USAID SEA PROJECT

TOURISM AND FISHERIES RAPID ASSESSMENT OF SAWAI BAY MPA, CENTRAL

September 29, 2018

DISCLAIMER This report is made possible by the generous support of the American People through the United States Agency for the International Development (USAID) with the close collaboration of the Government of (GoI). The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of Tetra Tech and do not necessary reflect the view of USAID or the United States Government

TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 BACKGROUND 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 1. SCOPE OF THE RAPID ASSESSMENT 2 2. SAWAI BAY BACKGROUND INFORMATION 2 3. TOURISM ASSESSMENT 5 4. FISHERIES ASSESSMENT 17 5. RISKS TO THE MPA 21 6. RECOMMENDATIONS 23 APPENDIX 26

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Marine Change conducted a rapid assessment of the tourism and fisheries sectors in Sawai Bay, Ceram Island, Central Maluku in April 2018. Sawai Bay is a large scenic and remote area that rose to popularity with tourists in the 1980s until end of 1990s due to its exceptional natural beauty and clear, calm seas. The area is surrounded by known for its exotic bird life.

In 2008, the Provincial Department of Marine Fisheries (DKP) proposed Sawai Bay to become a Marine Protected Area (MPA). In 2009, a fishery and ecology base line data survey was conducted, but the process of MPA formation was hampered due to national regulatory changes regarding sea area authority, amongst other delays. To ignite the process again, the USAID SEA Project appointed WWF Indonesia as the NGO implementer to support the Central Maluku Government to continue the establishment process of the Sawai Bay MPA.

The tourism sector is experiencing a boom in Sawai Bay, since 2015, due to the rising popularity of one of the resorts, the Ora Beach Resort in the village of Saleman. The “spill over” of visitors from Ora beach has resulted in the establishment of an additional 11 small “hotels” in the last four years, owned and managed locally. The main interest of the mainly domestic tourists, is to visit scenic spots for photo opportunities. There is also tourism development now taking place on one of the Islands of Pulau Tujuh area. This area has good snorkeling and diving spots; and the local government has allocated budget to establish a dive operator with one of the three villages in the area responsible for its operations.

Whilst the tourism boom has brought welcomed development to the area, and local residents are able to participate and benefit, there are many issues with increasing volumes of waste in the area that need to be urgently addressed. The water quality is has also deteriorated, threatening the iconic image of the clear water bay. The management of planned assets in Pulau Tujuh, granted to only one village, also poses a risk to the long-term sustainability and equity of the MPA.

Despite the growth in the tourism industry, the 13 villages in the bay depend on agriculture and fishing as their main income sources. Approximately 49% of the fishing activity is small scale and unmotorised, and 65% of the catch is reef fish, followed by demersal and pelagic species. Approximately 90% of the catch is sold outside of the area, and transported to markets via a complicated network of traders. There are specific buyers and supply chains for both reef fish and tuna that lead into high value markets. However, the price received by the fishers in Sawai Bay is very low due to the distance and complexity of the supply chain. In addition, destructive fishing activities, such as bombing and poison, and the catch of charismatic and endangered animals such as rays, sharks and turtles, are still reported in the area.

A SWOT analysis of the tourism sector reveals that there are opportunities to further engage with private sector tourism operators in support of the MPA and develop ecotourism services in neighboring villages to Pasanea to alleviate potential tensions related to the management rights of Pulau Tujuh and best practices in anticipation of the MPA. A set of recommendations and next steps that can support the sustainable development of the area, including financial support to the MPA, whilst minimize damage to the MPA are made.

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BACKGROUND The USAID funded Sustainable Ecosystems Advanced (SEA) Project is a five-year project (2016-2021) that supports the Government of Indonesia to improve the governance of fisheries and marine resources and to conserve biological diversity. Implemented by Tetra Tech and a consortium of partners, the SEA project is targeted at national, provincial, and local levels, with a focus on the Provinces of West Papua, Maluku, and North Maluku that lie within Indonesia’s Fishery Management Area (FMA) 715. The project aims to utilize an ecosystem approach to fisheries management and engage key stakeholders, to (1) reform fisheries management and promote marine protected areas to enhance fisheries productivity, conservation, and sustainable utilization; and (2) strengthen the leadership capacity of local governments and the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF). Marine Change is a specialist advisory firm that focuses on investments in Asian seafood companies committed to sustainable and financially rewarding business opportunities that contribute to social and environmental benefits. Marine Change’s vision is to see disciplined long-term investment support innovative efforts to renew fisheries and marine ecosystems, permitting them to recover from overexploitation and to support prosperity, food security and livelihoods in Asia. Under the USAID SEA Project, Project Marine Change seeks to assist the USAID SEA Project Core Team and Project Partners to develop an inclusive investment and economic model for agreed target areas in support of USAID SEA Project’s Strategic Objectives.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Marine Change is grateful for the assistance of the USAID SEA Core team in the arrangement of the Sawai field trip, especially Mr. Asril Djunaidi, whose local knowledge and expertise were invaluable. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Indonesia team on the ground was very helpful with the arrangements and their contacts, insights and continued communications and we thank them for the collaboration and hope to continue this in the next steps of the project.

1 | TOURISM AND FISHERIES RAPID ASSESSMET OF SAWAI BAY MPA, CENTRAL MALUKU USAID.GOV SCOPE OF THE RAPID ASSESSMENT This document outlines the findings of the rapid sector assessment conducted on site in Sawai Bay, Central Maluku Province, in April 2018 as part of the USAID SEA Project. The purpose of the rapid sector assessment is to provide an overview of two key economic sectors that can contribute to the SEA Project’s efforts, tourism and fisheries. The rapid assessment intends to provide an evaluation of the constraints and opportunities in these sectors in Sawai Bay, as well as an overview of the key players active in the two sectors. Building from an analysis of the current constraints and opportunities, this report outlines potential strategies for the USAID SEA Project Partners to consider in their implementation efforts. The rapid sector assessment of Sawai Bay relied on information and data obtained by interviews with relevant local officials and official data sets provided by the local government as well as collected by WWF Indonesia. A full list of people interviewed is in Appendix 1.

SAWAI BAY BACKGROUND INFORMATION Sawai Bay is located in the northern part of , Central Maluku Province, and covers 1,100 km2 in the Ceram Sea. The Bay itself is surround by steep cliffs to the south, which border the Manusela National Park, declared on April 8, 2014 by Ministry of Environment and Forestry with landmass of 1745.5 km2. Included in the Bay area are Pulau Tujuh or the Seven Islands (although there are only six islands). The islands are uninhabited, but their management rights have recently been given to the village of Pasanea, which is planning tourism developments there (see figure 9). There are 13 villages in the Sawai Bay area, consisting of local Maluku people that are predominantly Christian, as well as large number of immigrants from other parts of Indonesia, such as Bugis, Buton, Flores, Java and Madura that are predominantly Muslim. WWF conducted a socio-economic survey of these 13 villages in 2017. Most people relied on farming for their livelihoods, with small-scale fisheries being the second most common occupation (see figure 1 below). The income of the villagers varies between seasons. On average, the communities in the sampled settlements earned relatively low income per month, i.e. between IDR 200,000 (US$14) and more than IDR1,000,000 (US$67), -. In the high season, the communities sometimes could get very high income, for example IDR 2,000,000 (US$135) per two weeks from cacao harvest or IDR 800,000/day (US$54/day) from fish catch1.

1 WWF 2017

USAID.GOV TOURISM AND FISHERIES RAPID ASSESSMENT OF SAWAI BAY MPA | 2 Figure 1: Sawai Bay villages livelihood survey results 2017

Source: WWF-Indonesia

Sawai Bay has been a tourism destination since the 1990s due to its natural beauty with scenic views and exceptionally calm and clear water. It has white sand beaches, snorkeling, waterfalls, caves and the Manusela National Park is famous for its bird life that is unique to Maluku/Ceram island. Whilst there was a dip in the tourism during the Maluku conflicts in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the area is now experiencing a tourism boom that started around 2015 (see further below). The area is remote and can be reached by private car road from , taking between 2 to 6 hours depending on which the part of the Bay is the destination. The cost ranges from IDR 1million to 1.2 million (US$67 to 80) for a private car for one way, or by public transport when available at IDR 100,000 (US$7) per person for one way. However, using public transportation can be uncomfortable and make the journey longer, due to unclear schedule. From Tulehu port in Ambon there is a ferry that takes 2 hours and costs IDR 260,000 (US$17)/person to Masohi. Ambon is connected to national flights, including direct flights to Jakarta. International flights do not currently operate out of Ambon, but there are discussions on possible routes.

MPA ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL BACKGROUND In 2008, the Provincial Department of Marine Fisheries (DKP) proposed Sawai Bay to become a marine protected area. In 2009, a fishery and ecology base line data survey was conducted, but the process of MPA formation was hampered due to national regulatory changes regarding sea area authority amongst other delays. The USAID SEA Project intends to help the Central Maluku Government to continue the establishment process of the Sawai Bay MPA and appointed WWF Indonesia as the NGO implementer. WWF-Indonesia conducted the initial study on ecological, social and economic status, of Sawai as part of the MPA establishment processes in 2017. WWF-Indonesia engaged with several stakeholder’s

3 | TOURISM AND FISHERIES RAPID ASSESSMET OF SAWAI BAY MPA, CENTRAL MALUKU USAID.GOV institutions, such as Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan (DKP) Maluku Province, DKP Central Maluku District, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) – Ambon, Learning Centre (LC) Universitas Pattimura, and Indonesian Navy. The study was conducted along the coastal areas of Sawai Bay extending from Walakone to Wahai. In total, WWF surveyed 25 sites for the ecological monitoring and 4 villages for the fisheries and social surveys. The baseline survey demonstrated that Sawai Bay has coral coverage of 3,169 ha with a relatively high fish abundance 6,733.16 ± 842.38 individual/hectare.2 Due to its high productivity, Sawai Bay also has regular sightings of charismatic marine animals such dolphins, whales, sharks, turtles and dugongs and has varied marine habitats ranging from reefs, sea grass beds, mangroves and sandy beaches.

Figure 2: Sawai Bay and the proposed MPA boundary

2 WWF 2017

USAID.GOV TOURISM AND FISHERIES RAPID ASSESSMENT OF SAWAI BAY MPA | 4 TOURISM ASSESSMENT The tourism of Sawai Bay was established in the 1990s in the village of Sawai, which lies in the edge of the Manusela National Park. 3 Lisar Bahari guest house was established then and extended several times since. It now sprawls over the front of the village on wooden silts. The tourism in Sawai village was originally based on natural beauty, clear and calm water, scenic cliffs, white beaches and people also wanting to explore the Manusela National Park, particularly for bird watching. The target tourists were mainly European and foreigners until the 2000s. Now the tourism seems to be more focused around Ora beach, Lisar Bahari and other recently built guest houses in the village of Saleman mainly catering to domestic tourists from Jakarta or Maluku who want to visit the area during national holidays or long weekends. A more detailed tourism assessment of each village with current or planned tourism activity is presented below and summarized in table 1.

Photo 1: Clear water in front of the Lisar Bahari guest house which now suffering from reduced clarity and corals are threatened

3 http://www.indonesia-tourism.com/maluku/sawai_village.html

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SAWAI

The main livelihood of the Sawai village residents is farming and fisheries. Sawai village has approximately 60 fishermen, who also harvest nutmeg, cloves, and coconut in nearby forests. Sawai village consists of almost 500 households. The village head (Bapak Raja)’s a plan for Sawai tourism included the creation of village-owned enterprises – Badan Usaha Milik Negri (BUMN) in 2017. The BUMN plans to sell souvenirs like bags, traditional snacks from sago and coconut and manage homestays. The village head formed the village-owned enterprises using the village budget funds from the national government. The number of tourists continues to increasing in the last three years, especially in the most important holiday season in Indonesia, such as the end of Ramadan (Lebaran). The main tourism attractions are the beautiful sea, forests and peaceful location. Unfortunately, the village head is not familiar with conservation or the potential benefits that an MPA in Sawai could bring and seems to support the MPA if the program aligns with people’s interest and helps the area to develop. Lisar Bahari Lodge

Lisar Bahari is the pioneer lodge in Sawai village, operating since 1994. The lodge initially accommodated government employees and was promoted by travel agents in Ambon like Oayapatal, Nanusa, Natrabu and Arcadia. Unfortunately, the cooperation with the travel agents was interrupted due the Maluku conflict in early 2000s, but the lodge continued to operate during the period, as Sawai is far from the conflict areas. Currently, visitors know Photo 2: Lisar Bahari Lodge Lisar Bahari from the Lonely Planet, Instagram, internet, and word of mouth referrals; and make their bookings via WhatsApp and travel agents in Java and Ambon. In 1994-1998, most of the tourists came from abroad, especially from Holland and Germany for cave expeditions. Since 2010 until now, the visitors are predominantly national (90%) – mostly from Jakarta and Ambon – and the minority are foreign. Tourists typically stay an average of 3 days and mainly do activities in the sea. The typical tourist visits the river, Lusa Olat island and snorkels in Seven Islands. It costs IDR 1 million (US$ 67) to rent a small boat and IDR 1.5 million (US$101) to rent a larger boat to visit Seven Islands. Tourists can also hire a local guide for a day trekking in Manusela National Park for IDR 250,000 (US$16) or overnight trekking for IDR 500,000 (US$33).

USAID.GOV TOURISM AND FISHERIES RAPID ASSESSMENT OF SAWAI BAY MPA | 6 Lisar Bahari has 25 rooms consisting of 17 rooms with two beds and 8 rooms with one bed, for a total capacity of 46 people. It costs IDR 330,000 (US$22) per person per day, including three meals. Lisar Bahari received around 900 guests in 2016 and 1000 guests in 2017. Lisar Bahari employs 15 full-time workers (9 men, 6 women) with salaries ranging between IDR 1 million (US$67) and 1.5 million (US$101) per month. There is only electricity in the village from 18h to 1h, costing IDR 300,000 (US$20)/month. The lodge uses generator for additional electricity, and spends IDR 1.5 million (US$101) for 1 drum of fuel per month. The lodge uses water pumped from the river at no cost. There is no waste management system or infrastructure in the village, and Lisar Bahari burns the waste generated in the lodge. The lodge purchases their fish from the village, vegetables from nearby village and rice from Masohi. The owner’s future plans are to have more rooms and maintain their existing rooms. The owner seemed to support the MPA establishment with the hope of protecting natural resources and increase the tourists’ length of stay. According to him, irresponsible fisheries activities from outside fishers who trigger local people to do the same are the main threats to the MPA. Visitors can also be a threat if they act irresponsibly, for example stepping on the corals and overcrowding an area. Oanain Munina Lodge

Oanain Munina Lodge is located on the other side of the village from Lisar Bahari and was established in 1999. The manager’s brother owns it but works as a lawyer elsewhere. The land was obtained from the village in a land swap. His business model is basically to receive the spill over of guests from Lisar Bahari. Bookings are, hence, mainly word of mouth or referrals. There are 10 rooms and 1 private bungalow. The rooms are cost IDR 330,000 (US$ 22) including breakfast and the private bungalow costs IDR 530,000 (US$35) per person. They reported that people stay for two nights on average and that in 2016 there were 250 visitors and in 2017 only 200. Approximately 75% of visitors are domestic – half from Jakarta and the other half from Maluku – and 25% of the tourists are foreign – mainly from the Netherlands, UK, France and China. Most of their guests’ hike and bird watch in the Manusela National Park. The lodge organizes transport and a trekking guide for IDR 500,000 (US$33) per group of maximum 6 people. Approximately 25% of their guests do marine activities, typically a boat tour that includes the scenic cliff, Ora Beach and Air Belanda and snorkeling in Pulau Tujuh. The lodge does not provide snorkeling equipment, but rent boats to Pulau Tujuh for IDR 1.5 mill (US$101). There are six local full-time staff at the lodge and the owner wants to build four additional private bungalows by 2020 and buy snorkeling equipment. Water is free from the village and the usage is approximately 50L per day per tourist. The lodge uses 8 liters of petrol per day for the electricity generator with the cost of IDR10,000 (US$0.67)/liter. Organic waste is dumped on the land or let go in the sea, whilst plastic and other solid waste is burned. The lodge has a septic tank but apparently it releases the liquid waste into the sea from time to time. The manager is positive about the MPA, the reputation it can bring to the area and its contribution to tourism but has some concerns over possible impacts on fishers. He believes the fishers would require education to understand benefits like in Raja Ampat.

7 | TOURISM AND FISHERIES RAPID ASSESSMET OF SAWAI BAY MPA, CENTRAL MALUKU USAID.GOV Roneta Cottage

This guesthouse is built over water on the others side of the Sawai village near the aquaculture operations and has been open for three years. It has 15 double rooms. The price is IDR 1 million (US$67) per room per day, including breakfast. Food is available from the menu at the restaurant. The person interviewed (staff as owner is in in Masohi/Jakarta) was not able to estimate visitor numbers for 2017. He mentioned some Dutch tourists visited and the remaining visitors are Indonesian. Roneta Cottage was still being build and it was mentioned that it employs 8-10 people depending on the season (5 full-time and 5 part- time). Photo 3: Ronetta Cottage SALEMAN

The village of Saleman is closest to both Masohi and Ora beach and has a very basic pier access to boats that transport travelers. Hence, it is the location that has developed the most in all of Sawai Bay. There are 484 households in the village, relying mainly cloves, spices, cacao and rubber and fisheries for their incomes. The village has complicated politics. It has two village heads – one officially elected village head and another, self-apointed as the “cultural village head”, who runs a number of village enhancements activities. There are also two separate mosques for the people who support the Photo 4: View from Saleman village overlooking Ora Beach different village heads.

USAID.GOV TOURISM AND FISHERIES RAPID ASSESSMENT OF SAWAI BAY MPA | 8 The cultural village head does not have access to the government allocated village budget, but has organized traditional dance performances for tourists. There are three different dance performances and 30 people are involved. They perform on request at a cost of IDR 3 million (US$ 200) per performance. The group has performed in the village and at the Ora Beach Resort. The cultural village head also runs educational campaigns for the community not to throw waste in the village. According to him, fishermen obtain additional income by offering boat trips to tourists, reducing their fishing effort and supplementing their income. According to him, the main investment need in the village is a better pier. The village has a generator for electricity, which is on at approximately 6pm until 12pm only, and has very poor to no mobile phone connectivity. The officially elected village head has held his position for 17 years and mentioned that as the village is made of immigrants to the area resulting in ethnic disagreements. The officially-elected village head manages a government allocated budget of IDR 1.4 billion (US$93k), which has been used to construct the village office building, build roads, provide nets for fishermen and chain saws to villagers who depend on the forest for their income. The village head has no sustainable tourism vision and has not included tourism development in the village budget or plans. However, he is supportive of leasing community land and providing permits for tourism development projects and thinks “the more tourists the better for the village”. He also recognized that waste management is a problem and indicated that there are five waste bins provided for tourists. However, the village does not use the bins, and the waste continues to be burned. There are plans to include an investment for better waste management in 2019, however, there are no details currently. Similarities of all resorts. There are no waste management facilities in Saleman. As a result, all households and accommodations burn the solid waste produced and burry organic waste. All accommodations have generators for electricity; septic tanks for liquid waste management and get water from the well that is part of the Negri. Ora Beach Resort The Ora Beach Resort was originally built as a family holiday home in 1996. The Ambonese owners expanded it opened it to the public as a beach resort in 2010. In 2014, the resort became very popular with Indonesian tourists due to social media attention to the place and the “selfie spot” it provides. It currently has a total of 16 rooms, with seven water cottages and 6 rooms on land and a family house with three bedrooms. The water cottages cost IDR 1.3 million (US$87) per night, the land cottages cost IDR 850,000 (US$57), and the family house costs IDR 3.5 million (US$234), without meals. The price increased 20% over the 2016-2017 period. They offer a three-day package – one night in Ambon, two- nights at Ora Beach Resort and with roundtrip to the Resort – for IDR 3.5 million (US$234). There is a minimum of two nights stay at the resort and people usually stay for 2-3 nights; there are rarely longer stays. The resort is fully booked every weekend and holiday, and occupancy is 50% at other times. Occupancy increased 50% in 2015 and is currently increasing by 20% annually. Due to the steady growth, the owners plan to renovate the restaurant area and subsequently build eight additional water cottages and six on land cottages. The majority (80%) of the visitors are Indonesian nationals, mainly from Jakarta, including companies and government groups, and the remaining 20% are foreigners, mainly from the Netherlands. Ora Beach Resort also organizes the same tours as other hotels, and can provide guests with snorkeling gear costing IDR 50,000 (US$3.35) per day. The trip to Pulau Tujuh is IDR1.5 mill (US$101) per boat and the boat trip to the Rock cliff and Air Belanda is IDR250.000 (US$16).

9 | TOURISM AND FISHERIES RAPID ASSESSMET OF SAWAI BAY MPA, CENTRAL MALUKU USAID.GOV The resort has approximately 33 staff who live on site – 60% are from the Sawai Bay Area and 40% from elsewhere. To minimize use of plastic bottles, the resort provides water by gallons to guests. They have had a problem with fishermen destroying coral and depleting fish on the reef area near the resort, and are concerned as they have seen the environment deteriorate over time. The owners are very supportive of the MPA. In addition to concern for the natural environment, Ora Beach Resort charges a fee of IDR 10,000 (US$0.67) per guest per stay that is provided as a contribution to the village budget. The resort’s contributions range between Photo 5. Ora Beach Resort IDR 2 to 4 million (US$ 134 to 268) per month and the majority of the contribution is destined to the mosque. Panginapan Pasir Putih Panginapan Pasir Putih is located over water in Saleman village and is owned by Pak Herman who has been 30 years in Saleman and is married to a local. The lodge has eight rooms, of which six are double rooms and two are family rooms to accommodate four people. The price is IDR 350,000 (US$23) per person and IDR 150,000 (US$10) per day for three meals. In 2017, there were approximately 50 local tourist and 10 foreigners, but the expectation is that number of guests will continue to raise in 2018. The main marketing channel is word of mouth and foreign tourists will email or call to book, while others may just make bookings on the stop. Tourists stay, on average, for 2-3 days. As with other operators, the lodge offers local sightseeing tours for IDR 700,000 (US$47) for a maximum of 8 people, trips to Pulau Tujuh for IDR 1.5 million (US$101), and forest tours, upon request. The lodge has 5 staff including the owner’s wife; working either full or part-time depending on the number of guests. Mr. Herman wants to build two more rooms and a restaurant, and is seeking debt finance from BNI in Masohi. Mr. Herman believes the MPA is not needed as there are no problems with bombing or environmental destruction and thinks any park fee would scare tourists away. Ora Cave Resort This resort is located on the other side of Ora beach away from the village on the side of the cliff. It was built by a local Saleman resident, who also owns a restaurant on the road to Masohi. The resort, with three double rooms, was built three years ago, but was not open during the rapid assessment, as it does not have a septic tank. It is expected to open shortly ahead of Lebaran holidays, however, prices are not yet established. The owner plans to minimize waste by offering water gallons in the rooms, replacing individual plastic water bottles. The owner has plans to limit fishers from the resort’s pier to increase marine life and is supportive of the MPA plans. Senkei Resort Senkei Resort is a two-room family operated resort opened in December 2017 in the south of Saleman. Pak Udin – the brother of the owner, who lives in Masohi – operates the resort. The room costs IDR

USAID.GOV TOURISM AND FISHERIES RAPID ASSESSMENT OF SAWAI BAY MPA | 10 500,000 (US$33) per night and meals are available for an additional IDR 150,000 (US$10) per person. The owners self-financed the construction and plan to add two rooms. There are three staff that are all family members. Kakak Tua Guest House This Guest House is the result of a native from Saleman – Pak Fahrul’s – long-term dream, constructed with an IDR 70 million (US$4,693) bank loan. This four-year old guest house has six double-rooms: four on water and two on-land costing respectively IDR 500,000 (US$33) and IDR 350,000 (US$20) per night. The guest house offers three meals at an additional cost of IDR150,000 (US$10) per person per day. Approximately 90% of the guests are Indonesian and 10% are foreigners, predominantly from the US, Germany, Italy, India and the Netherlands, who stay for 2-3 days. On average, the guest house received 20 guests per month, with national Indonesian holidays being the peak times, and an annual increase of 10%. The guest house organizes the usual boat tours in the area for the sightseeing trips and land-based activities – 3 hour or 15-minute trek in the Manusela National Park to waterfall, forest and cave – for IDR 500,000 (US$33) per group of maximum 6 people. Local tourists prefer the marine based trips and foreigners the forest trips. Pak Fahrul plans to build more rooms and expand the restaurant also and is supportive of the MPA, as it would be seen as an additional attraction and increase the region’s diving potential. Penginapan Belarizki Penginapan Belarizki is a new three- bedroom family-owned lodge, opened with to accommodate the spillover from Ora Beach Resort. The price is IDR 400,000 (US$26) per room per night, including breakfast. The lodge has a very beautiful view to the sea and cliff. The lodge offers tourism packages to typical destinations, rock cliff, sea cave, Ora beach, and Air Belanda, for IDR 700,000 (US$47) per package, and snorkeling package for IDR 1.5 million (US$101).

Photo 6: Belarizki Resort, Saleman Guesthouses on Air Belanda beach There are 5 new small guesthouses, each with 1-3 rooms, recently built near small beach restaurants (warungs). These basic accommodations will offer a low cost option for visitors coming during Indonesian national holidays, such as Lebaran, where most places are fully booked. The cost will range between IDR 150,000 and 250,000 (US$10 and 16).

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Tujuh Islands area The Central Maluku district court granted Pasanea village the rights to develop tourism services in the Pulau Tujuh area. The village, with funding from the village budget, has built three cottages called Nusa Itu Resort and plans to build 2 additional cottages, restaurant and meeting space by the end of 2018 on Sa’u Island. The island selected for the cottages is beautiful with a nice snorkeling spot by the pier and white sand beaches. However, there is a serious waste management and plastic pollution problem both on land and on water. Since there is no electricity in this uninhabited island, the cottages will rely on generator for its electricity. Currently the village of Pasanea charges an IDR 200,000 (US$13) visitor fee to the Pulau Tujuh area. The price of the cottages is expected to be IDR 250,000 (US$17) per Photo 7: Nusa Itu Resort, Pulau Tuju, night per cottage. The village head also plans to build a dive center in Pasanea 2018 with subsidy from the provincial government. Much of the diving around the area is unexplored and it is difficult to estimate the quality of the diving, and hence, the ultimate viability of the diving business. The places scouted in the rapid assessment by snorkeling and free diving were nice and some had exceptional abundance of fish. The Indonesian Navy had reportedly done some deep dives in the area and indicated that the diving was good. However, in some locations there was coral debris, evidencing bombing, although it is not clear if when the bombing events took place.

USAID.GOV TOURISM AND FISHERIES RAPID ASSESSMENT OF SAWAI BAY MPA | 12 Table 1. Summary of accommodation

Total Average Number of Accommodation Year Total Location capacity Average price stay guests in Nationality of guests name opened employees (guests) (days) 2017 IDR 330,000 (US$22) 90% national (Jakarta and Lisar Bahari Lodge 1994 46 per person per day 2 nights 1000 Ambon) 15 full-time including meals 10% foreign 75% of visitor are domestic – half from IDR 330,000 (US$ 22) Jakarta and the other half including breakfast from Maluku – and 25% of and the private Sawai Oanain Munina Lodge 1999 24 2 nights 200 the tourists are foreign – 6 full-time bungalow costs IDR mainly from the 530,000 (US$35) per Netherlands, UK, France person and China.

IDR 1 million (US$67) 5 full-time and 5 Roneta Cottage - 30 per room per day, - - Mostly national part-time including breakfast IDR 850,000 (US$ 57) 80% of visitors are – IDR 1,300,000 domestic -mainly from (US$87) per rooms Jakarta- and 20% of the Ora Beach Resort 2010 24 per day and the family 2-3 nights 400 33 full time staff visitors are foreign – cottage costs IDR mainly from the 3,500,000 (US$234) Saleman Netherlands. per cottage/day 5 staff working either full time IDR 350,000 (US$ 23) 80% local visitor and 10% Penginapan Pasir Putih 2016 12 2-3 nights 60 or part time per person per day foreign visitors depending number of guests

13 | TOURISM AND FISHERIES RAPID ASSESSMET OF SAWAI BAY MPA, CENTRAL MALUKU USAID.GOV Total Average Number of Accommodation Year Total Location capacity Average price stay guests in Nationality of guests name opened employees (guests) (days) 2017 Not yet Ora Cave Resort 4.5 - - - - - opened IDR 500,000 (US$ 33) 3 staffs (family Senkei Resort 2017 3 - - - per night member) IDR 350,000 (US$ 23) Kakak Tua Guest – IDR 500,000 (US$ Approximately 90% local tourists and 10 2015 9 2-3 nights - House 33) per room per 240 % foreign tourist night IDR 400,000 (US$ 26) 3 staffs (family Penginapan Belarizki - 4.5 per room per night - - Mainly local tourist member) including breakfast Not yet Nusa Itu Resort 4.5 - - - - - opened

USAID.GOV TOURISM AND FISHERIES RAPID ASSESSMENT OF SAWAI BAY MPA | 14 TOURISM SWOT ANALYSIS

Strengths Weaknesses • Ora Beach is already a well-known destination to Indonesian • Main attractions are nature-based, but not linked to nationals. Due to the social media boom of Ora Beach, it already ecotourism. The beautiful white sandy Ora Beach is the main attracts a significant number of national tourists, needed little attraction in the region. However, it is currently attracting tourists that promotion. are not necessarily drawn by an ‘ecotourism’ offering, but rather, a • There are already a reasonable number of accommodations photogenic beach. concentrated around Ora Beach. Thus, there is no additional • Limited snorkelling spots around Pulau Tujuh. Whilst infrastructure investment required to support tourism in the MPA in snorkelling is nice around the Pulau Sa'u, there are only a few suitable this side of Sawai Bay. snorkelling spots as some of shallow areas have been bombed.

Opportunities Threats • Ensure the full engagement of the existing private sector • Unknown quality of the diving. As there was no dive operator to tourism operators in the MPA socialization. At the time of the provide evidence of the diving quality and no diving equipment available rapid assessment, WWF was starting to engage the hotel operators. for the rapid assessment team, it is not possible to issue an opinion There is a strong opportunity to have a constant engagement with about the diving quality and whether it will be an activity that will them to ensure that they support the MPA and start adjusting their attract additional tourists and be able to provide income for the MPA. operations to align with the MPA future management and zoning As there is evidence of bombing in shallow areas, bombing could also plans. It is important roll out WWF’s tourism best practices in have affected the coral in deeper water, impacting the ability to anticipation of the MPA. promote the area as a dive destination, the number and type of dive • Support the development of ecotourism services or other sites, and divers’ length of stay. services in neighbouring villages to Pasanea. There is an • Potential conflict over the rights to develop activities in the opportunity to develop complementary services to the tourism Pulau Tujuh area. Pasanea village has the rights to develop Pulau infrastructure planned for Pulah Tujuh to off-set potential fishing Tujuh and is obtaining significant and increasing income from the visitor income losses from fishery-dependent households in other villages. fees. This is causing envy and a sense of unfairness in the surrounding Other services such as restaurants with traditional meals, souvenirs, communities, especially Galo Galo and Labuhan, which are currently and transport to Pulauh Tujuh could help off-set income losses. not able to attract tourists. • Fishery-dependent villages not earning income from Pulau Tujuh tourism activities. Inhabited villages across from Pulauh Tujuh that depend heavily on fishing are not earning tourism revenues. Should there be any zoning and fishing restrictions in this area, there is no other income opportunities to off-set short-term fishing income loss. • Environmental degradation damaging ecotourism experience. The quality of the environment in the area has deteriorated with increasing development and modernisation of the villages. The legendary clear waters in Sawai village are murkier now and corals are dying; damaging the tourism experience and reputation of the area.

15 | TOURISM AND FISHERIES RAPID ASSESSMET OF SAWAI BAY MPA, CENTRAL MALUKU USAID.GOV The same is happening in Saleman and near Ora beach, and requires addressing or the boom in the area could end up destroying the natural attraction that created it.

USAID.GOV TOURISM AND FISHERIES RAPID ASSESSMENT OF SAWAI BAY MPA | 16 FISHERIES ASSESSMENT A summary of WWF’s thorough fisheries assessment conducted in 2017 is summarized below. Complementing WWF’s assessment, Marine Change conducted interviews to understand the economic dependency of the villages on the fisheries resources and identify clash points between the resource use and the MPA plans.

FISHERIES BACKGROUND The Sawai Bay area is not so impacted by strong monsoons or rainy seasons as elsewhere in Indonesia, since the mountains of central Seram protect it during the east wind season. The fishers report that they fish all year around, but do not fish during Muslim or Christian holidays and during bad weather. Some other fishers reported that the east wind season is better for fishing, but decrease activities, especially for the off-shore areas, during the west wind season (between October and March). The Central Bureau of Statistics of North and North West Seram stated that in 2015, the production of capture fisheries in North Seram and North West Seram reached 6,199.30 tons and 3,199.00 tons of fish, a 20% increase from the previous year. Approximately 65% of the catch is reef fish. In addition to capture fisheries, there is also vannamei shrimp farming in Sawai Bay, which experienced an insignificant annual increase. The main fishing grounds are the Bay, its demersal fishing areas and off shore fisheries areas further out in the Seram Sea, Halmahera Sea, and the waters around Misol and Obi Islands. See photo 8.

Photo 8: Fishing ground distribution around Sawai Bay.

17 | TOURISM AND FISHERIES RAPID ASSESSMET OF SAWAI BAY MPA, CENTRAL MALUKU USAID.GOV There were 2,359 fishers in the area in 2015, a relatively low number for a large area (see table 2 for details). The majority of the fishers (85%) are from the villages of Paa and Besi. Despite the large fisher numbers in Sawai and Wahai, fishers present only 20% of the population there.

Table 2. Number of fishes recorded in each village in the Sawai Bay area in 2015 (DKP)

Village Sub-district Number of fishermen Sawai North Seram 408 Wahai North Seram 475 Rumah Sokat North Seram 95 Malaku North Seram 134 Besi North Seram 119 Gale-gale Northwest Seram 204 Labuan Northwest Seram 121 Pasanea Northwest Seram 135 Karlutukura Northwest Seram 73 Paa Northwest Seram 94 Wailulu Northwest Seram 90 Horale Northwest Seram 159 Saleman Northwest Seram 252 Total 2359

Handline is the predominant fishing gear in all the villages WWF sampled, followed by gillnet (see table 3). Most of the fishing is artisanal, with canoes and small boats with capacity below 5 GT – 49% of the fleet is not motorized, 49% have an out-board motor and only 2% of the vessels had an inboard motor.

Table 3. Summary of fishing gears in different villages (WWF)

Fishermen mainly target grouper species (squaretail coral grouper, tiger grouper, and spotted coral grouper), followed by demersal fish species. Additionally, other reef fish species – such as snapper,

USAID.GOV TOURISM AND FISHERIES RAPID ASSESSMENT OF SAWAI BAY MPA | 18 emperor, rabbitfish, and yellowtail fusilier – and large pelagic fish – such as tuna, skipjack, and mackerel – are the main commodities most sought by these coastal fishermen. It appears that there were no coastal Fish Aggregation Devices (FADs) in the Sawai Bay area, aside from a few bagans that likely act as FADs. It was not clear if offshore FADs are in place, although the dominance of demersal fish species, rather than pelagic indicates this is likely not common. Marine resources of Sawai Bay not only consist of different types of fish, but also non-fish resources. The traditional fishermen rely on free diving to capture seafood such as sea cucumbers and top shells. There are various types of sea cucumbers, such as sand fish, marmorate, dark blackish, sea slug, and sea cucumbers. Sea cucumbers are dried before they are sold to middlemen. Top shells are often utilized as jewelry and accessories by craftsman.

MARKET CONDITIONS

The fish prices in Sawai are low. The WWF’s survey revealed approximately a 75-100% price margin between the first and last sales, due to the complicated supply chains and many middlemen. The local prices per main high value species are indicated in below tables 4 and 5.

Table 4. Main commercial fish species prices in 2017 (WWF)

Local name General name Percentage Selling price (/kg) Geropa Grouper 70% Rp 15,000 - Rp 25,000 Tuna Tuna (grade A) 60% Rp 55,000 - Rp 60,000 Bubara Bigeye trevally 50% Rp 17,000 - Rp 19,000 Cakalang Skipjack 40% Rp 10,000 - Rp 13,000 Komo Frigate Mackerel 40% Rp 9,000 - Rp 10,000 Tenggiri Spanish Mackerel 40% Rp 16,000 - Rp 19,000 Kakap Snapper 50% Rp 17,000 - Rp 19,000 Lalosi Fusilier, amberjack 50% Rp 9,000 - Rp 13,000 Lema Bloated 30% Rp 12,000 - Rp 14,000 Sikuda Emperor 50% Rp 12,000 - Rp 13,000 Semendar Rabbitfish 30% Rp 14,000 - Rp 16,000

Given the closeness of the fishing grounds, the quality is generally good. The demersal and off-shore tuna and pelagic fishermen do one day fishing trips. The traders provide ice to the fishermen or some is also produced domestically.

Only 10% of the fish is consumed locally. The majority of the fish caught in Sawai Bay is destined to Masohi, the region’s main fish market. There are several collectors active in the area, transporting fish from Sawai Bay to Masohi almost every day, depending on the volume. The fishers are not loyal to any one collector. In Masohi there are larger middlemen who purchase the fish to sell locally, or further to Ambon, and beyond, in places as far as Bali and Makassar for both domestic and export markets. There are some specific export-orientated buyers that have specific agreements in place from Sawai,

19 | TOURISM AND FISHERIES RAPID ASSESSMET OF SAWAI BAY MPA, CENTRAL MALUKU USAID.GOV particularly for yellowfin tuna. The supply chain descriptions conducted by WWF are included in the Appendix 2.

There is limited processing and cold storage infrastructure in Sawai Bay villages, established by a few yellowfin tuna buyers. The fishermen sell yellowfin tuna in form of skin-less tuna with three grades, with respective prices summarized below. Middlemen (companies) in Ambon sell skin-less tuna to companies in Makassar and Bali where grade A tuna will be exported to Japan and various countries in Europe. Volumes and the number of fishers in this fishery are not clear.

Table 5. Tuna pricing according to quality grade between Sawai and Ambon (WWF)

Grade Price / kg – paid in Sawai Price / kg to middlemen (companies) in Ambon Grade A IDR 45,000-50,000 IDR 60,000-80,000 (US$ 3.00-3.35) (US$ 4.02-5.36) Grade B IDR 20,000-30,000 IDR 35,000-45,000 (US$ 1.34-2.01) (US$ 2.34-3.01) Grade C IDR 10,000-15,000 IDR 12,000-20,000 (US$0.67-1.00) (US$0.80-1.34)

FISHERY SECTOR SWOT ANALYSIS

Strengths Weaknesses • Short fishing trips ensures limited quality • Low price paid to fishers due to a long loss. Since the fishing trips are normally one day value chain for high-value fish. There are a trips, fishers are able to sell their fish fresh to number of intermediaries, two or more traders, traders, who can transport the next day to the who are not providing value added services, main market (Masohi) minimizing quality loss due decreasing the price margin to fishers. to oxidation. Opportunities Threats • Use Ora Beach Resort as a leader for • Village relationships that limit the usage sustainable practices. Work with Ora beach rights of the main tourism asset (Pulau resort owners, who have the most advanced Tujuh) to just one community leaves sustainability view of the area and the MPA, to communities in a conflict situation that could in a develop an education and incentives scheme for backslash that impacts the tourism offering in the fishers to respect the MPA rules (such as area (destroying fish stocks and key habitats and premium fish price for the resort) species).

USAID.GOV TOURISM AND FISHERIES RAPID ASSESSMENT OF SAWAI BAY MPA | 20 RISKS TO THE MPA

Sector Risks Mitigation strategies • Increased solid waste on land and sea undermine • Co-development of a waste management system with tourism development plans. The current lack of waste each village head, communities and tourism actors. management systems and infrastructure, combined with an Village and provincial funding can be used to build a small-scale increase in the number of tourists, can create an unattractive waste management facility in each village. Additionally, co- atmosphere for tourists, breaking the upward trend in tourist developing a waste management strategy, which includes a numbers. management system and infrastructure, will support tourism in the short- and long-term. • Un-planned development can have negative impacts to • Support village heads to understand the potential Tourism the delicate natural marine ecosystem. Current building negative impacts of overdevelopment on the tourism and land development are taking place without much planning. In sector. By helping village heads to understand the potential areas like Air Belanda, identical guest houses and food stalls right negative impacts of overdevelopment in the tourism sector and are built next to each other. Overdevelopment of these small concepts of sustainable planning best practices can support the tourist spots can threaten the quiet beach atmosphere. decision-making ability of these local leaders and help the long- Furthermore, some the buildings are being constructed over term viability of the tourism sector. coral reefs (Pasir Putih, for example), and could also cause damage and erosion over time. • Destructive and unsustainable fishing practices are still • The MPA management plan needs include strong provisions on used in Sawai Bay. There is wide evidence of destructive the use of illegal and destructive fishing methods and gear types. fishing, the use of bombs and fishermen using compressors, Additional monitoring of fishing practises needs to be conducted derris roots and anesthesia (potassium) to catch live reef fish to and the establishment of a POKMASWAS is a must for the area supply the aquarium trade. Also gillnets are known to damage to ensure sustainable use. coral habitats and catch charismatic species. Due to destructive fishing activities, as much as 65% of fishermen complained of damaged coral habitat, 30% complained of decreasing reef fish catches in the last 5 years, and 5% said that catching fish Fishing becomes more difficult (source WWF survey 2017). • Catch of charismatic animals. Fishers still catch and target • There needs to be further education on species important for animals such as turtles, sharks and rays in the MPA area. the tourism development and incentives given for the community not to catch them (see tourism recommendations) • Expansion of aquaculture in mangrove areas can impact • Any operations should be intensified not expanded in order to fishery recovery and decrease water quality. Any protect key habitats such as mangroves. Good environmental expansion of shrimp farming in the mangroves will further practises need to be strictly implemented and monitored to impact the fishery productivity, as mangroves act as important ensure no harm is done to the MPA (such as settlement ponds fish nurseries. Water quality will also suffer from an increase in for water). The collection of juvenile groupers as wild seed

21 | TOURISM AND FISHERIES RAPID ASSESSMET OF SAWAI BAY MPA, CENTRAL MALUKU USAID.GOV Sector Risks Mitigation strategies aquaculture activities. Increase in cage farming of groupers, can needs to be banned under the MPA management ban and strictly lead into depletion of fish stocks. enforced (provide hatchery bred juveniles).

USAID.GOV TOURISM AND FISHERIES RAPID ASSESSMENT OF SAWAI BAY MPA | 22 RECOMMENDATIONS The tourism sector in Saleman and Sawai villages have been steadily growing over the last three years, with participation and investments from the local community. Areas in Pulau Tujuh, will be the next focus for tourism investments. However, only one village, Pasanea, will receive the financial benefits from the accommodations built in Sa’u island, within the Pulau Tujuh Islands. The main challenge is ensure that the other two villages, Galo Galo and Labuan in the Pulau Tujuh area receive benefits from the planned MPA and tourisms activities. This could either be a share of the visitor fee, or some other kind of benefit that will empower them contribute to the protection by respecting the no-take fishing areas and to refrain from fishing for charismatic species such as sharks, rays and turtles that tourists will want to see. It is clear that demersal fisheries taking place within the proposed MPA are economically important for the Sawai Bay and surrounding villages, especially the villages near Pulau Tujuh, Saleman, Labuan and Galo-Galo. Whilst the Sawai Bay area is relatively large, and fishing pressure is moderate and artisanal in nature in most places, there are clear signs of overfishing in certain areas easily accessed by villages. Particularly, the areas around Sa’u in the Pulau Tujuh area seemed to be under increasing fishing pressure, including the catch of charismatic species such as sharks and rays. A set of recommendations, included in the table below, are designed to address some of the challenges in the tourism and fisheries sectors prior to the establishment of the MPA. Recommendation Rationale and approach Tourism Develop a business and  There is no waste management system or infrastructure in any of financial model for a the main villages that receive tourists. Therefore, on-land a small- small-scale waste scale waste management system and adequate infrastructure is management system in imminently needed in each of the key tourism locations. Sawai, Saleman, and  The development of a business and financial model for a small- Pasanea villages and scale waste management system and infrastructure will support Sa’u Island (Pulau each village head to request the necessary funding for their village Tujuh) budget.

Development and  There is a need to imminently build a waste management implementation of a infrastructure, but also to support the local community to training program with understand the potential economic impacts of improper waste an incentive scheme to disposal and support them to change their behavior. support behavior change  A waste management training program, once the infrastructure is related to waste disposal in place, and financial incentive scheme can encourage behavior change and support the village’s tourism plans.  The fee charged to tourists that visit Pulau Tujuh is directed to the budget of only one village, leaving the other villages without access to financial benefits from tourism. To minimize the Develop and implement changes of conflict between the villages, it is important to a strategy for residents consider alternatives for the adjacent villages to also benefit from of other adjacent villages increase in tourists to the Pulau Tujuh area. to Pulau Tujuh to  Supporting other villages to create investment plans for benefit from the MPA complementary products and services to the accommodation and restaurant in Sa’u Island can generate financial benefits that will improve the compliance with the eventual MPA management and zoning plans.

23 | TOURISM AND FISHERIES RAPID ASSESSMET OF SAWAI BAY MPA, CENTRAL MALUKU USAID.GOV Recommendation Rationale and approach  Alternatives for fishers to transition to other activities, such as transporting tourists from Pasanea and other villages to Pulau Tujuh, can support a reduction in fishing in the Pulau Tujuh reefs.  Creating a fund with transitional finance for fishers can help with this transition (see earlier recommendation on Ora beach leadership role).  One approach could be to use a pay to see reward scheme in the area where tourists pay a small fee for sighting wildlife and the payment is distributed equally to villages that traditionally fish in the area.  In main Indonesian holidays, such as Lebaran, all accommodations report being fully booked. If not well managed, the increased Conduct a carrying pressure during peak times can damage the reefs and cause capacity study of Sawai permanent damage to the ecosystem. Bay’s main tourist areas  A carrying capacity study will support implementing NGOs and the MPA management body to create adequate controls, especially during peak times.  Besides socialization of the MPA, it is necessary to strengthen the Create a network of governance of the private sector in Sawai Bay. As new tourism accommodations accommodations are being constructed and existing ones are providers to train them expanded, it would be important to have a self-governing on minimum ecotourism network to ensure that minimum ecotourism standards are standards disseminated to all tourism service providers and there is a voluntary self-regulating compliance system.  Sawai Bay has marine and land-based ecotourism offerings. However, the current promotion is around a few photogenic Create a promotional spots, rather than the regions’ natural assets. strategy around the  With the approval of the MPA, there is an opportunity to biodiversity of the Sawai reframe the region’s marketing and promotion to increase its Bay region profile as a land and water ecotourism destination to increase the length of stay and attract a niche market that is financially capable and willing to support the MPA and National Park’s entry fees.  Maluku province Tourism Agency (Dinas Pariwisata) is very interested in supporting a community-owned dive operator in Pulau Tujuh. As there are no other dive operators, this new business will have first-movers advantage and a chance to attract Development of a a new niche market to the region. private-public  However, without a strong business model, this enterprise might partnership to operate lose market share to new entrants. The development of a the dive center in Sa’u business and financial model can help guide the initial strategy and support the business’ growth overtime.  Additionally, given the Tourism Agency’s interest in providing the necessary start-up capital it would be an ideal test for a private- public partnership in support of small-scale tourism development.  The increase of tourists will also mean an increase in support Creation of a boat services, such as boat transport. Similar to accommodations, it transport network will be important that all boats adhere to minimum ecotourism standards or codes of conduct, and have a self-regulating body to ensure that all boat operators adhere. Fisheries

USAID.GOV TOURISM AND FISHERIES RAPID ASSESSMENT OF SAWAI BAY MPA | 24 Recommendation Rationale and approach  WWF is collecting fisheries data in key villages, which will help Develop incentives to further quantify the fishing locations and catch rates. decrease unsustainable  Incentives or investments needed to encourage fishers to respect fishing practices no take areas can be developed after this information is available, together with the MPA zoning plans.  Off-shore fishing for pelagic species seems to be less targeted in the Sawai Bay area. Transitioning fishers from fishing in demersal Investments to and reef species from areas within the proposed MPA boundaries transition of some of the will lessen the fishing pressure.  This may require investments in sturdier fiberglass boats, inboard coastal/demersal fishing motor engines, a change of fishing gears and the installation of activities with off-shore offshore rumpons. fishing for pelagic  Other strategies may include working with some of the buyers species directly to shorten the supply chain and ensure a larger share of the return is retained by the fishermen or physical investments to help fish quality and traceability to help achieve more premium markets.

25 | TOURISM AND FISHERIES RAPID ASSESSMET OF SAWAI BAY MPA, CENTRAL MALUKU USAID.GOV APPENDIX

APPENDIX 1. LIST OF PEOPLE INTERVIEWED IN SAWAI

Government Agency Contact List No Name Office Contact number Position 1 Salim Sulaiman Tourism, youth, and 081252710919/ The head of the sports department of 082210006012 department central maluku 2 M. Mayaut Tourism, youth, sports 085243083895/ The chief of planning department of central 081248353343 and development maluku division 3 Jailan Maruituin Saleman 081247866093 Cultural head of the Negri Saleman 4 Muhammad Ali Saleman village ofice 085343205071 The village head of Arsad Makatita the Negri Saleman

Hotel, Homestay, and Dive center No Name Office Contact number Position 1 Ali Lisar Bahari resort 082111181137 Owner 2 Yanto Anis Oanain Munina resort 081252825857 Manager 3 Eti Roneela cottage 081227103077 Manager 4 Julius Ora beach eco resort 08114737676 Manager 5 Herman Ora pasir putih Saleman 081247337784 Owner 6 Kamaruddin Ora cave resort 081386193090 Owner saleman 7 Udin Senkei water cottage 082239256177 Lodge keeper 8 Fahrul Kakatua resort 081344921207/ Owner 081331010578 9 Koko Belariski Resort 082339727381 Manager Saleman

USAID.GOV TOURISM AND FISHERIES RAPID ASSESSMENT OF SAWAI BAY MPA | 26 Others No Name Office Contact number Position 1 Leha and Galih WWF 081282890558 and Enumerators Indonesia 081322031600 2 Steven and WWF 085217501087 Enumerators Ardan Indonesia 3 Dhani and Dedi WWF 085342384158/ 085145715291 Enumerators Indonesia

27 | TOURISM AND FISHERIES RAPID ASSESSMET OF SAWAI BAY MPA, CENTRAL MALUKU USAID.GOV APPENDIX 2. SUPPLY CHAIN OF DEMERSAL AND REEF FISH IN SAWAI BAY

USAID.GOV TOURISM AND FISHERIES RAPID ASSESSMENT OF SAWAI BAY MPA | 28 APPENDIX 3 SUPPLY CHAIN OF YELLOFIN TUNA (SKINLESS) FROM SAWAI BAY

29 | TOURISM AND FISHERIES RAPID ASSESSMET OF SAWAI BAY MPA, CENTRAL MALUKU USAID.GOV