Seward/Bear Creek Flood Service Area

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FLOOD HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

A Service Area of the Kenai Peninsula Borough

November 2007

Seward/Bear Creek Flood Service Area

FLOOD HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Mission and Purpose ………………………………………………………………...1

Methodology………… ………………………………………………………………...1

Public Participation………...…………………………………………………………2

Plan Implementation………………………………………………………………….3

Seward Facts……………………………………….………………………………….4

Seward Flood History…………………………………………...……………………8

Flood Loss Information………………………………………………………..……11

National Flood Insurance Program………………………………………….……11

NFIP Community Rating System Improvements………………………………..13

Repetitive Loss Property……………………………………………………………15

Service Area Mitigation Goals and Objectives…………………………...……..16

Flood Hazard Area Inventory……………………………………………………….19

Resurrection River Watershed……………………………………….……………20

Resurrection River………………………………………………………..…………20

Box Canyon Creek………………………………………………………..…………23

Salmon Creek…………………………………………………….………..…………25

Japp Creek (Japanese Creek)……………………………….………..………..…28

Salmon Creek Watershed……………………………………….…………………31

Bear Creek…………………………………………………….……….…..…………31

Seward/Bear Creek Flood Service Area Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan i November 2007 Kwechak Creek (Glacier Creek)…………………………………………...………32

Lost Creek…………………………………………………….……….…..…….……34

Clear Creek………………………………………………….……….…..……………36

Lost Creek Watershed……………………………………….…..………………….39

Grouse Creek………………………… …………….……….…..…………….……..39

Sometimes Creek…………………………………………………………………….40

Fourth of July Creek Watershed……………………………....…………………..42

Fourth of July Creek………………… …………….……….…..……………….….42

Godwin Creek………………………… …………….……….…..…………….…….44

Independent Watersheds…………… …………….……….…..…………….…….45

Scheffler Creek (Rudolph Creek)… …………….……….…..…………….……..45

Lowell Creek………………………….. …………….……….…..……………….…46

Spruce Creek………………………….. …………….……….…..…………….……50

Sawmill Creek………………………….. …………….……….…..…………………52

Coastal Floodplains……………………………………………………………….…54

References……………………………………………………………………..…...... 56

Appendices

Appendix 1- Seward/Bear Creek Flood Service Area Map

Appendix 2- Board Members

Appendix 3- Agency Contacts

Appendix 4- Glossary

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Acknowledgements

The original Seward/Bear Creek Flood Hazard Plan was published in July 2005 and was the product of many hours of volunteer work by the 2004 Appointed Board; Blaine Bardarson, Mark Beals, Kerry Martin, David Hayes, Tina McLean, David Squires and Peter Simon and by the 2005 Elected Board; Randall Stauffer, Steve Schafer, Timothy McDonald, Bill Williamson, Jim McCracken, Claudia Neklason and Jess Sweat.

The plan was added to and updated in 2007 with contributions from Christy Miller, former Planner and Floodplain Manager for the Alaska Department of Commerce Community and Economic Development (DCCED) and currently a Program Manager with Tetra Tech (contracted as consultant by the SBCFSA), Taunnie Boothby, current Planner and Floodplain Manager for the Alaska DCCED, and Christina Stauffer, SBCFSA Administrative Assistant.

Seward/Bear Creek Flood Service Area Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan iii November 2007 MISSION STATEMENT

The mission of the Seward-Bear Creek Flood Service Area is to provide flood planning, protection, and mitigation services in coordination with the appropriate agencies to reduce the risk of flood damage to private and public property through addressing issues that best reflect a fair use of the tax-levy for watershed-wide benefit.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this plan is to fulfill the tasks set forth by Kenai Peninsula Borough Ordinance 2003-30 which established the Seward/Bear Creek Flood Service Area. Kenai Peninsula Borough code, section 16.50.090, defines the Seward/Bear Creek Flood Service Area’s Board of Director’s powers and duties, which include responsibility for developing, implementing and updating a plan for furnishing flood protection, planning, and mitigation services.

In addition, this plan identifies the flood hazards and concerns within the Seward/Bear Creek Flood Service Area boundaries.

It is the intention of the Seward/Bear Creek Flood Service Area Board, through cooperation with the Kenai Peninsula Borough, the City of Seward and the various regulating and permitting agencies, to create a program of activities that best manages the areas flood problems.

METHODOLOGY

The methodology used for the development of the Seward/Bear Creek Flood Service Area Flood Mitigation Plan consists of the following tasks:

• Flood Hazard identification

• Public Involvement

• Flood Area Inventory

• Mitigation Recommendations

• Implementation

• Coordination With Other Agencies and Organizations

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PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

After disastrous flood events in Seward in 1986, 1995 and 2002, many Seward area residents recognized the need for centralized flood mitigation planning and floodplain development oversight. Individual neighborhood groups had begun meeting to plan for future flood events and found that it was difficult to keep momentum going after flood recovery had faded from everyone’s priorities.

In 2002, extensive damage occurred to property in the Marathon View subdivision from flooding of Salmon Creek. Much of this damage was due to development in the floodplain that lacked planning or hydrologic engineering and owner built structures that were not built to meet floodplain standards. At that time the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) recommended another layer of oversight beyond the City of Seward Planning Department and the Kenai Peninsula Borough to include a review of the permitting process over the entire watershed. They suggested this could be done without causing undue delay in the permitting process but would unify the flood mitigation efforts of both the City of Seward and the KPB. With this push from FEMA and through the efforts of Seward area citizens and, then, Assemblyman Ron Long, a public meeting was organized and held at the Alaska SeaLife Center on November 20, 2002. The purpose of the meeting, attended by more than 100 Seward area residents and about a dozen state, federal and borough officials, was to consider the establishment of a service area similar to a fire service area, to develop a water management plan and to work with the proper agencies to insure its implementation. This proposed service area would consist of residents both inside and outside the City of Seward and would be supported by a mil rate through taxes on properties within the service area.

In October 2003 over 60% of the voters both inside and outside the city limits in the Seward/Bear Creek area voted to establish the Seward/Bear Creek Flood Service Area. The service area is advisory to the borough mayor with an established mission as stated previously.

Since its inception through the publishing in July of 2005 of its Flood Hazard Plan, the SBCFSA has organized work sessions attended by the public and held public meetings at least once per month.

A special town meeting was organized and held in the Seward City Council Chambers on November 3, 2005 by the SBCFSA and the City of Seward in cooperation with the Kenai Watershed Forum to get citizen input on funding LIDAR data gathering to update FEMA flood maps as part of a national flood map updating project.

Following the flood disaster of October 2006 the SBCFSA organized a town meeting on October 19, 2006 which was attended by over 100 Seward/Bear Creek residents in order to update citizens on flood relief efforts and gain citizen input on flood mitigation priorities. This meeting was attended by representatives

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from the City of Seward, the Kenai Peninsula Borough, Alaska Homeland Security, the state Department of Commerce Community and Economic Development and FEMA Region 10.

In March of 2007 the SBCFSA invited public participation at a regular board meeting to prioritize several smaller projects that the SBCFSA might address left over from the October 2006 flood. The watersheds were examined for risk and where modest contracted dredging projects might make the most difference. Plans were made from this meeting to use service area funds in FY2007 and FY 2008 to do prioritized projects.

In May of 2007 the SBCFSA organized town meetings to gather data and input from service area residents to be used by Northwest Hydrology Consultants to develop inundation maps and prioritize flood mitigation efforts. This meeting was also attended by representatives of all the involved agencies.

Since February of 2007, the SBCFSA volunteer board conducts twice monthly public meetings to be able to respond to increased public interest and service area needs.

PLAN IMPLEMENTATION

The Seward/Bear Creek Flood Service Area Board will ask the City of Seward and the Kenai Peninsula Borough to adopt this plan to augment existing City and Borough plans. Each of these governing bodies has the authority to promote sound public policy regarding hazards, and it will take the collective effort of the City, the Borough, the SBCFSA and its residents and businesses, as well as state and federal agencies to continue to mitigate flood risks and losses

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SEWARD FACTS

History :

Resurrection Bay was first explored and named in 1792 by Russian fur trader and explorer Alexander Baranof. While sailing from Kodiak to Yakutat, he found unexpected shelter in this bay during a storm. He named the Bay Resurrection because it was the Russian Sunday of the Resurrection. After the purchase of Alaska by the United States from Russia in 1867, the first American settlers began to arrive. The small settlement was named after William Seward who negotiated the Alaska purchase. Once the strategic value of Resurrection Bay as the only deep year round ice free port on the Kenai was established it was determined to be the natural starting place for a railroad to the interior of the state. Although the first to settle Seward was Captain Frank Lowell and his family in the 1890’s, they were soon followed in 1903 by John and Frank Ballaine and a group of settlers to begin construction of a railroad and expand the growing port town. Seward became incorporated as a city in 1912 and the railroad was completed in 1923. The completion of the railroad established Seward as the ocean terminus and supply center for most of Alaska and it soon became the largest community on the Kenai Peninsula. Since the 1964 earthquake and resulting tsunamis destroyed the railroad terminal and most of the harbor infrastructure Seward’s population and economy have changed considerably. Even so, while other ports in Alaska have exceeded Seward in size over the years, Seward continues to be an important supply and communications center for interior Alaska.

Demographics and Economy:

As of the 2000 census, total population for the Seward/Bear Creek area was 4,734 with a primarily non-native population and approximately 20.9% Alaska Native. The economy has diversified from transportation into tourism, commercial fishing and processing, charter fishing, ship services and repairs. Major year round employers outside of the local and federal government are the Spring Creek Correction Facility, and the Alaska Sealife Center. As the tourism industry has grown in Seward, the number of seasonal jobs has increased as well. Seward’s economy is dependent on maintaining port facilities to accommodate the 1.4 billion pounds of cargo and 320,000 cruise ship passengers that are transported through Seward each year. The Seward Highway is the only road connecting Seward to the rest of the state. The railroad that parallels the highway through Seward, carries freight, coal and, in the summer, tourists. There is a small airport with two runways.

The Department of Labor population estimate of July 2006 listed Lowell Point Census Designated Place (CDP) as having a population of 76. A rough estimate would be that 90% of the residents of Lowell Point are either in the coastal floodplain or the floodplain of Spruce Creek. The Bear Creek CDP population was 1922, which is assumed to be the entire population outside the City of Seward but within the

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SBCFSA except for Lowell Point. The SBCFSA will request the Kenai Peninsula Borough GIS staff to assist in identifying the approximate percent of this population that may be within a mapped or previously flooded area. Of the Seward city population of 2,627 as of July 2006, very few (less than ½%) are located in a FEMA mapped flood hazard area. However, numerous areas have flooded or are at possible risk of flooding that are not shown on the Flood Insurance Rate Maps.

Climate:

Seward experiences a maritime climate. Winter temperatures average from 17 to 38 degrees F; summer temperature average 49 to 63 degrees F. The average annual precipitation includes 66 inches of rain and 80 inches of snowfall. Due the proximity of the Gulf of Alaska and the topography of the land, large low pressure systems often bring heavy rains and strong winds during the fall storm season. Seward also falls along the path of a global weather system in the north Pacific which often brings the unusually heavy rainfalls trailing typhoons across the Kenai Peninsula.

Geography:

Seward is situated on Resurrection Bay on the southeast coast of the Kenai Peninsula in South Central Alaska, 125 highway miles south of Anchorage. It lies at the foot of Mount Marathon and, since the advent of he National Park System, is the gateway to Kenai Fjords National Park. It lays at approximately 60 degrees 7 minutes North Latitude and 149 degrees 26 minutes West longitude. The area encompasses 15 square miles of land and 7 square miles of water. Most of the uplands around Resurrection Bay are in city, state, borough or federal ownership leaving, in large part, only the Lowell Creek, Japp Creek and Spruce Creek alluvial fans and the floodplains of the lower Resurrection River and Salmon Creek to the north for private development. The tidelands of 4th of July Creek are also city owned.

Topography:

Steep, rugged mountains and mostly glacially fed watersheds surround Resurrection Bay bringing down an almost endless supply of glacial debris to be continuously deposited as bed load in the streams themselves or to add to the alluvial fans on which most of the town is built. The mountains surrounding Resurrection Bay display many large and small glaciers, with Exit Glacier at the head of the Resurrection River fed by the Harding Ice Field which encompasses some 700 square miles and is up to 2000 feet deep in places.

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Some of these glacial streams, Lowell Canyon Creek and Japp Creek for instance, are confined in narrow canyons where water velocity naturally erodes tremendous amounts of avalanche and other debris. In broader floodplains, as with the Resurrection River, streams are filled to capacity with glacial debris and braid, often changing their stream beds from year to year as sediment accumulates. The peninsulas and islands in Resurrection Bay are partially submerged mountain ranges, so the mountains rise steeply from the water’s edge without a transitional coastal plain.

Hydrology:

Alluvial fans are gently sloping, fan-shaped landforms created over time by deposition of eroded sediment and they are common at the base of mountain ranges. In many coastal areas in the western United States, alluvial fans provide most of the level, buildable land where steep mountains plunge directly into the ocean providing no coastal plain. In this regard Seward resembles some lower 48 coastal communities, but none are backed by mountains packed with the extensive network of glaciers, ice fields and high precipitation that creates the moveable stream beds and high sediment transport of the Seward-Resurrection River-Bear Creek - Lowell Point region. The availability of debris and melt water from glaciers and the Harding Ice Field compound the vulnerability of Seward to experience the type of hydrology that is more common to coastal south central Alaska alluvial fans. This type of hydrology is not the same as that experienced in the arid Southwest U.S. where alluvial fan development is spreading into arid foothill regions. Also development and removal of vegetation on the alluvial fan increases flood potential.

Heavy rainfall, often augmented with glacial melt water, emanates from the confined channel of high mountain canyons and proceeds onto the relatively flat alluvial fan below carrying with it large amounts of gravel and debris. As alluvial fan soil is made up of loose debris deposits it is easily eroded deeper into the original stream channel or high velocity flood waters cut a new path down slope. As the single channel flow encounters the flatter slope of the mid-fan area, it widens and becomes shallower, losing velocity and depositing the sediment and debris it is carrying. The erosion/deposition processes include backfill into old channels and channel braiding, where singular flows split and rejoin as channels are alternately cut and filled with sediment. This creates random, unpredictable flow patterns. Floodplains and floodways change so rapidly in Seward that mapping data is rapidly outdated. As stated by the Committee on Alluvial Fan Flooding, National Research Council in Alluvial Fan Flooding,

“The role of uncertainty in mapping alluvial fan flood hazards is different from that for floodplain management and mitigation. Alluvial fan flooding has implications for floodplain management. When a flood hazard is delineated on an alluvial fan using the default assumptions in the FEMA guidelines, the resulting map is an expression of uncertainty rather than an indication of how a flood might occur. It is therefore of limited use for the mitigation and management of flood hazards. In this case, if the FIRM is interpreted literally, then it can SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 6 November 2007

be argued that any effort at mitigation short of complete channelization increases the flood risk on another part of the fan and may therefore be in violation of NFIP regulations. Giving floodplain managers the peculiar responsibility of preserving uncertainty would be an inappropriate use of the FIRM because mitigation of flood hazards should strive to reduce uncertainty. This will become more visible if FEMA decides to extend the alluvial fan flooding concept to non-alluvial fan areas.”

Flooding on alluvial fans can only be evaluated on a site-specific basis. On-site evaluation of the flood hazard requires field investigations by specialists experienced in the scientific study of alluvial fan processes and the geomorphologic indicators of their present and past operation. Such on-site investigation is critical to provide a scientifically sound basis for hazard delineation and regulation. Hazard delineation done in the absence of such study should be held as provisional until proper field investigation by qualified specialists is accomplished.

Types of Flooding:

The Seward/Bear Creek area is critically susceptible to alluvial fan flooding but there are several other types of flooding that can occur and their effects are often compounded during flood events. The types of flood include:

• Heavy precipitation • Urban runoff • Rapid snowmelt • Rising groundwater • Riverine ice jams • Flash floods • Fluctuating lake levels • Glacial lake outbursts • Coastal storm surge run-up • Surge-release flooding from landslides and debris flows • Failure of dikes, levees or other diversion structures • Tsunami

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SEWARD FLOOD HISTORY

As it is known that flood waters create alluvial fans and a large part of Seward rests on the fans created by Lowell Creek and Japp Creek it can be assumed that flooding has been a geological feature of the Seward watersheds far before settlers arrived and began keeping records.

1903-1966 Lowell Creek flooding began to be recorded almost as soon as settlers arrived to begin building the railroad. From 1903 and 1917 photographs it is evident that Lowell Creek regularly demolished the center of town with floodwaters. Subsequent to the flood, a citizens committee recommended building a flume 15 feet wide, eight feet high and 3,000 feet long. Another flood occurred in 1918 before this project could be started. Through the 1930’s Lowell Creek was diverted through an elevated flume. The flume was plagued by constant accumulation of debris. During a flood in 1935 it was estimated that 10,000 cubic yards was deposited in the flume in 11 hours. In 1937 it was determined that the cost of maintaining the deteriorating flume was prohibitive. In 1939 Congress allocated funds to the Army Corps of Engineers to build the Lowell Creek Diversion Tunnel and Dam. The project was completed in 1940 for an original cost of $143, 929.00.

Flooding is recorded on the Resurrection River in 1946 when the first recorded flooding of the airport occurred, as well as in 1961 and 1962. Flooding and land slides in 1966 partially blocked the Lowell Creek Diversion Tunnel and water levels behind the diversion tunnel dam came within 2 feet of overtopping the dam.

In 1964 south central Alaska experienced the strongest earthquake ever recorded in North America, its strength estimated at 9.1 on the Richter Scale. The resulting tsunami in Resurrection Bay inundated and destroyed 300 feet by 3500 feet of the Seward waterfront including the San Juan Army and railroad docks, the tracks leading to the dock, the oil tank farms, fish processors, warehouses and the small boat harbor. The economic loss, particularly to Seward’s port facilities resulted in the destruction of 90% of Seward’s economy.

1986 In 1986 a storm dropped almost 18 inches of rainfall on the Kenai Peninsula from August 9th through the 11th. Landslides and landslide-dam failure and resultant floods, debris flows, alluvial fan aggradations and flooding in and around Seward caused an estimated $20 million in damages. According to a memorandum to the Mayor and City Council dated 20 November 1986, only $1,391,266 was allowed by FEMA for recovery and reconstruction with Seward expected to pay 25% of this amount in matching funds. Infrastructure damaged and threatened included railroad tracks and bridges, the Spring Creek prison, Seward Marine Industrial Center, Lowell Creek diversion tunnel. More than 200 people were left homeless. Residents of Lowell Point were cut off due to the washing out of Spruce Creek

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Bridge and a large portion of the road. This was declared a more than 100 year flood event. A federal disaster was eventually declared.

1989 Heavy rains from August 25-27 caused over $1,000,000 in damage to homes, roads, bridges and infrastructure in the Seward area.

1993 Heavy rains on August 26 caused Salmon Creek, Clear Creek and the Resurrection River to flood. Three homes and one business incurred damage and there was some damage to Alaska Rail Road tracks.

1995 In 1995 the rain started September 19 as a result of Typhoon Oscar. About 9 inches of rain landed in Seward within a 24 hour period. State authorities closed the Seward Highway (the only way in or out of town) after rain swept across a quarter mile stretch of road near Milepost 3 near the Resurrection River Bridges. The Alaska Railroad had to remove debris accumulated at their Seward Highway Milepost 4.8 bridge and to replace the damaged bridge. Infrastructure damaged in this flood event included the airport, sewage treatment facility, roads, trails, railroad facilities, power transmission lines and damage to dikes and levees and the Lowell Creek diversion tunnel. Estimated flood damage was 9.8 million dollars. A federal disaster was eventually declared. Some loss numbers are available; the Kenai Peninsula Borough had spent about $500,000 in the Seward flood recovery. The US Corps of Engineers had calculated the damage to Seward’s public property at 1.82 million and counting. A South Central Fall Flood Hazard Mitigation Grant Program was obtained from FEMA in the amount of $1,185,588, some of which was earmarked for bridge repair in Seward and $731,658 for a comprehensive flood mitigation project on the lower Resurrection River. (See Resurrection River watershed).

2002 Record setting precipitation and unusually warm temperatures produced widespread flooding in south central Alaska in the fall of 2002. The unusual weather patterns persisted in the region for more than two months. On the Kenai Peninsula, heaviest rainfall and most severe flooding occurred October 22nd through October 24th. Salmon Creek flooding severely affected Marathon View II subdivision, Whites Sawmill and Camelot. Infrastructure damaged included roads, Lowell Creek diversion tunnel and the small boat harbor. The 2002 flood was declared a Presidential Disaster.

2006 In October 2006, high tides, warm temperatures and the remnants of a typhoon stalled over south central Alaska caused 9 to 15 inches of rain to fall on the Seward area. Heavy rain contributed to the closing of the Seward Highway at Mile 4. The Lowell Creek diversion tunnel outflow dumped a 25 foot high pile of debris and

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gravel on the bridge, damaging the bridge and backing water up into surrounding businesses and streets. The loss of the bridge caused residents of Lowell Point to be cut off by road. Water taxi’s had to be pressed into service to help Lowell Point residents get to jobs and stores. Families were evacuated from their homes in the Exit Glacier Road area, Old Mill Subdivision and around the Resurrection River highway bridges. Japanese Creek levee, Box Canyon levee and Kwechak Creek levee were all damaged in the flooding as was the airport. The Seward Highway was blocked by flooding at milepost 3.5 and Nash Road was blocked by flood waters. Portions of the airport runways were flooded. A federal disaster was declared for this flood event.

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FLOOD LOSS INFORMATION

Historical flood loss information is difficult to obtain even in states where records have been kept for decades. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration reports that the task of accumulating loss estimates for flooding in the United States has specifically been the responsibility of the National Weather Service as an ancillary function. Societal infrastructure almost guarantees poor estimates. State and municipal losses are often self-insured and losses are often dispersed through separate line items in government budgets making them nearly impossible to follow. For homeowners and businesses, some will either not have insurance or be under insured. The costs for this sort of repair are almost impossible to establish. For those that are insured, claims may not fully reflect actual losses.

In Alaska, outside of larger cities like Anchorage or Fairbanks, loss data was simply not recorded prior to statehood in 1959, other than to comment that this school or that hotel were swept away by flood waters. The first Lowell Canyon Creek mitigation project undertaken by the Cit of Seward was an elevated wooden flume that carried flood waters to the bay. The cost of building and maintaining this flume were not specified but were eventually determined to be overwhelming. Individual flood mitigation efforts were usually made by individual property owners to protect their own property and are likewise not recorded. Available loss numbers and mitigation costs, for the purpose of this flood hazard plan will be listed under each watershed.

NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM

In 1968, Congress established the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). The goals of the program are to reduce future flood damage through floodplain management, and to provide people with flood insurance. The Kenai Peninsula Borough (KPB) has had a tumultuous history with the NFIP. The KPB was suspended from the program when the 1986 flood struck which meant flood insurance and federal disaster assistance was withheld within the mapped floodplain areas. The Borough Assembly quickly passed the necessary ordinance (Title 21.06) to join the NFIP.

The NFIP established Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM) based on hydrologic studies of flood prone areas across the country. These maps have zones where the cost of insurance to property owners is adjusted according to the flood risk as compared to how the building is constructed. Generally, the higher the lowest floor is above flood levels, the lower will be the cost of the flood insurance. Structures built too low after the publish date of the FIRM will have much high flood rates.

The FIRMs include Flood Insurance Zones (A, A2 through A10, V, B, C, D): In order to set actuarial insurance rates, the Federal Insurance Administration established the following flood hazard map zones:

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Zone Designation Zone Definition

A Special Flood Hazard Areas inundated by the 100-year flood, determined by approximate methods; no base flood elevations shown or Flood Hazard Factors determined.

AO Special Flood Hazard Areas inundated by types of 100-year shallow flooding where depths are between 1.0 and 3.0 feet; depths are shown, but no Flood Hazard Factors determined.

Zone A2 through Special Flood Hazard Areas inundated by the 100-year flood, A5, and A10 determined by detailed methods; base flood elevations shown, and zones subdivided according to Flood Hazard Factors.

Zone V Special flood hazard areas along coasts inundated by the 100- year flood, as determined by approximate methods, and that have additional hazards due to velocity (wave action); no base flood elevations shown or Flood Hazard Factors determined.

Zone V1 through Special flood hazard areas along coasts inundated by the 100- V9, V11, V12, V16, year flood, as determined by detailed methods, and that have And V19 additional hazards due to velocity (wave action); base flood elevations shown, and zones subdivided according to Flood Hazard Factors.

Zone B Areas between the Special Flood Hazard Areas and the limits of the 500-year flood, including areas of the 500-year flood plain that are protected from the 100-year flood by dike, levee, or other water control structure; also areas subject to certain types of 100-year shallow flooding where depths are less than 1.0 foot; and areas subject to 100-year flooding from sources with drainage areas less than 1-square mile. Zone B is not subdivided.

Zone C Areas of minimal flooding.

Zone D Areas of undetermined, but possible flood hazard.

Flood insurance is available through the NFIP for anyone but is often mandatory through lenders on structures within the floodplain. It is also mandatory for any proposed acquisition and/or construction of buildings in flood hazard areas if any form of federal funding assistance for the development is sought.

Communities who chose to enact and enforce certain floodplain management practices and regulations and to abide by flood damage prevention ordinances and FIRMs developed by FEMA may apply for a part of the National Flood Insurance Program called the Community Rating System (CRS). The CRS allows communities who enforce higher standards than federal minimum floodplain standards additional savings on flood insurance premiums to its citizens. Both the Kenai Peninsula Borough and the City of Seward participate in the Community Rating System as of November 2007. SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 12 November 2007

Access to Flood Insurance Rate Maps and information on how they are to be used is available through the Kenai River Center in Soldotna, AK, (907)260-4882.

NFIP COMMUNITY RATING SYSTEM IMPROVEMENTS

Channel and Basin Debris Removal (CDR) -

The SBCFSA may analyze and consider how to foster City and Borough improvements in their CRS scores, thus lowering flood insurance costs, by organizing a plan for service area-wide sediment Channel and Basin Debris Removal following the CRS guidelines:

Maximum Credit: 300 POINTS

CDR = the total of the following points, except that no credit is provided unless the first item is credited.

• 200 points, if the community's drainage maintenance program includes all of the following:

o An inspection is conducted at least once each year.

o An inspection is conducted after each storm that could adversely impact the drainage system.

o Inspections are conducted in response to citizen's complaints.

o Action is taken after an inspection identifies a need for maintenance or cleaning. The action taken must be in accordance with the community's drainage maintenance procedures, which must be consistent with federal and state environmental protection laws and regulations.

• 50 points, if the community's program identifies specific “choke points” or other obstructions to flows, or sites with erosion or sedimentation problems, that are inspected and maintained differently or more frequently than other parts of the drainage system. Such inspections are in addition to those credited under item 1(b), above. • 50 points, if the community has an ongoing program, such as a capital improvements plan, to eliminate or correct drainage problems, improve drainage or storage facilities, or to construct “low maintenance” channels or other facilities. There is no credit for this item if the community does not spend money on a regular basis on such improvement projects (a one-time- only project would not be credited). There is no credit if the funded projects SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 13 November 2007

are not part of the drainage system that is described in the community's inspection and maintenance procedures.

Credit is dependent upon regular inspection and maintenance. The community (or other non-Federal agency) must have a program to regularly inspect its drainage facilities and remove debris as needed. Neither the cost of the work nor the amount of debris removed affects the credit. A program that simply responds to complaints is not eligible for this credit.

The maintenance work recognized by the first and second items is normally done by a public works crew, usually without heavy equipment. The objective of this activity is to remove accumulated debris that obstructs flows that cause flooding to adjacent properties. It is important that the community's procedures spell out what can and cannot be removed. In some areas with natural streams, some woody debris may remain without causing a flooding problem. In other areas, with concrete lined ditches, all debris may have to be removed to maintain the ditch's carrying capacity.

CRS credit is not provided if local drainage maintenance procedures violate federal or state laws. There may be special restrictions on streams or a requirement to obtain a federal or state permit before certain work can proceed. These restrictions must be included in the community's procedures.

The third item credited is not for an ongoing maintenance program, such as cleaning inlets and culverts. It is designed to recognize a program that makes structural or permanent changes to the channels or basins to reduce flooding or maintenance problems. Creditable examples would be ongoing programs to:

• Enlarge culvert and bridge openings to eliminate bottlenecks,

• Install permanent hard or soft bank protection measures,

• Install grates to catch debris during high flows,

• Build new retention basins to reduce flows into existing channels, or

• Convert problem channels into "low-maintenance" channels.

The capital improvements program should address the “‘choke points' and other obstructions to flows” that warrant the special attention that is credited in item (2). It must include improvements to sites that are in the community's drainage system as defined in its procedures (see the documentation requirements in Section 544.a.2).

Note : Once a capital improvements project is completed, it may qualify for CRS credit under Activity 530 (Flood Protection). Projects that protect repetitive loss properties receive higher credits in Activity 530.

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If an agency other than the community performs the inspection and/or debris removal, it is nonetheless the community's responsibility to document the activity for credit. In the case of a drainage district or county-wide maintenance program, the community may find it advantageous to work with other affected communities and the larger agency to develop consistent documentation that can be used by all affected communities.

REPETITIVE LOSS PROPERTY

The service area has only one repetitive loss property which is a single family dwelling on plot designated TO1N RO1W S27SW0000024 FOLZ. Claims were made for flood loss on this property in 1995 and 2002. This property and structure are in A02 and A04 zones and have been mitigated using Federal Emergency Management Agencies (FEMA) Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) and Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) funds, property owner’s private funds, insurance proceeds, and Increased Cost of Compliance (ICC) funds.

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SERVICE AREA FLOOD MITIGATION GOALS AND OBJECTIVES (By Priority)

GOAL 1: Maintain floodplain hydraulic carrying capacity through drainage maintenance

Objectives:

• Exempt gravel and sediment removal on navigable rivers and streams from Alaska Department of Natural Resources (DNR) Material Sales fees necessary for flood and erosion mitigation for public safety purposes.

o Seek amendment or standing waiver for State Material Sales fees for stream channel maintenance wherein no sale is to occur by the entity seeking the permit to maintain flood carrying capacity.

• Encourage and assist each watershed to develop land use plans for removing and storing of creek bed load with the objectives of:

o Identifying and permitting fill areas for future flood-free development sites

o Identifying storage sites that limit the costs of transporting the gravel

GOAL 2: Reduce flood damage

Objectives:

• Support elevation, floodproofing, buyout or relocation of structures that are highest risk, repetitive losses or substantially damaged, or are in imminent threat of loss due to location on eroding banks.

• Review KPB Habitat Protection Ordinance for extension to Service Area for flood/erosion regulation purposes – recognizing gravel/sediment removal needs to continue. Modify ordinance to increase KPB enforcement and field staff.

• Organize a Floodproofing Workshop for Homeowners and Businesses to learn about techniques and funding sources for elevating, and floodproofing structures (agency(ies) to participate – COE Floodproofing Committee, FEMA, DCCED; Businesses to support SBS, Wells Fargo, others)

• Consider land swaps where appropriate.

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 16 November 2007

GOAL 3: Prevent future flood damage to new construction

Objectives:

• Improve enforcement of existing City and Borough NFIP flood damage prevention ordinances.

• Expand Floodplain Regulations to the entire watershed (throughout SBCFSA)

o Require Development Permits Service Area wide (not just in mapped Floodplain);

o Prohibit Below Grade crawlspaces and basements throughout the Service Area unless PE, architect or Professional Land Surveyor certifies that building site is not subject to flooding, localized drainage, or high ground water

• Avoid building more new homes in the floodway (existing ordinance); revise floodplain ordinance to prohibit any new subdivision of land within the mapped floodplain.

• Increase enforcement including fostering a partnership (M.O.U.) for enforcement uniformly within the City and Borough specific to the SBCFSA

• Improve flood and erosion hazard aspects in land use decisions, subdivision actions, and Plans that affect the SBCFSA including: KPB All-Hazards Plan, Comprehensive Plan, Coastal Management; Wetlands Management Plan, Seward Long-term development plan.

• Increase KPB staff and presence in Service Area

GOAL 4: Hazard Identification and Mapping

Objectives:

• Support needed sediment bed load mapping including engineering analysis necessary to obtain permits for channel drainage maintenance.

• Continue to identify and map flood events.

• Continue to pursue federal and state funding to improve and update Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMS), as well as other maps and plans that may be more appropriate such as Drainage Plans or watershed management plans in order to meet other goals.

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 17 November 2007

GOAL 5: Increase Public Awareness

Objectives:

• Develop a strategy for accessing (applying for and managing) mitigation grant funds (see Appendix)

• Increase public knowledge about flood insurance, natural and beneficial functions of floodplains.

The SBCFSA is currently studying the feasibility of sending bulk mailings quarterly to all residents and business with latest flood information, risks, benefits of NFIP and progress on flood mitigation.

• Post Flood Hazard and High Water Mark signs on buildings, utility poles, at entries to subdivisions to increase awareness of flood risks. Add plat notes to plats indicating flood prone areas, seasonally high ground water.

• Organize an annual Flood Awareness Day (Week)

• Increase awareness of Alluvial Fan flooding risks and construction techniques (could be part of Floodproofing Workshop, or annual Flood Awareness Day/Week)

City of Seward 2020 Comprehensive Plan Volume 1, City of Seward Mitigation Plan, KPB All-Hazard Plan and the State All-Hazard Mitigation plan have all been reviewed so that the Flood Service Area Goals, Objectives and Mitigation Measures complement, without conflicting with other Plan Goals and Objectives.

TIMELINE

For planning purposes a timeline was established for implementing mitigation projects and is as follows:

Short Term= Less than 1 year Mid Term= 1-3 years Long Term= 3-5 years

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 18 November 2007

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The information depicted hereon is for a graphical Kenaii Peniinsulla Borough representation only of best available sources. Hydrography Seward City Limits GIIS Diiviisiion The Kenai Peninsula Borough assumes no responsibility for any errors on this map. Roads Seward-Bear Creek Flood Service Area DATE: Nov 14, 2007 ¯ FLOOD HAZARD AREA INVENTORY

The flood hazard area inventory has been organized by watersheds. Those listed singly flow directly into Resurrection Bay.

• Resurrection River watershed o Resurrection River o Box Canyon Creek o Salmon Creek o Japp Creek

• Salmon Creek watershed o Bear Creek o Kwechak (Glacier) Creek o Clear Creek o Lost Creek

• Lost Creek watershed o Grouse Creek o Sometimes Creek

• Fourth of July Creek watershed o Fourth of July Creek o Godwin Creek

• Independent watersheds o Scheffler (Rudolph) Creek o Lowell Creek o Spruce Creek o Sawmill Creek

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 19 November 2007

RESURRECTION RIVER WATERSHED

RESURRECTION RIVER

Description:

Resurrection River is the product of run-off from the Harding Ice Field and Exit Glacier. It is fed by Placer Creek, Box Canyon Creek, Japp Creek and Salmon Creek and drains a watershed twice as large as the total area of the other Seward/Bear Creek watersheds. Resurrection River runs nearly parallel to Exit Glacier Road and its terminus is Resurrection Bay. It is a classically braided river that changes channels in its wide river basin frequently dropping enormous amounts of sediment each year. The river’s main channel is braided and migrates across a wide floodplain bounded by mountains to the south and Exit Glacier Road (which essentially functions as a dike) along the north bank. At the intersection with the Seward Highway the river braids into three branches crossed by three highway bridges and three railroad bridges. The State of Alaska has officially determined this river navigable and it is anadromous.

Flood History:

Resurrection River flooding has caused millions of dollars in damage to city, borough, state and federal infrastructure as well as private property during major floods occurring in 1946, 1961, 1962, 1977, 1986, 1989, 1993, 1995, 2002 and 2006.

Risk Assessment:

• Resurrection River is highly impacted by the areas glaciers which are increasingly retreating providing for more melt and escalated stream flow. In addition, this causes for an amplified amount of glacier silt, gravel and other debris being transported.

• The culverts along Exit Glacier Road have been known to backup causing damage to the road.

• Throughout the lower reaches erosion is causing acres of estuary habitat to be wiped out.

• There are several permits that exist for bed-load extraction throughout the reaches of Resurrection River and there is little coordination among them.

• Infrastructure at risk include the Airport, Seward Highway and its bridges, Alaska Rail Road bridges and dock, the small boat harbor, critical fiber optic cables that connect interior Alaska to the lower 48, State of Alaska

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 20 November 2007

Vocational-Technical School and several businesses in the industrial area north of the harbor.

• Bed-load build-up.

• Resurrection River is responsible for depositing sediment into the Alaska Railroad dock harbor basin.

Mitigation Measures:

Short-term:

• Express concern and provide recommendations to the appropriate agencies.

• Pursue an exemption to the Alaska Department of Natural Resources (DNR) Material Sales fees for gravel removal on navigable rivers and streams as these fees hugely increase the cost of flood mitigation efforts through dredging on the Resurrection River.

Beginning in 2005 the SBCFSA began appealing to the DNR for a fee exemption for gravel removed for flood mitigation purposes. This letter writing effort resulted, finally, in a determination of navigability for all streams in the service area but no compromise on the fee requirement. Due to the negotiating efforts of Scott Walden of the KPB Office of Emergency Management during the Resurrection River Task Force effort in September 2006, the DNR agreed to a reduced fee of $0.50 per cubic yard for gravel removed for flood mitigation. Since this amounts to $500.00 for every 1,000 cubic yards removed and there are hundreds of thousands of cubic yards needing to be removed on the Resurrection River alone, the SBCFSA plans to continue to negotiate for an exemption.

• Establish a cooperative relationship with the City of Seward to ensure flood mitigation efforts are not being duplicated or opportunities missed.

The SBCFSA has vigorously pursued a cooperative relationship with the City of Seward since its inception in 2004. In 2006 the city Planning Department began actively sharing floodplain development information and plans and the city began to send representatives to SBCFSA board meetings. Also in 2006 the SBCFSA established four annual work sessions with the Seward Planning & Zoning Commission. In 2007 the SBCFSA offered to partner with the City of Seward in applying for and matching funds for grant monies, in part to address the need for channel dredging at the mouth of the Resurrection River, or for needed hydrologic engineering studies. SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 21 November 2007

• Encourage a cooperative relationship with the various entities that have existing gravel extraction permits.

Mid-term:

• A direct channel needs to be created from the three Seward Highway Bridges to Resurrection Bay by dredging the main stream channel to maintain water conveyance away from the Airport.

• Channel dredging at the mouth of the river would reduce upstream sediment build-up and encourage movement from high to low areas and lessen upstream flood potential.

The SBCFSA has requested funding for Resurrection River channel dredging in its Capital Project Priorities requests as part of the Kenai Peninsula Borough Capital Project Priorities Requests to the State of Alaska in 2005, 2006, and 2007. Though no funding has been granted as yet, the SBCFSA will continue to seek state and federal funding for this critical project.

• Coordinate with the City of Seward, the Kenai Peninsula Borough’s Public Works Engineers, The State of Alaska Department of Transportation and the Alaska Railroad Corporation to establish an annual schedule to review the watershed in its entirety and provide a report to the Flood Service Area.

• Periodic bed-load removal.

In 1996 a $731,658 grant was obtained by the Kenai Peninsula Borough, a portion of which was dedicated to mitigate flooding on the Resurrection River and Japanese Creek to be a coordinated effort between various State, Federal and local agencies and the City of Seward. In 1997 a Japp Creek/Resurrection River Interagency Agreement and Task Force were formed. The task force released a preliminary report in 1998. This report was followed by a Resurrection River Task Force meeting in 2006 (participated in by the SBCFSA) and eventually the Resurrection River Debris Maintenance Plan of September 2006. This plan calls for annual review of the need for maintenance dredging of the Resurrection River in an area between the bridges and the mouth of the river. The project area was dredged at least once since the original grant award.

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 22 November 2007

Long-term:

• The entirety of Resurrection River needs to be surveyed and a hydrologist report generated, starting at the mean-low mark working up to the headwaters at Exit Glacier.

The SBCFSA has requested funding for service area wide hydrology studies, including the Resurrection River, in its Capital Project Priorities requests as part of the Kenai Peninsula Borough Capital Project Priorities Requests to the State of Alaska in 2005, 2006, and 2007. Though no funding has been granted as yet, the SBCFSA will continue to seek state and federal funding for this critical project.

• Encourage the Kenai Peninsula Borough, the State of Alaska, the City of Seward and other interested Land Trusts to acquire and obtain land for floodplain conservation.

• As outlined in the Resurrection River Debris Maintenance Plan, coordinate with the Kenai Peninsula Borough and other appropriate agencies to obtain funding and permitting to establish an annual maintenance schedule and contract to remove excess debris.

BOX CANYON CREEK

Box Canyon Creek is a tributary of the Resurrection River. The creek originates in an alpine lake at an elevation of 1,860 feet, flows through a steep canyon and then runs another 5.5 miles before entering the Resurrection River. Most of the upper reaches of the stream are not easily accessible. An 8-10 foot levee exists at the head of the alluvial fan to divert the stream to the extreme western edge. Box Canyon Creek is not anadromous and has been determined by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources as non-navigable.

Flood History:

In the October 1986 flood, debris damming of the stream above the existing levee caused a change of course which diverted the flood waters over the entire alluvial fan causing damage to homes and to the Exit Glacier Road. An independent engineering study in 1990 and a reconnaissance of the area by the US Army Corps of engineers in May 1992 made several suggestions for correcting this problem though the Corps also noted that the cost to benefit ratio at that time did not justify the expenditure.

In 1995 waters breached the levee on Box Canyon Creek and caused damage to Exit Glacier Road.

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 23 November 2007

In October of 2006, flood waters again spread east of the dike and spread out to damage homes and streets including Old Exit Glacier Road, Wilma Avenue and Lois Way. Road repairs in this area for this flood alone cost the borough $269,052.

Risk Assessment:

• Debris slides and surge release flooding has been known to regularly wash out the dike and cause damage to Exit Glacier Road.

• Blockages at the outlet of the canyon cause changes in the stream channel during flood events, causing it to behave unpredictably and to fan out, causing more wide spread flooding.

• Besides repeated damage to Old Exit Glacier Road and the roads of the surrounding subdivision, infrastructure in the form of the National Park Maintenance Facility and the Windsong Lodge are within reach of damaging flood waters.

• Bed-load build-up.

Mitigation Measures:

Short-term:

• Express concern and provide recommendations to the appropriate agencies

Mid-term:

• Coordinate with the Kenai Peninsula Borough’s Public Works Engineers to establish an annual schedule to review the watershed in its entirety and provide a report to the Flood Service Area.

• Seek funding to develop a Land Use/Floodplain Management Plan specific to Exit Glacier Box Canyon Basin; recommend formation of a Homeowners Association or sub-committee of the SBCFSA to lead mid and long term land use, maintenance and recovery planning.

Long-term:

• Map Box Canyon alluvial fan; currently the Resurrection River is mapped by FEMA as if Exit Glacier Road did not exist. This depicts an inaccurate regulatory floodway and does not recognize the Box Canyon flooding on the Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMS).

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 24 November 2007

• Coordinate with the Kenai Peninsula Borough and other appropriate agencies to obtain funding and permitting to establish an annual maintenance schedule and contract to remove excess debris.

Dredging and bank repair on upper and lower Box Canyon Creek is planned for FY 2007/2008 by the SBCFSA in an effort to reestablish the stream channel. This project is ongoing.

• Complete and implement Land Use/Floodplain Management Plan for Exit Glacier Box Canyon Basin.

SALMON CREEK

Description:

Salmon Creek begins at the confluence of Bear Creek and Lost Creek and is also fed by the Kwechak Creek and Clear Creek drainages. Salmon Creek is located at approximately milepost 6 of the Seward Highway, flowing almost parallel with the Seward Highway and the Alaska Railroad, through several densely populated subdivisions. Salmon Creek is kept separated from the Resurrection River delta after it passes under Nash Road by a gravel levee and terminates in Resurrection Bay. Salmon Creek is anadromous and has been determined by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources (DNR) to be navigable. The determination of navigability makes all bed load removal subject to the Alaska DNR Material Sale regulations resulting in prohibitive costs. DNR has, in the past, indicated a willingness to allow gravel and debris removed for flood mitigation purposes to be charged at a reduced fee of $.50 per cubic yard.

Flood History:

In 1946 Salmon Creek overflowed at approximately milepost 4 on the Seward Highway and damaged railroad tracks and a railroad bridge.

In 1976 Salmon Creek flooded severely enough that people who could not be rescued had to swim out of their homes.

In the 1986 Seward Flooding Salmon Creek along with the Resurrection River contributed to the destruction of railway bridges and roads. The Alaska Rail Road Corporation spent nearly $3,000,000 alone repairing and replacing track and bridges to restore rail service. Salmon Creek flooding also did millions of dollars of damage to private homes and bridges in Questa Woods and Camelot subdivisions. Published estimates pushed the total damages to Seward/Bear Creek above $10,000,000.

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 25 November 2007

Risk Assessment:

• Salmon Creek flooding has caused flood damage to private property and public infrastructure, Seward Highway and Nash Road in virtually every major flood event recorded in the past two decades.

• Salmon Creek has a strong tendency to migrate eastward; towards public and private infrastructure including the Alaska Railroad, Seward Highway and Nash Road.

• Salmon Creek bed load and velocity causes back up on Clear Creek during high water events causing damage to private property and endangering the Seward Highway.

• Land subdivision and development in the area has restricted the stream to a limited portion of its alluvial fan and the bed load is quickly building with debris and gravel, which is plugging up tributaries and bordering properties.

• Salmon Creek is the receiver of most the bed load of Lost Creek, Bear Creek and Kwechak Creek.

• Resurrection Bay tidal activities highly influence the lower portions of Salmon Creek.

• Currently there are no areas of floodplain easements/conservation to allow for overflow and runoff.

• There is an overall lack of coordination between landowners and permitting and regulating agencies.

• Bed-load build-up.

Mitigation Measures:

Following a high water event in March of 2007, the Kenai Peninsula Borough, under its Incident Action Plan contracted for emergency dredging and bank restoration on Salmon Creek from 100 feet upstream from the confluence with Clear Creek to 1100 feet above the confluence at a cost of $5,000. The SBCFSA assisted in this effort by processing the necessary permits and assisting in obtaining property owner waivers for the needed work. Due to an appeal by the KPB directly to Alaska Governor Sarah Palin, the Department of Natural Resources allowed a short term limited area exemption from Material Sale fees.

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 26 November 2007

Short-term:

• Express concern and provide recommendations to the appropriate agencies.

• Coordinate with the appropriate agencies to improve and maintain the culverts, dikes, bridges and roads.

The SBCFSA has been working with the Department of Natural Resources, the Kenai Peninsula Roads Department, the Alaska Department of Transportation and the Kenai Watershed Forum to identify needed culvert improvements.

• Continue to lobby through all possible avenues to make debris removed for flood mitigation purposes exempt from DNR Material Sale fees. Coordinate with Matanuska-Susitna Borough where Matanuska River gravel removal is a priority of the local Flood and Erosion Service Area and the City of Valdez to see if a combined voice by local governments facing this Material Sales fee could be more effective.

Mid-term:

• Coordinate with the Kenai Peninsula Borough’s Public Works Engineers to establish an annual schedule to review the watershed in its entirety and provide a report to the Flood Service Area.

• Maintain the boundary between Salmon Creek and Resurrection River.

• The entire Salmon Creek watershed needs to be surveyed by a hydrologist to determine the areas in need of bed-load excavating and the areas where bed-load should not be excavated.

• Periodic bed-load removal.

Long-term:

• Encourage the Kenai Peninsula Borough, the State of Alaska and other interested Land Trusts to acquire and obtain land for floodplain conservation.

• Coordinate with the Kenai Peninsula Borough and other appropriate agencies to obtain funding and permitting to establish an annual maintenance schedule and contract to remove excess debris.

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 27 November 2007

JAPP CREEK (JAPANESE CREEK)

Description:

Japp Creek is a tributary of the Resurrection River, terminating at the Resurrection River at approximately milepost 2 of the Seward Highway. The stream originates in an alpine moraine left by a retreating glacier. Its watershed has an area of approximately 3.5 square miles. The creek flows east through a steep canyon before entering a large alluvial fan. Japp Creek has been determined to be non- navigable but anadromous by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources. The alluvial fan has been highly developed with subdivisions and city infrastructure. The Japp Creek floodplain is managed by the City of Seward.

Flood History:

Japp Creek is subject to frequent landslides through its canyon that cause stream damming and surge release type flooding. Following reported floods in 1966, 1969, 1976, 1982 and 1986, the Soil Conservation Service under its Emergency Watershed Protection Program, constructed a rip rapped dike along the right stream channel starting at the apex of the alluvial fan. The dike is 1,150 feet long and has an average height of 13 feet.

In 1986 after 18 inches of rain fell over two days in October, a landslide dam in Japp Creek canyon failed causing a surge-release flood that washed out the manmade levee along the southeast stream bank high on the fan creating new channels and eroding into surrounding neighborhoods. Only heroic efforts on the part of local contractors to redirect the flood waters and shore up the eroding dike averted major catastrophe to homes and infrastructure. This flood event was estimated at a greater than 100 year event. Planning was begun for a new levee.

The Japp Creek levee project was completed in 2001.

In October 2006, another major flood event in Seward resulted in significant erosion of the dike’s upper areas and failure of a temporary bridge across the stream west of the Forest Acres subdivision.

In October 2007 the City of Seward undertook a major renovation of the Japp Creek Levee, repairing areas of the levee along its entire length with keyed in rip rap.

Risk Assessment:

• Landslides, heavy sediment transport and debris flows are known for eroding banks, blocking channels and diverting flows, sometimes resulting in surge- release type flooding.

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 28 November 2007

• Infrastructure at risk on the Japp Creek alluvial fan includes all Seward schools, Seward Sanitary Landfill, major businesses, the Seward Military Resort and several highly developed subdivisions. In 2007 the City of Seward chose a tract of land also in the risk area on which to build the future Seward Long Term Care Facility.

• Currently there is only one access and evacuation route to this highly populated area.

• Bed-load build-up.

Mitigation Measures:

Short-term:

• Express concern and provide recommendations to the appropriate agencies.

In November 2006, Christy Miller, Floodplain Management Program Coordinator for the Alaska Department of Commerce Community and Economic Development, met with Seward city officials and John Graves of FEMA Region X. A follow up letter to the Seward City Mayor in December 2006 expressed deep concern regarding “unregulated development” on the Japanese Creek mapped floodplain behind the levee”. Among the recommendations made in the letter were; city enforcement of their Title 15.25 Floodplain Management Ordinances, bed load removal, avoiding development in areas below the levee that historically have flooded in 1986 and 1995 and certification of the Japanese Creek levee.

• Establish a cooperative partnership with the City of Seward to obtain further needed hydrologic data on the Japp Creek corridor and levee.

In June 2007, while engineers were in the Seward area to gather data for a borough study (hosted by the SBCFSA) the City of Seward contracted with them for $15,000 to do a sedimentation study of the Japp Creek corridor to compare current sediment depth to pre-2006 depths. The study concluded that at least 200,000 cubic yards of material had been deposited in the stream corridor during the October 2006 flood. It went on to state that it was not possible to state whether or not the corridor can sustain a 100-year flood event but that they suspect it would not. The engineers recommended that 100,000 cubic yards of material be removed in the fall of 2007 or at least as much debris removal as the city could afford. The study also recommended that a thorough hydrologic study of Japp Creek was needed.

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 29 November 2007

Also in June 2007 the City of Seward requested a US Army Corps of Engineers levee inspection. Based on an engineering study of the levee by Wm. J. Nelson & Associates two recommendations were made for levee reinforcement. The City Manager stated that in order to receive federal funding assistance with either of these options an inspection must first be completed by the Corps of Engineers.

Starting in March 2007 the SBCFSA offered to partner in the cost of engineering studies, first with the Seward Planning and Zoning Commission at a quarterly workshop and then again through further meetings with the Temporary City Planner and the City Manager.

At a meeting on October 12, 2007 between representatives of the SBCFSA and Phillip Oates, Seward City Manager, the service area discussed partnering the city in obtaining engineering studies of a possibly broader scope than just Japp Creek. These efforts are ongoing.

• Encourage the City of Seward to follow thru with the Japp Creek Levee “Red Line” bypass road to provide and alternate access and emergency evacuation route.

Mid-term:

• Coordinate with the City of Seward and the Kenai Peninsula Borough’s Public Works Engineers to establish an annual schedule to review the watershed in its entirety and provide a report to the Flood Service Area.

• Periodic bed-load removal.

Long-term:

• Coordinate with the Kenai Peninsula Borough, the City of Seward and other appropriate agencies to obtain funding and permitting to establish an annual maintenance schedule and contract to remove excess debris.

• Encourage the Kenai Peninsula Borough, the City of Seward and other applicable organizations to obtain and classify land as floodplain conservation.

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 30 November 2007

SALMON CREEK WATERSHED

BEAR CREEK

Description:

Bear Creek flows through Bear Lake Subdivision approximately 7 miles north of Seward. The headwaters are at Bear Lake and the confluence is Salmon Creek at approximately milepost 6 on the Seward Highway. The stream is anadromous and has been determined by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources to be non- navigable.

Risk Assessment:

• The railroad bridge at milepost 6.6 has an insufficient clear-span known for causing debris build-up. In addition, there are broken railroad pilings adding to the debris and seasonal ice build-up which restricts adequate stream flow.

• There is an existing right-of-way for a drainage ditch on the east side of Bleth Street but it is not currently maintained and has filled in with gravel and other debris.

• During high water events Kwechak Creek can easily merge with Bear Creek, causing flood damage to the nearby subdivision as well as public infrastructure.

• The watershed feeding Bear Creek is not a mapped floodplain. As development continues in the subdivisions below the lake the flooding issues become more problematic. Without updated floodplain maps the permitting and land management officials do not have the tools and authority needed to make decisions.

Mitigation Measures:

Short-term:

• Express concern and provide recommendations to the appropriate agencies.

On May 13, 2005 the Seward/Bear Creek Flood Service Area Board sent a letter to Mr. Tom Brooks of the Alaska Railroad Corporation encouraging a cooperative relationship between the Board and the Railroad. In addition, the letter stated the Board’s recommendation to consider the Milepost 6.6 clear-span in any upcoming mitigation/maintenance plans of the Alaska Railroad Corporation.

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 31 November 2007

On May 19, 2005 the Seward/Bear Creek Flood Service Area Board sent a letter to Gary Davis at the Kenai Peninsula Borough Road Service Area. The letter stated the Board’s concern and recommendation for an intercept ditch on the east side of Bleth Street in order to protect public and private infrastructure.

Mid-term:

• Coordinate with the Kenai Peninsula Borough’s Public Works Engineer to establish an annual schedule to review the watershed in its entirety and provide a report to the Service Area.

Long-term:

• Coordinate with the Kenai Peninsula Borough and other appropriate agencies to obtain funding and permitting to establish an annual maintenance schedule and contract to remove excess debris.

• Coordinate with the Kenai Peninsula Borough, the State of Alaska, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency to seek funding to update mapping to include the Bear Creek floodplain.

KWECHAK CREEK (Glacier Creek)

Description:

Kwechak Creek is located between the Bear Lake and Questa Woods Subdivisions at approximately milepost 5.5 of the Seward Highway. Kwechak Creek is glacial fed and its terminus is where it meets with Salmon Creek at approximately milepost 4.8. Kwechak Creek is a seasonal, non-anadromous and has been determined by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources to be non-navigable.

Risk Assessment:

• The floodplain is rapidly building at the canyon outlet and in the areas above and below Bruno Bridge.

• There is a high probability of a debris jam in the upper portion of this unstable watershed, which will cause major flood problems for the subdivisions and infrastructure down stream.

• There is significant need for bed-load extraction and annual dike maintenance at the canyon outlet.

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 32 November 2007

• Stony Creek Road is the only access and evacuation route to this highly populated, flood-prone area.

• Only portions of this watershed are mapped in the floodplain.

• Bed-load build-up

Mitigation Measures:

Short-term:

• Express concern and provide recommendations to the appropriate agencies.

On May 13, 2005 the Seward/Bear Creek Flood Service Area Board sent a letter to Bob Loeffler the Director of the Division of Mining, Land and Water at the Department of Natural Resources for the State of Alaska. The Letter stated the Board’s objective to establish a cooperative relationship with the agency in order to reduce the bed-load in the local streams and requested an exemption from all material extraction royalty fees.

The Seward/Bear Creek Flood Service Board received a response from Clark Cox a Natural Resource Specialist in which the regulations for material extraction in the State of Alaska was referenced. Mr. Cox explained that material extraction from State owned lands, including navigable water bodies require a sales contract and therefore the water-ways need to be reviewed on a case-by-case basis.

On March 20, 2006, after a lengthy letter writing process with the Alaska Department of Natural Resources, the DNR provided navigability status of all Seward/Bear Creek Service Area streams of concern.

Mid-term:

• Coordinate with the Kenai Peninsula Borough’s Public Works Engineers to establish an annual schedule to review the watershed in its entirety and provide a report to the Flood Service Area.

• Obtain engineering studies on reinforcing or rebuilding dikes and levees at canyon outlet.

• Encourage coordination with Chugach National Forest Service to get the entire reaches from the canyon outlet to the lower reaches into Salmon Creek surveyed by their hydrologist to determine the areas in need of bed- load excavating and the areas where bed-load should not be excavated. SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 33 November 2007

The study should evaluate channel morphology, stability and bed-load transport.

• Coordinate with the appropriate agencies to identify an alternate access and emergency evacuation route out of nearby subdivisions.

• Periodic bed-load removal.

Long-term:

• Coordinate with the Kenai Peninsula Borough and other appropriate agencies to obtain funding and permitting to establish an annual maintenance schedule and contract to remove excess debris.

In October of 2004 the Seward/Bear Creek Flood Service Area and the Road Service Area took direction from the Kenai Peninsula Borough’s office of Emergency Management and coordinated and funded maintenance of the dike at the canyon outlet. The project cost $8980.

• Coordinate with the Kenai Peninsula Borough, the State of Alaska, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency to seek funding to update mapping to include the entire Kwechak Creek floodplain.

In November 2005 the SBCFSA, in partnership with the City of Seward and the Kenai Watershed Forum, financed obtaining LIDAR data that included Kwechak Creek for the entire service area to be included in the national FEMA Flood Map Modernization Project.

• Coordinate with the Kenai Peninsula Borough and other appropriate agencies to apply for grants and technical partnerships to complete comprehensive hydrologic studies to evaluate channel morphology, stability and bed-load transport.

In November 2005 the SBCFSA, in partnership with the City of Seward and the Kenai Watershed Forum, financed obtaining LIDAR data that included Bear Creek for the entire service area to be included in the national FEMA Flood Map Modernization Project.

LOST CREEK

Description:

Lost Creek is located at approximately milepost 7 of the Seward Highway in Old Mill Subdivision. Lost Creek joins with Grouse Creek and becomes Salmon Creek at approximately milepost 6.5. Lost Creek is not anadromous and has been determined by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources to be non-navigable. SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 34 November 2007

Flood History:

Lost Creek ravaged Old Mill Subdivision in the 1986 flood, damaging many properties and completely destroying one home. In 1995 Lost Creek again eroded its banks and damaged property. In 2006 flood waters damaged the Timber Lane Bridge.

Risk Assessment:

• Portions of the Lost Creek watershed are not a mapped floodplain. As development continues in the Old Mill Subdivision the flooding issues become more problematic. Without updated floodplain maps the permitting and land management officials do not have the tools and authority needed to make appropriate decisions.

• Timber Lane Bridge is out dated and in need of replacement.

• Bed-load build-up.

Mitigation Measures:

Following the October 2006 flood, debris removal and bridge repair on the Timber Lane Bridge was accomplished as part of flood recovery measures by the Kenai Peninsula Borough at a cost of $553, 536. A high water event in March of 2007 necessitated dredging and bank restoration on either side of this same bridge by the Kenai Peninsula Borough

In September 2007 the SBCFSA undertook a dredging and bank restoration project extending a further 1000 feet upstream from the work done by the KPB in March. The SBCFSA and the KPB Legal Department initiated a property owner waiver form to allow property owners along the work area to have input and approve the scope of work. This project was satisfactorily completed at a cost of $11,540.

Short-term:

• Recommend Kenai Peninsula Borough require floodplain development permits throughout Old Mill Subdivision until such time as Flood Insurance Rate Maps are prepared by FEMA. This will require amendment to KPB Title 21.06

• Express concern and provide recommendations to the appropriate agencies. SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 35 November 2007

Mid-term:

• Coordinate with the Kenai Peninsula Borough’s Public Works Engineer to establish an annual schedule to review the watershed in its entirety and provide a report to the Service Area.

• Periodic bed-load removal.

• Seek funding to develop a Land Use/Floodplain Management Plan specific to Old Mill Subdivision; recommend formation of a Homeowners Association or sub-Committee of the SBCFSA to lead mid & long term land use, maintenance and recovery

Long-term:

• Coordinate with the Kenai Peninsula Borough, the State of Alaska, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency to seek funding to update mapping to include the entire Lost Creek floodplain.

In November 2005 the SBCFSA, in partnership with the City of Seward and the Kenai Watershed Forum, financed obtaining LIDAR data that included the Old Mill Subdivision for the entire service area to be included in the national FEMA Flood Map Modernization Project.

• Complete and implement Land Use/Floodplain Management Plan for Old Mill Subdivision.

CLEAR CREEK

Description:

Clear Creek originates from springs approximately 1.5 miles northwest from its confluence with Salmon Creek. It meanders and slows through wetlands near Old Exit Glacier Road which slows its velocity, crosses under a bridge in the Seward Highway and then eventually merges with Salmon Creek. During peak flows and especially during high water events, the greater volume and velocity of Salmon Creek causes Clear Creek to back up and flood over its banks between Salmon Creek and the bridges. During high water events flood waters fan out from Salmon Creek across the natural floodplain and enter Clear Creek laterally above its confluence with Salmon Creek. When Clear Creek is unable to convey the excess flow back into Salmon Creek, flooding occurs in the residential area between the highway and Salmon Creek. Clear Creek is anadromous and has been determined non-navigable by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources. SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 36 November 2007

Flood History:

Resurrection River flooding spread northward to cause flooding on Clear Creek in 1951 and 1957. Clear Creek flooded severely in the 1986 flood leading to the building in 1987 of a small gravel dike on the south side of the creek. The dike was approximately 5 feet wide and 2 feet high. Despite this the area between the highway and the confluence with Salmon Creek flooded again in 1993 and 1995. Fill by private property owners near the confluence have raised the south bank above flood waters but this has caused Clear Creek waters to back up onto the north bank and onto unraised private property nearer the highway.

Risk Assessment:

• Heavy rainfall or high water events will increase Clear Creek back up and threaten the Seward Highway and Clear Creek Bridge as well as private property.

• Clear Creek overflow interferes with the salmon cycle as spawning fish swim into shallow, vegetated overflow areas and are stranded.

• Continuously present overflow will kill the trees and vegetation, degrading the stream banks.

• Bed-load build-up.

Mitigation Measures:

In March of 2007 the SBCFSA undertook a small dredging and bank stabilization project on Clear Creek just at its confluence with Salmon Creek in the hopes of relieving some of the back up. The SBCFSA spent $5406.00 to remove 1000 cubic yards of material and use it to restore the south bank to its pre-2006 flood state. Unfortunately the project was only partially successful due to tremendously increased bed load in Salmon Creek which currently causes Salmon Creek to be higher than Clear Creek. The SBCFSA is currently planning another dredging and bank restoration project at this confluence but plans to work in Salmon Creek at and below the confluence to give Clear Creek waters somewhere to go.

Short-term:

• Recommend Kenai Peninsula Borough allow no more development in the Clear Creek floodplain between the Seward Highway and Salmon Creek.

• Express concern and provide recommendations to the appropriate agencies. SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 37 November 2007

Mid-Term:

• Coordinate with the Kenai Peninsula Borough and the Alaska Department of Transportation to obtain engineering and hydrology study of the Clear Creek – Salmon Creek confluence to determine long term solutions for the backup problem.

• Periodic bed load removal at and below the confluence.

Long-Term:

• Coordinate with the Kenai Peninsula Borough and other appropriate agencies to obtain funding and permitting to establish an annual maintenance schedule and contract to remove excess debris.

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 38 November 2007

LOST CREEK WATERSHED

GROUSE CREEK

Description:

Grouse Creek is located at approximately milepost 7.5 of the Seward Highway in Old Mill Subdivision. Grouse Creek is fed by Grouse Lake and its terminus is where it meets with Salmon Creek at approximately milepost 6. Glacier Creek is anadromous and has been determined by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources to be non-navigable.

Risk Assessment:

• Many bordering residents have expressed concern about the culvert at milepost 7 which goes laterally under the highway and has the tendency to get plugged by debris build-up, causing water to back up onto nearby property.

• Portions of the Grouse Creek watershed are not a mapped floodplain. As development continues in the Old Mill Subdivision the flooding issue becomes more problematic. Without updated floodplain maps the permitting and land management officials do not have the tools and authority needed to make appropriate decisions.

• Timber Lane Bridge is out dated and in need of replacement.

In November 2006 following damage to the Timber Lane Bridge from the October 2006 flooding, the bridge and approaches were repaired by the Kenai Peninsula Borough Roads Department at a cost of $553, 536. Repairs include some bed load dredging to give more clearance over the water.

• Bed-load build-up.

Mitigation Measures:

In May of 2005 the Seward/Bear Creek flood Service Area and the Alaska Department of Transportation combined resources to remove debris build-up in the culvert at milepost 7, improving conveyance. The project lasted two days and cost the Service Area $1350.

Short-term:

• Express concern and provide recommendations to the appropriate agencies.

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 39 November 2007

Mid-term:

• Coordinate with the Kenai Peninsula Borough’s Public Works Engineers to establish an annual schedule to review the watershed in its entirety and provide a report to the Service Area.

• Periodic bed-load removal.

Long-term:

• Coordinate with the Kenai Peninsula Borough, the State of Alaska, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency to seek funding to update mapping to include the entire Grouse Creek floodplain.

SOMETIMES CREEK:

Description:

Sometimes Creek is a basically dry creek bed that runs approximately 1.5 miles from northwest to southeast, parallel to Lost Creek. The creek bed is dry until there is heavy rain except for occasional pools of ground water. Flooding on Sometimes Creek is usually of the flash flood variety.

Flood History:

Though Sometimes Creek has caused damage in earlier flood events, in 2006 the flash flood destroyed the Forest Road Bridge. Two large culverts were installed to allow a temporary road to be built across for access while more permanent plans were made by the Kenai Peninsula Borough Department of Roads. Before the spring bridge replacement project could be started, a high water event in March 2007 washed out the culverts and temporary road. A new bridge was put across and the nearby banks hardened shortly thereafter at a cost of $125,000.00.

Risk Assessment:

• The new Forest Road Bridge structure has a narrow opening and is likely to accumulate debris in a flood event. • During a flash flood a debris clogged bridge will probably be damaged if not destroyed. SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 40 November 2007

Mitigation Measures:

Short-term:

• Express concern and provide recommendations to the appropriate agencies.

Mid-term:

• Coordinate with the Kenai Peninsula Borough Department of Roads to establish an annual schedule to inspect the bridge and approaching stream banks and make repairs as needed.

• Periodic bed load and debris removal.

Long-term:

• Coordinate with the Kenai Peninsula Borough, the State of Alaska and FEMA to seek funding to update mapping to include Sometimes Creek.

• Complete and implement Land Use/Floodplain Management Plan for Old Mill Subdivision.

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 41 November 2007

FOURTH OF JULY CREEK WATERSHED

FOURTH OF JULY CREEK

Description:

Fourth of July Creek is located on the east side of Resurrection Bay and is known for continuously shifting its channels. The entire watershed, which includes Godwin Creek and Spring Creek, is glacially fed and includes roughly 25 square miles of drainage. Fourth of July Creek and its tributaries have created a 1.26 square mile segmented alluvial fan on which has been constructed commercial and industrial facilities and the $80 million dollar Spring Creek Correctional Facility which is a maximum security State prison. The lower reach of the stream is anadromous and has been determined to be navigable by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources.

Flood History:

In preparation for the planned development of the Fourth of July Creek alluvial fan, in 1981 a Hydrologic Reconnaissance study was undertaken by the US Geological Survey. In the study they outlined the dangers of a constantly changing stream channel and the potential for flash flooding due to avalanches. Flood control levees were constructed in 1982 to protect the infrastructure and development on the alluvial fan. However, flood events in 1982, 1986 and 1989 caused extensive damage to these levees. In 1991 the City of Seward funded the modification of the levees which in 1992 were determined by the Corps of Engineers to be able to prevent most flooding without significant damage.

Risk Assessment:

• In 2007, further development of the Seward Marine Industrial Complex was approved by the Seward City Council as well as a project to add on to Spring Creek Correctional Institution. The current levees need to be inspected and updated or replaced if needed before these plans are carried out.

• Failure of the Forth of July Creek dike would result in considerable damage to public and private infrastructure including the Spring Creek Correctional Center, the City of Seward’s water supply and the Seward Marine Industrial Center.

• The upper basin of Fourth of July Creek has been logged several times in the past and stumps, slash and trees are regularly carried downstream by the higher flows. This debris can and does run aground and can cause surge release type flash flooding.

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 42 November 2007

• According to officials, the City of Seward currently holds a permit from the Army Corps of Engineers to extract 10, 000 cubic yards per year and to date the permit has not been exercised.

• Bed-load build-up.

Mitigation Measures:

Short-term:

• Encourage the City of Seward to exercise their permit and dredge the mouth of the creek to promote flushing and create a direct channel to the bay.

• Encourage the City of Seward to get engineering studies on the current levee before going ahead with alluvial fan development plans.

On August 17, 2007, the City of Seward, in a letter to the Commander of the US Army Corps of Engineers, Alaska District, formally requested “the initiation of a Watershed Study under Section 14 to study all tributaries that flow into Resurrection Bay and; the initiation of a Shore Erosion Study under Section 14 to study shoreline erosion along Resurrection Bay…” The SBCFSA will follow this request and, if needed, add a letter of its own to support these studies.

Mid-term:

• Coordinate with the City of Seward to establish an annual schedule to review the watershed in its entirety and provide a report to the Flood Service Area.

• Periodic bed-load removal.

Long-term:

• Coordinate with the City of Seward and other appropriate agencies to obtain funding and permitting to establish an annual maintenance schedule and contract to remove excess debris.

• Coordinate with the City of Seward and the State of Alaska to seek funding to update mapping to include the entire Fourth of July Creek floodplain.

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 43 November 2007

GODWIN CREEK

Godwin Creek originates at Godwin Glacier and flows through a steep sided canyon and then into Fourth of July Creek on the east side of Resurrection Bay. It deposits its sediment load on the Fourth of July Creek alluvial fan. Godwin Creek is not anadromous and has been determined by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources to be non-navigable.

Risk Assessment:

• Landslides and slope failure in the steep canyon walls have resulted in damming and excessive build-up of debris.

• Bed-load build-up.

Mitigation Measures:

Short-term:

• Recommend constructing an overflow culvert in the old channel.

Mid-term:

• Coordinate with the City of Seward’s Public Works Engineer to establish an annual schedule to review the watershed in its entirety and provide a report to the Flood Service Area.

• Periodic bed-load removal.

Long-term:

• Coordinate with the City of Seward and other appropriate agencies to obtain funding and permitting to establish an annual maintenance schedule and contract to remove excess debris.

• Coordinate with the City of Seward and the State of Alaska to seek funding to update mapping to include the entire Godwin Creek floodplain.

In November 2005 the SBCFSA, in partnership with the City of Seward and the Kenai Watershed Forum, financed obtaining LIDAR data that included Godwin Creek for the entire service area to be included in the national FEMA Flood Map Modernization Project.

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 44 November 2007

INDEPENDENT WATERSHEDS

SCHEFFLER CREEK (a.k.a. Rudolph Creek)

Description:

Scheffler Creek originates on the east side of Mt. Marathon in an ice-cored glacial moraine. It flows perpendicular to the north end of Seward and drains into the Lagoon bordering Third Avenue in the City of Seward and from there into Resurrection Bay. The Scheffler Creek watershed is under the management of the City of Seward.

Risk Assessment:

• During flooding events Scheffler Creek has caused the Lagoon to overflow, washing out culverts and roads.

• Lack of regulatory enforcement and permitting has allowed haphazard channelization.

• Sediment deposits are building up in the Lagoon.

• Bed-load build-up along Scheffler Creek itself.

Mitigation Measures:

Short-term:

• Express concern and provide recommendations to the appropriate agencies

• Establish a cooperative relationship with the City of Seward to ensure flood mitigation efforts are not being duplicated.

Mid-term:

• Coordinate with the City of Seward’s Public Works Engineers to establish an annual schedule to review the watershed in its entirety and provide a report to the Flood Service Area.

Since the October 2006 flood the City of Seward has had an engineering study done on Scheffler Creek by Lounsbury and Associates.

• Regulatory permitting required for past, present, and future changes to the water course.

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 45 November 2007

• Increase drainage conveyance under Dairy Hill Road and the Seward Highway.

As part of emergency measures following the October 2006 flood the city replaced the Scheffler Creek culvert with a large oval shaped one for better drainage and backfilled the area with rock to protect the road surface.

• Periodic bed-load removal.

Long-term:

• Coordinate with the City of Seward and other appropriate agencies to obtain funding and permitting to establish an annual maintenance schedule and contract to remove excess debris.

As a result of consultation with Phillip Oates, Seward City Manager, the SBCFSA is considering Scheffler Creek as one of several small debris removal and bank restoration projects being planned for spring 2008. $15,000 has been set aside in the SBCFSA budget for this project.

LOWELL CREEK

Description:

Lowell Creek is a glacier-fed stream that runs 3 miles through a talus strewn canyon above Seward and then used to flow over an alluvial fan on which Seward’s original town site was built. The alluvial fan stretches from the Resurrection Bay to the mouth of Lowell Canyon 130 feet above. The stream channel through the canyon is prone to landslides and avalanches that dam the stream and can lead to surge release type flooding. The volume and velocity of Lowell Creek is powerful enough during flood events to pick up large boulders and huge amounts of sediment and carry them downstream. Many of Seward’s critical infrastructure, including the hospital, police station, city hall is located within this alluvial fan area as well as businesses, homes and a senior citizen housing structure. The creek currently is diverted from its original path by a dam and diversion tunnel built by the US Army Corps of Engineers. The dam is located just inside the mouth of Lowell Canyon and is 400 feet long and 25 feet high. The uncontrolled spillway is about 400 feet long with a sharp drop at the tunnel entrance to increase the velocity of the water enough to ensure that all debris will pass into and through the tunnel. From the dam, the waters of Lowell Creek are funneled through a diversion tunnel 2,068 feet long and 10 feet in diameter through Bear Mountain and into Resurrection Bay via a spillway above Lowell Point Bridge at the southern edge of the city. A 1994 reconnaissance report by the US Army stated that the tunnel and dam were not designed to impound water for long periods. A 40 foot long emergency spillway was originally designed to

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 46 November 2007

direct flood waters into the old creek bed through the center of town but that outlet no longer exists as this area has been fully developed. The stream is non- anadromous and has been determined to be non-navigable by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources. Since 1945 operation and maintenance of the diversion system and development and regulation of the floodplain has been under the City of Seward.

Flooding History:

Flooding from Lowell Creek devastated the town of Seward more than once before 1929 when an intake structure and wooden flume 12 feet wide and 7 feet tall were constructed above the stream’s original path 3,300 feet through the center of Seward. The flume was plagued by constant debris accumulation and deterioration and was deemed beyond economical repair in 1937. Appeals were made to Congress and $143,929 was allotted for the US Army Corps of Engineers to build a diversion tunnel through Bear Mountain to replace the wooden flume. The project was completed in 1940. A culvert beneath Jefferson Street was eventually built to allow stream diversion during tunnel repairs.

The history of Lowell Creek flooding since 1940 has been one of repeated and expensive repairs to the tunnel and intake system and near disaster in 1966 and 1986 due to blockage of the tunnel during major flood events. The tunnel has deteriorated due to debris abrasion. The railroad rails armoring the tunnel’s floor have been torn out through the years and the floor has periodically eroded to bedrock.

• The first major repair of the tunnel took place in 1945. The city spent $4.1 million dollars and the federal government $2.7 million for tunnel repairs.

• In May 1946 control and maintenance of the diversion system was turned over to the City of Seward with inspection and oversight by the Army Corps of Engineers.

• In 1966 a landslide above the entrance to the tunnel partially blocks the tunnel and water rises to within 2 feet of overtopping the dam.

• In 1969 emergency rehabilitation work on the tunnel was accomplished using federal funding under Public Law 99 (84th Congress).

• In 1984 emergency repairs were made by the City of Seward after inspection revealed that the tunnel needed to be repaired.

• In 1988 major repairs were made under the rehabilitation authority of Public Law 99 (84th Congress) following an inspection after the 100-year flood event in October 1986 revealed major damage to the tunnel floor from heavy rainfall and debris. SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 47 November 2007

• In 1989, after another major rainstorm, repairs to the tunnel are again accomplished under Public Law 99.

• In 1992 the US Army Corps of Engineers conducted a Flood Damage Reduction Revised Reconnaissance Report on Lowell Creek. The report concluded that because of the potential for blockage of the tunnel from debris, liner failure or landslide could cause flood waters to go over the spillway with a catastrophic loss potential of lives and (in 1992 dollars) of $15 million dollars in property damage. The report estimated that if the tunnel received only minor repairs, it would like fail by the year 2015. Among several alternatives for controlling Lowell Creek, the Corps recommended two for further investigation; rehabilitating the existing tunnel and adding an emergency spillway and silt dam at a projected cost of (1992 dollars) over $10 million dollars or adding a second 10 foot diameter tunnel to the rehabilitated existing tunnel with a projected cost (1992 dollars) of nearly $16 million dollars.

• A report by the US Army Corps of Engineers in October 1993 identified some design deficiencies they believed needed to be addressed. These included; no provision had been made for flood passage through the area downstream of the spillway (and in fact this area had been highly developed), that there was no emergency plan developed for action to be taken should the tunnel be blocked or long term-impoundment behind the dam, and finally, that there was no provision for a monitoring and warning system.

• In 2001 the Secretary of the Army was authorized under the Water Resources and Development Act of 2000 to carry out on an emergency, one-time basis necessary repairs of the Lowell Creek Tunnel at federal expense for a total cost of $3 million dollars.

The City of Seward has been responsible for maintenance and repairs between these major events. Over the life of the tunnel, the federal government has spent $3,325,775 on tunnel repair and maintenance and the local government has spent $3,392,700 for a total of $6,718,475.

Risk Assessment:

• Design deficiencies identified by the Corps of Engineers in 1993 have only partially been addressed.

• Landslides in the canyon have contributed to blockage and obstruction to the Lowell Creek Diversion Tunnel causing ongoing deterioration to the structure.

• Lowell Point Bridge receives tremendous pressure as well as gravel and water build-up during high water events. SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 48 November 2007

• The diversion culvert of Jefferson Street has been known to pass large debris and is need of annual inspection and maintenance.

• Lack of regulatory enforcement and permitting.

• Bed-load build-up.

Mitigation Measures:

Short-term:

• Express concern and provide recommendations to the appropriate agencies.

• Coordinate with the City of Seward, the Army Corps of Engineers and other appropriate agencies to apply for grants and technical partnerships to obtain funding to update and maintain the Lowell Creek Diversion Tunnel.

Since accepting responsibility for the tunnel in 1946, the City of Seward has been overwhelmed by the financial burden of maintaining and repairing the diversion structures. Under the Water Resources Development Act passed by the US Congress in November 2007, the US Army Corps of Engineers has resumed responsibility for the repair and maintenance of the Lowell Creek Diversion Tunnel.

Mid-term:

• Coordinate with the City of Seward and the Army Corps of Engineers Borough to establish an annual schedule to review the watershed in its entirety and provide a report to the Flood Service Area.

• Maintain diversion culvert under Jefferson Street.

• Periodic bed-load removal.

Maintenance of the Lowell Creek aggrading stream channel above the tunnel has required annual work contracted by the City of Seward and this work needs to continue. Independent technical analysis of the impacts of large rock and vegetation removal and streambed clearing on the tunnel is needed. Though debated locally in 2006 prior to the October flooding, there is support for the need for debris removal but no clear understanding of how this work should be guided to maintain optimum stream mechanics without aggravating the already serious problem of excessive debris flow through the tunnel during flood events. SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 49 November 2007

Long-term:

• Coordinate with the City of Seward, the Army Corps of Engineers, and other appropriate agencies to obtain funding and permitting to establish an annual maintenance schedule and contract to remove excess debris from Lowell Creek above the diversion dam.

• Prepare an Emergency Action Plan (EAP). An EAP is required of the City of Seward by the Department of Natural Resources.

• Develop a dam break inundation map of the area below Lowell Creek diversion dam.

• Prepare engineering recommendations and course of action for correcting design deficiency such as emergency spillway an emergency spillway conveyance channel, secondary detention or other engineering suggestions.

SPRUCE CREEK

Description:

Spruce Creek flows in Resurrection Bay at Lowell Point, 2 miles south of Seward. The stream drains a 9.26 square mile watershed originating at a small glacier in the northwest corner of the watershed. It flows nearly 5 miles to Resurrection Bay from steep headwaters that flow through a narrow canyon. Landslides and avalanches in the canyons contribute to surge release type flooding which has historically caused damage on Lowell Point Road, Spruce Creek Bridge and the water treatment plant lagoon. Spruce Creek ends in an alluvial fan that supports businesses and homes at Lowell Point as well as critical Seward infrastructure in the form of the sewage treatment plant. Spruce Creek is seasonal, non-anadromous and has been determined to be non-navigable by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources. Spruce Creek and has one of the area’s three USGS managed stream gauges. Flood History:

Before the bridge replacement, Spruce Creek was regularly blocked during high water events by debris caught under the bridge. Historic flood damage has, historically, been confined to the left margin of the fan. After the 1986 flood (which did not significantly impact the Spruce Creek area, the Soil Conservation Service built a rep rap revetment on the right bank of the channel upstream of the bridge in order to protect the north bank where the sewage treatment plant is located. Flood damage in 1995, 2002 and 2006 was mostly limited to businesses and properties below the bridge due to bed load accumulation and stream braiding.

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 50 November 2007

Risk Assessment:

• Landslides in the canyon back up the water which causes severe erosion, debris dams, and “surge-release” flooding significantly damaging Lowell Point Road, the Spruce Creek Bridge and the City Sewer Lagoon.

• Seasonal high water flow results in substantial damage to Lowell Point Road, which is the only access and evacuation route.

• The Spruce Creek watershed is not a mapped floodplain. As development continues in the Lowell Point area the flooding issue becomes more problematic. Without floodplain maps permitting and land management officials do not have the tools and authority needed to make decisions.

In November 2005 the SBCFSA, in partnership with the City of Seward and the Kenai Watershed Forum, financed obtaining LIDAR data that included Spruce Creek for the entire service area to be included in the national FEMA Flood Map Modernization Project.

• Bed-load build-up

Mitigation Measures:

Short-term:

• Encourage the Kenai Peninsula Borough and State of Alaska to replace the Spruce Creek Bridge to include a longer span with two lanes.

In April 2006 residents of the Lowell Point area began petitioning to have the unsafe one lane bridge at Spruce Creek replaced. The Kenai Peninsula Borough solicited federal and state funds to assist in the cost of this project. A two lane bridge was completed in September 2006 at a total project cost of $1,195,955.

Mid-term:

• Coordinate with the Kenai Peninsula Borough and the State of Alaska to seek funding to update mapping to include the Spruce Creek floodplain.

On February 24, 2005 the Seward/Bear Creek Flood Service Board sent a memo to the Kenai Peninsula Borough Mayor ask that Spruce Creek be added to the list of streams in need of floodplain mapping.

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 51 November 2007

• Coordinate with the City of Seward and the Kenai Peninsula Borough to establish an annual schedule to review the watershed in its entirety and provide a report to the Flood Service Area.

• Periodic bed-load removal.

At a September regular board meeting of the SBCFSA, Lowell Point residents expressed concern about the need for bed load removal on the lower Spruce Creek. The board agreed to add Spruce Creek to its list of possible small dredging and bank repair projects scheduled for FY 2008.

Long-term:

• Coordinate with the City of Seward, the Kenai Peninsula Borough and other appropriate agencies to obtain funding and permitting to establish an annual maintenance schedule and contract to remove excess debris.

SAWMILL CREEK

Several glacial-basins drain into Sawmill Creek’s headwaters. The creek is located northeast of Nash Road and flows through a banked and braided channel under Sawmill Creek Bridge into Resurrection Bay. The stream is non-anadromous and has been determined to be navigable by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources.

Flood History:

In the October 1986 flood, log and debris jams caused Sawmill Creek to undermine Nash Road and wash out a bridge abutment on the Sawmill Creek Bridge.

Risk Assessment:

• Debris jams have caused considerable bank erosion.

• During high water events water at Sawmill Creek Bridge has flowed onto Nash Road and threatened electrical power poles as well as private infrastructure.

• Glacier Creek has been known to jump into Sawmill Creek at its headwaters during high water events.

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 52 November 2007

• At this time Sawmill Creek is not completely included in the floodplain mapping.

• Land that has historically flooded from Sawmill Creek in Nash Woods was platted two years go for building homes.

• Bed-load build-up above and below Nash Road threatens Sawmill Creek Bridge. Material Sale fees charged by the Department of Natural Resources make flood mitigation debris removal too costly.

Mitigation Measures:

Short-term:

• Recommend the State of Alaska, Department of Transportation to consider enlarging and straightening out the Sawmill Creek Bridge as well as cleaning out bed load above and below the bridge.

• Install riprap to armor the bank to prevent possible merging into Glacier Creek at the headwaters.

Mid-term:

• Encourage coordination with Chugach National Forest Service to get the entire reaches from the canyon outlet to the lower reaches into Resurrection Bay surveyed by their hydrologist to determine the areas in need of bed-load excavating, as well as channel morphology, stability and bed-load transport.

• Coordinate with the City of Seward and the Kenai Peninsula Borough to establish an annual schedule to review the watershed in its entirety and provide a report to the Flood Service Area.

• Periodic bed-load removal.

Long-term:

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 53 November 2007

COASTAL FLOODPLAINS

Coastal flood hazard areas exist along the entire coastline of the service area. Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) designate coastal floodplains as subject to coastal velocity waves if a 3 foot or greater wave action impacts the coastline.

Flood History:

Alaska has the greatest tsunami potential in the entire United States. Historic tsunamis generated by earthquakes on the Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone have resulted in widespread damage and loss of life along the Alaskan Pacific coast and other places located at exposed locations around the Pacific Ocean. Large seismic events occurring in the vicinity of the Alaska Peninsula, Aleutian Islands, and Gulf of Alaska have a very high potential for generating both local and Pacific-wide tsunamis.

Seward was the first community to be recognized as Tsunami Ready in Alaska in January 2002. Seward’s mayor at that time knew firsthand of the disastrous effects of tsunamis, because he lived through the 1964 tsunamis as a young boy. During the Great Alaskan Earthquake, a section of Seward’s waterfront slid into the bay triggering a series of tsunamis that inundated the community a mere 20 minutes later. Twelve people were killed and the destruction was extensive — 14 million dollars (in 1964 dollars).

Mitigation Measures:

To help mitigate the risk that tsunamis pose to Alaskan coastal communities, the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska Fairbanks and the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys participate in the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program by evaluating and mapping potential inundation of selected parts of Alaska coastlines using numerical modeling of tsunami wave dynamics.

One of the most significant sources of errors in tsunami inundation mapping is inaccuracy of topographic and bathymetric data used in the model. The Alaska Tsunami Modeling Team cooperated with the local USGS glaciology office to perform photogrammetry in the Seward area. Using ten air photos and the APEX software, along with several precisely located GPS points, a new geo-referenced and highly accurate DEM with a 5-meter grid spacing has been developed. The new dataset has contours that deviate by more then 100 meters in some places from the contours in the previous dataset, showing significant improvement in accuracy for the purpose of tsunami modeling.

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 54 November 2007

Short-term:

• Obtain the Seward tsunami inundation mapping and assess how to better inform the public of the new study information.

• Review the FEMA FIRMs for areas of the coastline that are mapped and discuss the accuracy of the coastal flood maps and how they are being used for project review by the SBCFSA, City of Seward and the Kenai Peninsula Borough Kenai River Center.

Mid-term:

• Improve public education information on the building techniques in the coastal velocity flood zones. Hold public meetings specific to Lowell Point residents.

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 55 November 2007

REFERENCES

Alaska Railroad Corporation. (September 1991). “Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan”

Behlke, C.E. (August 1990). “Box Canyon Creek Near Seward Alaska,” prepared for city of Seward, Seward, Alaska.

City of Seward. (March 2004). “All Hazard Mitigation Plan.”

City of Seward. (1996). “Flood Hazards Mitigation Plan.” City of Seward Community Development Department and Hensley Consulting Services.

Department of the Army. (February 1994). “Seward Area Rivers Flood Damage Prevention Interim Reconnaissance Report,” US Army Engineer District, Alaska.

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). (February 1989). “Alluvial Fans: Hazards and Management.”

FEMA. (December 1999). “Flood Insurance Study,” prepared for the Kenai Peninsula Borough.

FEMA. (February 1987). “Reducing Losses in High Risk Flood Hazard Areas: A Guidebook for Local Officials,” FEMA 116.

FEMA. (June 2006). “Introduction to Hazard Mitigation,” IS393.A.

Jones, S.H., and Zenone, Chester. (1988). “Flood of October 1986 at Seward, Alaska,” USGS Water-Resources Investigation Report 87-4278.

Kenai Peninsula Borough Office of Emergency Management. (September 2006). “Resurrection River Debris Maintenance Plan.”

Kenai Peninsula Borough. (2004) “All Hazard Mitigation Plan.”

Lamke, R.D. and Bigelow, B.B. (1987). “Floods of October 1986 in Southcentral Alaska,” USGS Open-File Report 87-391.

Lien-Longville, Susan. (April 28, 2005). “The Housing Boom on Southern California’s Alluvial Fan Floodplains: A Floodplain Management Crisis in the Making.

Nelson, G.L. (1981). “Hydrologic Reconnaissance near Fourth of July Creek, Seward, Alaska,” USGS Water Resources Investigations 81-21.

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 56 November 2007

Robinson, Dr. Stephen (Ed). (August 2003). “A Field Guide to the Geomorphology of Southcentral Alaska

Seward History Preservation Commission. (2004). “Seward History: How Seward was Founded.” www.cityofseward.net/hpc/seward_history.

Seward Phoenix Log. (September 21, 1995). Volume 30 Number 2.

Seward Phoenix Log. (September 28, 1995). Volume 30 Number 5.

Seward Phoenix Log. (October 16, 1986). Volume 21 Number 2.

Seward Phoenix Log (October 23, 1986). Volume 21 Number 5.

US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Alaska District. (September 1992). “Flood Damage Reduction Revised Reconnaissance Report, Seward, Alaska, Lowell Creek,” Anchorage, Alaska.

USACE, Alaska District. (March 1992). “Flood Damage Reduction Revised Reconnaissance Report, Seward, Alaska: Fourth of July Creek,” Anchorage, Alaska.

USACE, Alaska District. (August 1964). “Report on Subsurface Investigation for City of Seward, Alaska and Vicinity,” Anchorage, Alaska.

USACE. (1982). “Flood Plain Information Resurrection River and Salmon Creek, Seward, Alaska,” prepared for the Kenai Peninsula Borough.

USACE. (October 1993). “Assessment of Structural Flood-Control Measures on Alluvial Fans,” prepared for FEMA by Hydrologic Engineering Center, Davis, California.

US Geological Survey (February 2005). “Summary of Significant Floods in the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, 1970 Through 1989.” Water-Supply Paper 2502.

US Geological Survey. (March 2004). “Floods on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, October and November 2002,” Fact Sheet 2004-3023.

US Geological Survey. (December 2006). “October 2006 Flooding in the Seward-Prince William Sound Areas, Alaska,” USGS Website, http://ak.water.usgs.gov.

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan 57 November 2007

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan November 2007 (Originally Published July 2005)

APPENDIX 2

Seward/Bear Creek Flood Service Area

BOARD MEMBERS

2004 Appointed Board 2007 Elected Board

Seat A* Blaine Bardarson Seat A* Loyd Welch/Randall Stauffer Seat B* Mark Beals Seat B* Dave Dieckgraeff Seat C* Kerry Martin Seat C* John Gage Seat D David Hayes- Chair Seat D Bill Williamson, Chair Seat E Tina McLean Seat E Tina McLean Seat F* David Squires Seat F* Steve Schafer, Vice Chair Seat G Peter Simon- Vice Chair Seat G Tom Gillespie

2005 Elected Board 2008 Elected Board

Seat A* Randall Stauffer Seat A* Matt Hall (appointed) Seat B* Steve Schafer- Vice Chair Seat B* Dave Dieckgraeff Seat C* Timothy McDonald Seat C* Randall Stauffer, Vice Chair Seat D Bill Williamson Seat D Bill Williamson, Chair Seat E Jim McCracken- Chair Seat E Bob White Seat F* Claudia Neklason Seat F Steve Schafer Seat G Jess Sweatt Seat G Tom Gillespie

2006 Elected Board

Seat A* Loyd Welch Seat B* Randall Stauffer Seat C* Nathan Orr Seat D Bill Williamson Seat E Jim McCracken – Chair Seat F* Steve Schafer – Vice Chair Seat G Tina McLean

* Seats A, B, C, and F are required to be filled by residents of the City of Seward.

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan II November 2007

ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE CONTACT INFORMATION

Administrative Assistant: Christina Stauffer

Phone# (907) 224-3340 Fax# (907) 224-5197 [email protected]

Mailing Address Physical Address PO Box 1554 302 Railway #123 Seward, AK 99664 Seward, AK 99664

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan III November 2007

APPENDIX 3

Seward/Bear Creek Flood Service Area

AGENCY CONTACTS

Alaska Railroad Corporation (website: www.alaskarailroad.com)

Engineering Services Tom Brooks, P.E. Alaska Railroad Corporation PO Box 107500 Anchorage, AK 99510 (907) 265-2320 [email protected]

City of Seward (website: www.cityofseward.net)

Seward City Manager Public Works Phillip Oates William Casey, Director PO Box 167 PO Box 167 Seward, AK 99664 Seward, AK 99664 (907)224-4047 (907) 224-4093 [email protected] [email protected]

Planning Department Seward Planning & Zoning Donna Glenz Marianna Keil, Chair PO Box 167 PO Box 167 Seward, AK 99664 Seward, AK 99664 (907) 224-4065 (907)224-5066 [email protected] [email protected]

Environmental Protection Agency (website: www.epa.gov)

Aquatic Resources Unit Phil North, Aquatic Ecologist Watershed Coordinator 514 Funny River Road Soldotna, AK 99664 (907)260-4872 [email protected]

Federal Emergency Management Agency (website: www.fema.gov)

Region 10 Mark Carey, Branch Chief Federal Regional Center 130 228th Street Bothell, WA 98021 (425) 487-4600 [email protected]

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan IV November 2007

Kachemak Heritage Land Trust (www.kachemaklandtrust.org)

Barb Seaman, Executive Director PO Box 2400 Homer, AK 99603 (907) 235-5263 [email protected]

Kenai Peninsula Borough (website: www.borough.kenai.ak.us)

Kenai River Center Jane Gabler, Floodplain Administer 514 Funny River Road Soldotna, AK 99669 (907) 260-4882 [email protected]

Road Service Area Gary Davis, Director 47140 E. Poppy Lane Soldotna, AK 99669 (907) 262-4427 [email protected]

Capital Projects Kevin Lyon, Director 47140 East Poppy Lane Soldotna, Alaska 99669 (907) 262-9657 [email protected]

Emergency Management Scott Walden, Coordinator 144 N Binkley Street Soldotna, AK 99669 (907) 262-4910 [email protected]

State of Alaska (website: www.state.ak.us)

Department of Commerce, Community & Economic Development Taunnie Boothby, Planner Flood Insurance Program Coordinator 550 W. 7th Ave, Suite 1640 Anchorage, AK 99501 (907)269-4567 [email protected]

Alaska Homeland Security Mark Roberts, State Hazard Mitigation Officer PO Box 5750 Fort Richardson, AK 99505 (907)428-7016 [email protected]

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan V November 2007

Department of Natural Resources Dick Mylius, Director Clark Cox, Natural Resource Manager Division of Mining, Land and Water Division of Mining, Land and Water 550W. 7th Avenue, Suite #1070 Southcentral Region Land Office Anchorage, Alaska 99501 550 W. Avenue, Suite 900C (907) 269-8600 Anchorage, Alaska 99501-3577 [email protected] [email protected]

Lee McKinley, Habitat Biologist (Department of Fish and Game) 514 Funny River Road Soldotna, AK 99669 (907)260-4882 [email protected]

Department of Transportation Gordon Keith, Regional Director 4111 Aviation Avenue Anchorage, AK 99519 (907) 269-0770 [email protected]

US Army Corps of Engineers (website: www.usace.army.mil)

Dave Casey, Field Office Manager 805 Frontage Road, Suite 2000 Kenai, AK 99611 (907) 283-3519 [email protected]

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan VI November 2007

APPENDIX 4

GLOSSARY

100-year Base Flood: Base flood means a flood having a 1% chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year.

Alluvial fan: An area at the base of a valley where the slope flattens out, allowing the floodwater to decrease in speed and spread out, dropping sediment and rock over a fan-shaped area.

Anadromous Stream: A waterway extending from the salt water to fresh water which provides a rearing habitat and is used by fish for spawning.

Channel: Defined landforms that carry water.

Development: Any man-made change to real estate.

FEMA: Federal Emergency Management Agency

FIRM: Flood insurance rate map.

Flash flood: A flood in hilly and mountainous areas that may come scant minutes after a heavy rain, one can also occur in urban areas where pavements and drainage improvements speed runoff to a stream.

Flood: A general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of normally dry land areas.

Flood hazard mitigation: All actions that can be taken to reduce property damage and the threat to life and public health from flooding.

Floodplain: Any land area susceptible to being inundated by flood waters from any source.

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan VII November 2007

Floodway: The stream channel and that portion of the adjacent floodplain which must remain open to permit passage of the base flood.

Hydrology: The science dealing with the waters of the earth; a flood discharge is developed by a hydrologic study. Ice jam: Flooding that occurs when warm weather and rain break up frozen rivers and the broken ice floats downriver until it is blocked by an obstruction, creating an ice dam that blocks the channel and causes flooding upstream.

LiDAR: An acronym for Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) is a remote sensing technique that provides high resolution elevation data with a vertical accuracy not previously available for the Seward Bear Creek Service Area. LIDAR was used in the SBCFSA to map geomorphic features associated with floodplains and alluvial fans. High resolution LIDAR shows that floodplains and alluvial fans are geomorphically complex.

LIDAR is an optical remote sensing technology that measures properties of scattered light to find range and/or other information of a distant target. The prevalent method to determine distance to an object or surface is to use laser pulses. Like the similar radar technology, which uses radio waves instead of light, the range to an object is determined by measuring the time delay between transmission of a pulse and detection of the reflected signal. LiDAR for geographic mapping of ground features.

Mudslide: A condition where there is a river, flow or inundation of liquid mud down a hillside.

Ordinance: The generic term for a law passed by a local government.

Runoff: Rainfall and snowmelt that reaches a stream.

Storm surge: Water that is pushed toward shore by persistent high wind and changes in air pressure. The level of a large body of water can rise by several feet.

Surge-release flood: Debris build up, landslides or avalanches in narrow canyons can cause water to be artificially dammed during heavy rains causing water to be SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan VIII November 2007

released in large amounts and at great velocity when the temporary dam gives way.

Tsunami: A large wave caused by an underwater earthquake or volcano which can raise water levels as much as 15 feet.

Watershed: An area that drains into a lake, stream or other body of water.

SBCFSA Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan IX November 2007