DOCSLIB.ORG

BIODIVERSITY of SAGO (Metroxylon Spp.) and ITS UN- DERSTORY in MALUKU, Indonesia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
BIODIVERSITY of SAGO (Metroxylon Spp.) and ITS UN- DERSTORY in MALUKU, Indonesia Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 19 January 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0392.v1 Article BIODIVERSITY OF SAGO (Metroxylon spp.) AND ITS UN- DERSTORY IN MALUKU, Indonesia Rein Estefanus Senewe1*, Marietje Pesireron1, Yusuf Darsa2 and Muchamad Yusron3, Christoffol Leiwakabessy4 1. Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology Maluku ([email protected];[email protected]) 2 Indonesian Center for Horticulture Research and Development ([email protected]) 3. Indonesian Center for Agricultural Technology Assessment and Development ([email protected]) 4. Study Program Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agricuture, Pattimura University, Ambon ([email protected]) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Sago (Metroxylon spp.) is an important crop in Maluku. This study aims to identify the biodiver- sity of sago palm and understory vegetation around sago clumps in Maluku. The research was car- ried out in six sago area from September 2015 to October 2016. The Sago Plant identification was carried out through the growth phase of sago, i.e. seedlings, saplings, weaning, trunks, and ripen- ing. Vegetation observation was done in radius 100 m2 surrounding sago clumps. The result shows that Metroxylon rumphii Mart type. (Tuni sago), M. sagus Rottb. (Molat sago) and M. Sil- vester Mart. (Ihur Sago) dominates sago palms area in Seram and Ambon Islands, Maluku. There are significant morphological differences between the types of sago, especially in stem height, mid- rib width, leaf midrib colour, number of thorns, and flower stalk length, as well as the difference of carbohydrate content. Understory vegetation of each observation sites diverse consist of 15 families and 20 species. The families that dominate the vegetation under the sago palms are Araceae, Thelypteridaceae, and Athyriaceae. The types of plants from Araceae are taro types and broadleaf, while those from the Thelypteridaceae and Athyriaceae families are types of ferns. Keywords: Biodiversity, Maluku, Metroxylon spp, Understory 1. Introduction Sago (Metroxylon spp.) is an important socio-economic crop in Southeast Asia [1], where the centres of sago diversity originating from Papua New Guinea and Maluku [2]; [3]; [4]. Sago is known as a plant that can grow and thrive in various ecologies, such as in swamps area [5], acidic peat soils, saline and submerged soils [3]; [6]. This plant re- sistant to flooding, drought, fire and strong winds due to strong fibrous roots. Stuck in the mud. Sago is the main source of carbohydrates for the people of Eastern Indonesia, espe- cially in Papua and Maluku. The total area of sago in Indonesia in 2018 reached 311,964 ha, and the largest area of sago is in Papua province (155,943 ha), while the area of sago in Maluku is in third place, which is 36,484 ha. In terms of productivity, sago palms have higher productivity than other carbohydrate-producing crops, such as sweet potato, corn, rice and cassava. However, until now the production is still very low because most of it is still in the form of natural sago forests that have not been properly cultivated, and only plants that are easily accessible are harvested. Sago palm grows in swampy, alluvial and peaty soils where almost no other major crops can grow without drainage or soil improvement [7]; [8]. Sago palm is one of the most important bioresources for not only sustainable agriculture but also rural develop- ment in swampy areas of the tropics. However, Metroxylon palms, even sago palm is rec- ognized as an unexploited or underexploited plant because this species has been har- vested from natural forests and/or has been semi-cultivated under very simple mainte- nance. © 2021 by the author(s). Distributed under a Creative Commons CC BY license. Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 19 January 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0392.v1 Sago palms grow well in freshwater areas as well as in brackish water areas near the coast. [9] reported that saline water treatment up to EC 6 to 7 mmho/cm did not affect sago palm growth. [10] and Singhal et al. (2008) reported that sago palm tolerant to salinity to 10 S/m. However, few studies exist of the mechanism of salt tolerance in sago palm. It is usually very difficult to get uniform plant materials because of low germination per- centage of sago palm seeds and large variation in days for germination, sometimes longer than one year needed, which may be main reasons why there is no experimentally further information of ecological and physiological growth response regarding salt tolerance in sago palm. Since sago palms grow in a wide range of ecosystem, it seems that there are genetic variations of sago palms according to its ecosystems. The difference in an ecosystem will also determine the vegetation diversity understory of the sago stands. This study aims to identify the biodiversity of sago palm and understory vegetation around sago clumps in Maluku. 2. Materials and Methods This research was conducted in sago area in Maluku. Sago forest in six villages was chosen as research sites representing sago area in Maluku Province, i.e. Rutong and Tawiri villages, Ambon; Tulehu village, Central Maluku Regency; Ariate, Eti, and Waisamu vil- lages, West Seram Regency. Vegetation identification was made at Maluku Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology (AIAT) Laboratory, and Laboratory of Department of Botany, Center Research of Biology, Indonesian Institute of Science at Cibinong, Bogor. The research was carried out from September 2015 to October 2016. Plant identification was carried out through the growth phase of sago, i.e. seedlings, saplings, weaning, trunks, and ripening. Vegetation observation was done in radius 100 m2 surrounding sago clumps. Observation data includes the growth phases of sago (type, number, height, and circumference of stems) and understory vegetation (type and numbers of vegetation). Sago clumps growth consist of five phases, namely: a) Stolon phase, which is the smallest sago tiller or called a seedling, b) Sago seedling phase, usually used as sago seedling, c) Weaning phase, starting forming trunks, d) tree phase, and e) ripening phase, where sago trees are ready to be harvested. Observations were carried out both in the dry season and rainy season. 2.1. Data Analysis The identification results are tabulated in a pivot table in Microsoft Excel 2007. Veg- etation analysis data includes density, frequency, dominance and important value index (INP) using Microsoft Excel 2007 program. Density (density = D) is the number of individuals per unit area or per unit volume. The density of the i-th species can be calculated by: Number of individuals (i) D – i = ............................................... (1) Unit area D each species D relative - i = ............................................. ( 2) D total species per unit The frequency of plant species is the number of plots where a species is found from the number of plots made. Frequency is the intensity of the species found in the observa- tion of the presence of organisms in the community or ecosystem. For a plant community Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 19 January 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0392.v1 analysis, the species frequency (F), the frequency of the i-th species (F-i), and the relative frequency of the i-th species (FR-i) can be calculated using the following formula: number of plots occupied by vegetation ........................... (3) F - i = number of plots Frequency of vegetation type (i) F relative - i = x 100%............ (4) Total of frequency The Important Value Index (IVI) is an index that describes the important role of veg- etation in its ecosystem. The higher the value of each vegetation, the greater of its effect on the ecosystem stability. The index value at the understory level was calculated from the relative density (DR) and relative frequency (FR): IVI = DR + FR ...................................................................... (5) 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Distribution and Diversity of Sago Type The distribution of sago in Maluku spreads throughout coastal areas, rivers and me- dium lowlands at altitude 700 m above sea level, even though this plant is found at the altitude 1000 m above sea level. However, [12] reported that sago growth might be slower at an altitude higher than 400 m asl. Sago grows well in tropical lowland humid areas. The optimum conditions for growing sago are at a minimum temperature of 26 oC, relative humidity of 90%, and light radiation of 9 MJ/m2 per day [6]. Sago is also found grows in the saline area [13]; however, the salinity not exceed 10 S/m [10]; [11]. Based on the distribution, we choose six sago forest at six villages representing dis- tribution and diversity of sago type in Maluku. There are five types of sago that are found and dominate the sago area on Seram and Ambon islands, namely M. rumphii Mart. (Tuni sago), M. sagus Rottb. (Molat sago), M. Silvester Mart. (Ihur sago), M. long- ispium Mart. (Makanaru Sago), and M. micracantum Mart (Rattan sago). [14] reported significant morphological differences between the five types of sago, especially in stem height, midrib width, leaf midrib colour, number of thorns, and flower stalk length. The stems of Tuni sago, Molat sago, Ihur sago, Makanaru sago, and Rattan sago are 25 m, 16 m, 20 m, 10 m and 9 m, respectively, while the width of the base of the fronds is 25 m, 20 m, respectively. 19 m, 8 m and 20 m. M. rumphii Mart type. (Tuni sago) has fewer saplings, drooping tips of the leaflets are more regular and rarely grows around the main tree. Ihur sago species have more tillers, grow irregularly, the tips of the leaves are upright, and many tillers grow around the main tree. The appearance of each growth phase of sago for the five types of sago found in Maluku during the dry and rainy seasons (Table 1).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Genetic Variation and Agronomic Features of Metroxylon Palms in Asia and Pacific
    Chapter 4 Genetic Variation and Agronomic Features of Metroxylon Palms in Asia and Pacific Hiroshi Ehara Abstract Fourteen genera among three subfamilies in the Arecaceae family are known to produce starch in the trunk. The genus Metroxylon is the most productive among them and is classified into section Metroxylon including only one species, M. sagu (sago palm: called the true sago palm), distributed in Southeast Asia and Melanesia and section Coelococcus consisting of M. amicarum in Micronesia, M. salomonense and M. vitiense in Melanesia, M. warburgii in Melanesia and Polynesia, and M. paulcoxii in Polynesia. In sago palm, a relationship between the genetic distance and geographical distribution of populations was found as the result of a random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. A smaller genetic variation of sago palm in the western part than in the eastern part of the Malay Archipelago was also found, which indicated that the more genetically varied populations are distributed in the eastern area and are possibly divided into four broad groups. Metroxylon warburgii has a smaller trunk than sago palm, but the trunk length of M. salomonense, M. vitiense, and M. amicarum is comparable to or longer than that of sago palm. Their leaves are important as building and houseware material, and the hard endosperm of M. amicarum and M. warburgii seeds is utilized as craftwork material. Preemergent young leaves around the growing point of M. vitiense are utilized as a vegetable. Regarding starch yield, palms in Coelococcus are all low in the dry matter and pith starch content as compared with sago palm. For this reason, M.
    [Show full text]
  • Indonesia Remote West Papuan Islands Cruise II 12Th to 25Th November 2020 (14 Days)
    Indonesia Remote West Papuan Islands Cruise II 12th to 25th November 2020 (14 days) Displaying Wilson’s Bird-of-paradise by Glen Valentine RBL Indonesia - Remote West Papuan Islands Cruise Itinerary 2 Our fabulous and exhilarating Remote West Papuan Island cruise sets out to explore a myriad of isolated islands in this exceptionally beautiful part of Indonesia. We start off with some initial birding on the tiny island of Ambon before heading off to the seldom-visited island of Boano for the endemic Boano Monarch. Thereafter we continue south towards the Central Moluccan island of Seram in search of an array of incredibly exciting endemics such as Salmon-crested Cockatoo, Lazuli Kingfisher, Purple-naped Lory, Seram Boobook and Long-crested Myna to mention just a few. From Seram, we cruise northwards into the north-Moluccan sea where we explore these little-birded waters in addition to visiting the endemic-rich island of Obi for such delicacies as Carunculated Fruit Dove and Moluccan (Obi) Woodcock. From Obi, we cross Lydekker’s Line and journey eastwards towards the Raja Ampats. En route, a stop in at Kofiau will hopefully produce both Kofiau Paradise Kingfisher and Kofiau Monarch, both of which have been observed by fewer than 100 birders! We finally arrive in the Raja Ampats and the islands of Kri. Merpati and Waigeo where we will seek out some of our planet’s rarest and least-known species. These include such extraordinary gems as Wilson’s Bird-of-paradise (regarded by many as the most spectacular bird on earth!), Red Bird-of-paradise and Island Whistler.
    [Show full text]
  • Hiroshi Ehara · Yukio Toyoda Dennis V. Johnson Editors
    Hiroshi Ehara · Yukio Toyoda Dennis V. Johnson Editors Sago Palm Multiple Contributions to Food Security and Sustainable Livelihoods Sago Palm Hiroshi Ehara • Yukio Toyoda Dennis V. Johnson Editors Sago Palm Multiple Contributions to Food Security and Sustainable Livelihoods Editors Hiroshi Ehara Yukio Toyoda Applied Social System Institute of Asia; College of Tourism International Cooperation Center for Rikkyo University Agricultural Education Niiza, Saitama, Japan Nagoya University Nagoya, Japan Dennis V. Johnson Cincinnati, OH, USA ISBN 978-981-10-5268-2 ISBN 978-981-10-5269-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5269-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017954957 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018, corrected publication 2018. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Mahkamah Agu Mahkamah Agung Republik Indo
    Direktori Putusan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia putusan.mahkamahagung.go.id P U T U S A N Nomor 5/PID.SUS-TPK/2018/PTAMB DEMI KEADILAN BERDASARKAN KETUHANAN YANG MAHA ESA., Pengadilan Tindak Pidana Korupsi pada Pengadilan Tinggi Ambon Mahkamah Agungyang memeriksa dan mengadili Republik perkara Tindak Pidana Korupsi Indonesia dalam Tingkat banding, telah menjatuhkan Putusan, sebagaimana tersebut di bawah ini dalam perkara terdakwa: Nama lengkap : Drs. REONALDO SILOOY, M.M., Tempat lahir : Ambon., Umur/tanggal lahir : 56 Tahun/10 Mei 1960., Jenis kelamin : Laki-Laki., Kebangsaan : Indonesia., Tempat tinggal : Desa Morekao Kecamatan Seram Bagian Barat Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat., Agama : Kristen Protestan., Pekerjaan : Pegawai Negeri Sipil (Kepala Dinas Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dan Pemerintahan Desa Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat)., Terdakwa ditahan di Rumah Tahanan Negara Klas IIA Ambon berdasarkan surat perintah/penetapan penahanan oleh : Mahkamah 1.Agung Penyidik, Rumah Tahanan Republik Negara Klas IIA Ambon, sejak tanggalIndonesia 7 Maret 2017 sampai dengan tanggal 26 Maret 2017., 2. Perpanjangan Penahanan oleh Penuntut Umum, Rumah Tahanan Negara Klas IIA Ambon, sejak tanggal 27 Maret 2017 sampai dengan tanggal 5 Mei 2017., 3. Penuntut Umum, Tahanan Kota, sejak tanggal 10 April 2017 sampai dengan tanggal 29 April 2017., 4. Hakim Pengadilan Tindak Pidana Korupsi pada Pengadilan Negeri Ambon, Tahanan Kota, sejak tanggal 12 April 2017 sampai dengan tanggal 11 Mei 2017., 5. Perpanjangan Penahanan oleh Ketua Pengadilan Tindak Pidana Korupsi pada Pengadilan Negeri Ambon, Tahanan Kota, sejak tanggal 12 Mei 2017 sampai dengan tanggal 10 Juli 2017., Terdakwa didampingi oleh Penasihat Hukum : ABDUSSUKUR KALLIKY, S.H. dan BENI ADAM, S.H., Advokat dan Penasihat Hukum pada Kantor M.
    [Show full text]
  • Jurnal Agrilan (Agribisnis Kepulauan) Vol
    Jurnal Agrilan (Agribisnis Kepulauan) Vol. 4 No. 2 Juni 2016 ISSN 2302-5352 DAFTAR ISI Analisis Kelayakan Usaha Pala PT. OLLOP di Desa Hila Kecamatan 1 - 13 Leihitu Kabupaten Maluku Tengah Nasytha A. Mukadar, L O. Kakisina, Natelda R. Timisela Tingkat Konsumsi Beras Masyarakat di Kecamatan Sirimau Kota 14 - 25 Ambon Dwi Y. Setiabudi, Inta P. N. Damanik, M. Turukay Strategi Adaptasi Ekologi (Studi Kasus Bencana Alam Way Ela di 26 - 40 Desa Negeri Lima Kecamatan Leihitu Kabupaten Maluku Tengah) Muhammad N. Suneth, August E. Pattiselano, Felecia P. Adam Tnyafar : Kearifan Lokal dalam Pemenuhan Kebutuhan Pangan 41 - 52 Keluarga di Desa Adaut Kecamatan Selaru Kabupaten Maluku Tengah Feronika Louk, M. J. Pattinama, L. O. Kakisina Sistem Pemasaran Pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt) di Negeri Allang 53 - 66 dan Negeri Hattu Kecamatan Leihitu Barat Kabupaten Maluku Tengah Benito Kornotan, S.F.W. Thenu, W.B.Parera Pendapatan Rumahtangga Petani Tnyafar (Studi Kasus: Desa Adaut 67 - 80 Kecamatan Selaru Kabupaten Maluku Tenggara Barat) Delila Tirsa Ariks, A. M. Sahusilawane, J. M. Luhukay Pengaruh Beberapa Faktor Terhadap Produktivitas Usaha Purse Seine 81 - 91 di Kecamatan Tehoru Kabupaten Maluku Tengah Deby M. Kewilaa Volume 4 No. 2 Juni 2016 81 PENGARUH BEBERAPA FAKTOR TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS USAHA PURSE SEINE DI KECAMATAN TEHORU KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGAH EFFECT OF SOME FACTORS ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF PURSE SEINEBUSINESS IN DISTRICT TEHORU CENTRAL MALUKU Deby, M. Kewilaa Sekolah Tinggi Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Saumlaki (STKIPS) Jalan Boediono - Lauran Saumlaki E-mail: [email protected] Abstrak Wilayah Kecamatan Tehoru Kabupaten Maluku Tengah memiliki potensi sumberdaya laut yang cukup tinggi, namun usaha perikanan umumnya masih tradisional (skala kecil).
    [Show full text]
  • 3.Pdf Open Access
    Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916 RESEARCH ARTICLE Available at www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.13/November-2020/3.pdf Open Access Genetic characterization and phylogenetic study of Indonesian cuscuses from Maluku and Papua Island based on 16S rRNA gene Rini Widayanti1 , Richo Apriladi Bagas Pradana1 , Rony Marsyal Kunda2 and Suhendra Pakpahan3 1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; 2. Biology Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Pattimura, Ambon, Indonesia; 3. Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia. Corresponding author: Suhendra Pakpahan, e-mail: [email protected] Co-authors: RW: [email protected], RABP: [email protected], RMK: [email protected] Received: 04-06-2020, Accepted: 22-09-2020, Published online: 04-11-2020 doi: www.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.2319-2325 How to cite this article: Widayanti R, Pradana RAB, Kunda RM, Pakpahan S (2020) Genetic characterization and phylogenetic study of Indonesian cuscuses from Maluku and Papua Island based on 16S rRNA gene, Veterinary World, 13(11): 2319-2325. Abstract Background and Aim: Indonesian cuscuses are now becoming scarce because of the reduction of habitat and poaching. Further, molecular characterization of Indonesian cuscuses is still very lacking. This study aimed to determine genetic markers and phylogenetic relationships of Indonesian cuscuses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Materials and Methods: This study used 21 cuscuses caught from two provinces and 16 islands: 13 from Maluku and eight from Papua. Cuscus samples were taken by biopsy following ethics guidelines for animals.
    [Show full text]
  • TALL BEECH FERN a New Beech
    TALL BEECH FERN A new beech fern in New England, New York, and Canada Arthur V. Gilman 16 January 2020 This document is meant to be an aid to identification of Phegopteris excelsior, tall beech fern, which has recently been recognized as a new, but cryptic, species. As outlined below, evidence shows it is of hybrid origin, with half or even three quarters of its genome contributed by long beech fern and the rest by another beech fern species—but what (and where) that species may be, is yet unknown. Its resemblance to the long beech fern in its heritage means tall beech fern can be difficult to identify. My experience over the past 25 years, however, is that it can be field-identified—at least, if plants are relatively well-grown and robust. I have found it in approximately 15–20 locations, more or less evenly divided between central Maine and northern Vermont, where most of my field work has been done. This guide is primarily visual, showing well-grown plants and giving some pointers on the diagnostic characters. Unfortunately, no completely unequivocal visual characters have emerged and only chromosome number and molecular markers are one hundred percent diagnostic. Nevertheless, avid pteridologists should be able to confidently identify a large majority of plants encountered, based on the images presented here. I wish to thank Niki Patel and Susan Fawcett, my co-authors on the paper that formalized P. excelsior, with special thanks also extended to David Barrington and Heather Driscoll. These botanists accomplished laboratory work and data analysis far beyond my capabilities, which are mainly those of a field botanist.
    [Show full text]
  • Seed Germination and Genetic Structure of Two Salvia Species In
    Seed germination and genetic structure of two Salvia species in response to environmental variables among phytogeographic regions in Jordan (Part I) and Phylogeny of the pan-tropical family Marantaceae (Part II). Dissertation Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat) Vorgelegt der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät I Biowissenschaften der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg Von Herrn Mohammad Mufleh Al-Gharaibeh Geb. am: 18.08.1979 in: Irbid-Jordan Gutachter/in 1. Prof. Dr. Isabell Hensen 2. Prof. Dr. Martin Roeser 3. Prof. Dr. Regina Classen-Bockhof Halle (Saale), den 10.01.2017 Copyright notice Chapters 2 to 4 have been either published in or submitted to international journals or are in preparation for publication. Copyrights are with the authors. Just the publishers and authors have the right for publishing and using the presented material. Therefore, reprint of the presented material requires the publishers’ and authors’ permissions. “Four years ago I started this project as a PhD project, but it turned out to be a long battle to achieve victory and dreams. This dissertation is the culmination of this long process, where the definition of “Weekend” has been deleted from my dictionary. It cannot express the long days spent in analyzing sequences and data, battling shoulder to shoulder with my ex- computer (RIP), R-studio, BioEdite and Microsoft Words, the joy for the synthesis, the hope for good results and the sadness and tiredness with each attempt to add more taxa and analyses.” “At the end, no phrase can describe my happiness when I saw the whole dissertation is printed out.” CONTENTS | 4 Table of Contents Summary ..........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnobotany of Colorant Plants in Ethnic Communities In
    thropolog An y Luu-dam et al., Anthropol 2016, 4:1 Anthropology DOI: 10.4172/2332-0915.1000158 ISSN: 2332-0915 Research Article Article OpenOpen Access Access Ethnobotany of Colorant Plants in Ethnic Communities in Northern Vietnam Ngoc Anh Luu-dam1*, Ban K Ninh2 and Yoshinori Sumimura3 1Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Vietnam 2Institute of Marine Biochemistry, VAST, Vietnam 3Global Collaboration Centre, Osaka University, Japan Abstract Vietnam is the tropical country, which includes 12,000 flowering plant species in its flora. And Vietnam is a homeland of 54 ethnic minorities with a broad range of experience in using plants for dyeing, especially for food. As a result 43 species belonging to 24 families giving a dye for food were identified. Ethnic people have abundant knowledge in using plants for dyeing food such as processing, preparation, mixing plants to require colors. In the framework of this study, we report on the traditional colorant species in Northern Vietnam and the value of indigenous knowledge in processing and blending plants to achieve required colors. Keywords: Colorant plants, Coloring food, Northern Vietnam, Lung Quang hamlet (Thong Nong commune, Cao Bang Province). Indigenous knowledge Giay people: Lau hamlet (Sapa commune, Lao Cai Province) as Introduction shown in Figures 1 and 2. For a long time, Vietnamese people have used colorant plants and, Thai people: black Thai in Bo, Nhop, Bia and Bang hamlets (Thuan even now, they remain a part of daily life. However, at this time, there Chau commune, Son La Province); Phang-3 hamlets (Muong Phang is no document or evidence precisely recording and describing the commune, Dien Bien Province); white Thai in the Na Muoi hamlet appearance of these plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Death Adders {Acanthophis Laevis Complex) from the Island of Ambon
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Herpetozoa Jahr/Year: 2006 Band/Volume: 19_1_2 Autor(en)/Author(s): Kuch Ulrich, McGuire Jimmy A., Yuwono Frank Bambang Artikel/Article: Death adders (Acanthophis laevis complex) from the island of Ambon (Maluku, Indonesia) 81-82 ©Österreichische Gesellschaft für Herpetologie e.V., Wien, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at SHORT NOTE HERPETOZOA 19(1/2) Wien, 30. Juli 2006 SHORT NOTE 81 O. & PINTO, I. & BRUFORD, M. W. & JORDAN, W. C. & NICHOLS, R. A. (2002): The double origin of Iberian peninsular chameleons.- Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, London; 75: 1-7. PINHO, C. & FER- RAND, N. & HARRIS, D. J. (2006): Reexamination of the Iberian and North African Podarcis phylogeny indi- cates unusual relative rates of mitochondrial gene evo- lution in reptiles.- Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolu- tion, Chicago; 38: 266-273. POSADA, D. &. CRANDALL, K. A. (1998): Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution- Bioinformatics, Oxford; 14: 817-818. SWOFFORD, D. L. (2002): PAUP*. Phylogenetic analy- sis using parsimony (*and other methods). Version 4.0. Sinauer Associates, Uderland, Massachusetts. WADK, E. (2001): Review of the False Smooth snake genus Macroprotodon (Serpentes, Colubridae) in Algeria with a description of a new species.- Bulletin National Fig. 1 : Adult death adder (Acanthophis laevis com- History Museum London (Zoology), London; 67 (1): plex) from Negeri Lima, Ambon (Central Maluku 85-107. regency, Maluku province, Indonesia). Photograph by U. KUCH. KEYWORDS: mitochondrial DNA, cyto- chrome b, Macroprotodon, evolution, systematics, Iberian Peninsula, North Africa SUBMITTED: April 1,2005 and Bali by the live animal trade.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on Dusun As an Indigenous Agroforestry System Practiced In
    南太平洋海域調査研究報告 No.54（2014年12月） OCCASIONAL PAPERS No.54（December 2014） A Review on Dusun as an Indigenous Agroforestry System Practiced in Small Islands MATINAHORU Johan Markus Faculty of Agriculture, Pattimura University Abstract Since the ancient time, farmers in Maluku have practiced dusun as an agroforestry system to develop spices crops in some parts of the Maluku, such as Banda, Ternate, Saparua, and Seram islands. Dusun is an indigenous agroforestry model of the Maluku farmers, where perennial, annual, and forest crops are grown together. In dusun, the perennial crops are considered as main crops, while annual and forest crops are considered as secondary crops. The most important perennial crops of dusun in Maluku are cloves, nutmegs, sago, coconuts, cacao, and edible fruit trees. The dominated annual crops are cassava, sweet potato, cocoyam, yam, maize, beans, and vegetables, while forest crops in general are shading trees and timber species. Dusun has been known for a long time as a source of local security foods, because it support meeting daily needs of farmers, generate cash money, increase household income, and conserve the ecosystem. Therefore, dusun may be considered as a farmers’ bank in some isolated islands. Keywords: agroforestry, annual crops, conservation, dusun, forest, perennial crops Introduction Maluku Province consists of approximately 659 small islands and the total population is about 1.8 million people. The majority people are farmers (80%), governmental servants (15%), and others (5%). In general, the communities live in the coastal areas of each island. THE REGIONAL MALUKU PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT BOARD (2005) reported that about 20% of small islands in Maluku Province are occupied by the communities, and the other islands are not inhabited.
    [Show full text]
  • The Human Consequences of Deforestation in the Moluccas
    Civilisations Revue internationale d'anthropologie et de sciences humaines 44 | 1997 Les peuples des forêts tropicales The human consequences of deforestation in the Moluccas Roy Ellen Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/civilisations/1628 DOI: 10.4000/civilisations.1628 ISSN: 2032-0442 Publisher Institut de sociologie de l'Université Libre de Bruxelles Printed version Date of publication: 1 January 1997 Number of pages: 176-193 ISBN: 2-87263-122-4 ISSN: 0009-8140 Electronic reference Roy Ellen, « The human consequences of deforestation in the Moluccas », Civilisations [Online], 44 | 1997, Online since 29 June 2009, connection on 19 April 2019. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/civilisations/1628 ; DOI : 10.4000/civilisations.1628 © Tous droits réservés THE HUMAN CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION IN THE MOLUCCAS Roy ELLEN INTRODUCTION posing a danger t o existin g fores t an d fores t Compared with other part s of island sou­ peoples: swidden cultivation, plantatio n crop ­ theast Asia, little is known of either the forests of ping, commercial loggin g and migratory lan d the Moluccas (map 1) , o f indigenous patterns of settlement. Usin g as an example the Nuaulu of forest use , or of the threats pose d to both forest Seram, I illustrate ho w these factors interact in a and people by increasing rates of deforestation. In particular instance , as well a s the various phases this paper 1 attemp t to describe the effects of defo­ which typify a peoples exposure and response to, restation o n th e live s of th e loca l population , first, denudation, and then widespread degrada ­ using the small number of reports which are avai­ tion of the forest environment.
    [Show full text]