriptinum Indicarum, Vol- VI, Inscriptions of the Shilaharas, pub., The Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, P. ix (hence - CII- VI) 3. Kish George (1978) A Source Book in Geography, Harvard University Press, P. 207. 4. Collection D'ouvragesOrientauxPubliéepar la societeAsiatique ,Volume II, Chapter XVIII, P. 85 (https://archive.org/stream/lesprairiesdor02masuuoft#page/n11/mode/2up) 5. Ibid, P. xxii. 6. Journal of Bombay Branch of Royal Asiatic Society, Vol-18, Rashtrakuata Copper Plate Grants from Navasari-B, 1982, P. 259 7. Sircar D C, Epigraphia Indica, Sircar D C, Three Rashtrakuta Charters from Chinchani, P. 47. 8. Altekar A S (1936) The Shilaharas of Western India, Indian Culture, Volume II, Issue 3, P. 404. 9. Burgess Jas (1880) Indian Antiquary, Vol. 9, Telang K T, A New Silara Copper Plate Grant, P. 36. Telang has remarked that ‘…..Pandit Bhagavanlal tells me that he has seen kirtana used in this sense elsewhere. To me this sense of the word is quite new’ 10. CII-VI, P. xi. 11. CII-VI, No. 4, Verse 23, P. 16. 12. Ibid, No 5, Verse 20, P. 26 13. Ibid, No 6, Verse 20, P. 31 14. Ibid, No 7, Verse 17, P. 39 15. Ibid, No 8, Verse 7, P. 47 16. Dhopate S G & Mokashi Rupali, Verse 9, Chhittaraja Yancha Nava Tamrapat, Bharat Itihas Samshodhak Mandal Quarterly, Year-89, July 2012-April 2013, Pune, P. 42-45. 17. CII-VI, No.61, P. 276. 18. Dikshit M G (947) Selected Inscriptions from Maharashtra, No. 36, P. 41 19. MokashiRupali, Panvel Copper Plate of Shilahara King Chittaraja ( aka 947), Quarterly of Bharat Itihas Samshodhak Mandal, Pune, Volume 90, No. 1-4, July 2013-April 2014, P. 45- 50. 20. CII-VI, No.9, Verse 6, P. 56. 21. Ibid, No. 10, Verse 4, P. 63. 22. Ibid, No. 11, Verse 8, P. 66. 23. ‘sragdhara’ meter 24. Ibid, No. 12 25. Ibid, No. 13, Verse 7, P. 77. 26. ‘Sragdhara’ meter. 27. Ibid, No. 14, Verse 8, P. 87. 28. Ibid, No. 15, Verse 8, P. 101. 29. Ibid, No. 19, Verse 8, P. 117. 30. Dhopate S G, Studies in Indian Epigraphy (Bharatiya Purabhilekh Patrika), Vol- XXVI, Dhopate S G, New Copper plate Grant of North Kokana Shilahara, Verse 8. 31. Ibid, No. 20, Verse 8, P. 122. 32. Ibid, No. 23, Verse 8, P. 135. 33. Shrinivas V. Padigar and V. Shivananda, Pratnakirti: Recent Studies In Indian Epigraphy History Archaeology And Art (Set Of 2 Vols): Essays in Honour of Prof. Shrinivas Ritti, A new copper plate Grant of Shilahara Mallikarjuna, S.G. Dhopate, Agam Kala Prakashan, 2012, verse 8 34. These plates were first published by Gen. Carnac in the Asiatic Researchers (Vol-I, 1788) with the reading provided by Ramalocana Pandita of Bengal. The facsimile of only first plate was published in the reprint of the same volume in 1801. Scholars like Dr. A. S. Altekar have regretted the poor quality of the publication. However, the copper plates have since been untraceable. V. V. Mirashi has reconstructed the text of these copper plates as most of the text of the Shilahara grants was stereotyped since the time of Arikesari. 35. Dhopate S. G. & Rupali Mokashi, Chhittaraja Yancha Nava Tamrapat, Bharat Itihas Samshodhak Mandal Quarterly, Year-89,Pune, July 2012-April 2013 and Dhopate S. G. &Rupali Mokashi, Kalyana Copper Plates of Shilahara King Chittaraja (1019 CE): Ancient Planet Online, Patras, Greece, Volume 4, February 2013. 36. Dikshit M G, Selected Inscriptions from Maharashtra, No. 36, 1947, P. 32-45. 37. Ibid, P. 41 38. CII-VI, P. 276 39. Ibid, No.17, P. 112 40. Agni Purana, Gurumandala Series, No. XVII, P. 73, 1957. 41. Sircar D C (1966) Indian Epigraphical Glossary, Motilal Banarasidass, P. 158 42. The Acting Secretaries, The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Account of the Tamba Patra Plates Dug Up at Baroda in Goojrat with facsi mile and Translation, January-December 1839, P. 292-303. 43. Burgess Jas (1877) Indian Antiquary, Vol-VI, G. Bühler, A New Grant of Govinda III , Rathor, P. 61. 44. Burgess Jas (1833) Indian Antiquary, Vol- XII, Bhandarkar R G, The Ra raku a Kr narajai and Elapura, P. 228-230 45. Burgess Jas (1880) Indian Antiquary, Vol- IX, Telang K T,A new Silara Copper Plate Grant, P. 36. 46. D. C. Sircar, Epigraphia Indica, Vol- 28, D. C. Sircar, Two Inscriptions from Jaipur (B. Camunda Vatsadevi) P. 184. 47. Fleet J F, CII-III, Inscriptions of the Early Gupta Kings and their Successors, P. 211-212. 48. Burgess Jas (1884) Indian Antiquary, Vol- XIII, Fleet J. F., Sanskrit and Old Canarese Inscriptions, No. CXLVI, P. 185. 49. Epigraphia Indica, Vol- 24, (ed.) Chakravarti N P, in Ranipur Jharial Inscription, B. Ch. Chhabra, P. 240. 50. Ibid, P. 244. 51. Deshpande Brahmanand, Devgiriche Yadav, Aparant, Pune, 2013, second edition, P. 150. 52. Ibid, P. 152. 53. Dhopate S G, Lattalapura Copper Plate Grant of Kanharadeva in Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol- 87, 2006, P. 153-161. 54. Kalyani Calukya King Tailapa II overthrew the last Imperial Ra raku a king Indra IV. 55. Plate 1- Verses 1- 3 in Lattalapura Copper Plate Grant of Kanharadeva. 56. Fleet J F and Temple Richard Carnac, Indian Antiquary, Volume, 16, pub. 1887, Fleet J F, Sanskrit and Old Canarese Inscriptions, No. 168, Kauthem Grant of Vikramaditya V, aka era 930. 57. ibid, P. 19. 58. Sircar, Narasimhasvami and Gai, Epigraphia Indica, Vol. 36,Gai G S, Asvi Plates of Yadava Airamadeva, Saka 1020,Verse 5, P. 252-253. 59. Altekar A S (1934) The Shilaharas of Western India, Indian Culture, P. 404. 60. CII-VI, P. xi. 61. Burgess Jas, Epigraphia Indica,Vol- 2, Kielhorn F., Sangamner Copper Plate of the Yadava Bhillama II , the aka year 922, P. 212-221.