Fairbridge RW (ed) (1968) The Encyclopedia of Geomorphology. Ford D, Williams P (2007) Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology. Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross. Stroudsburg 1295 p. John Wiley & Sons. Chichester 562 p. Goudie AS (ed) (2004) Encyclopedia of Geomorphology. Routledge 2 Gunn J (ed) (2004) Encyclopedia of Caves and Karst Science. Fitzroy volumes. Dearborn. New York 902 p. Goudie A, Atkinson, BW, Gregory, KJ, Simmons IG, Stoddart DR, Palmer AN (2007) Cave Geology. Allen Press. Lawrence, Kansas Sugden D (eds) (2000) The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Physical 454 p. Geography. Blackwell. Oxford 611 p. Sweeting MM (1972) Karst Landforms. Macmillan. London 362 p. Shroder JF (ed) (2013) Treatise on Geomorphology. Elsevier-Academic Press. Amsterdam 14 vols. Whittow JB (1984) Dictionary of Physical Geography. Penguin. London 591 p. Granite Geomorphology

Twidale CR, Vidal-Romaní JR (2005) Landforms and Geology of Geomorphology Textbooks Granite Terrains. Balkema. Leiden 351 p. Migoń P (2006) Granite Landscapes of the World. Springer, Oxford 384 p. Anderson RS, Anderson SP (2010) Geomorphology. The Mechanics and Chemistry of Landscapes. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge 637 p Chorley RJ, Schumm SA, Sugden DE (1984) Geomorphology. Methuen. London 605 p. Weathering Gregory KJ, Goudie AS (eds) (2011) The SAGE Handbook of Geomorphology. Sage. Los Angeles 610 p. Bland W, Rolls D (1998) Weathering. Arnold. London 271 p. Gutiérrez M (2013) Geomorphology. CRC Press/Balkema. Leiden Ollier CD (1984) Weathering. Longman. London 270 p. 1017 p. Harvey A (2012) Introducing Geomorphology. A Guide to Landforms and Processes. Dunedin. Edinburgh 124 p. Hugget RJ (2003) Fundamentals of Geomorphology. Routledge. London 386 p. Slope Movements

Crozier MJ (1986) Landslides. Causes, Consequences and Environment. Croom Helm. London 252 p. Cruden DM, Varnes DJ (1996) Landslide Types and Processes. In: Structural and Tectonic Geomorphology Schuster RL (ed) Landslides. Investigation and Mitigation. National Academy Press. Washington, pp 36–75. Burbank DW, Anderson RS (2012) Tectonic Geomorphology. Wiley- Dikau R, Brunsden D, Schrott L, Ibsen M-L (eds) (1996) Landslide Blackwell. Chichester 454 p. Recognition, Identification, Movement and Causes. John Wiley & Keller EA, Pinter N (1996) Active Tectonics. Earthquakes, Uplift and Sons. Chichester, 251 p. Landscape. Prentice Hall. New Jersey 338 p. McCalpin JP (ed) (2009) Paleoseismology. Elsevier. Amsterdam 613 p. Ollier CD (1981) Tectonics and Landforms. Longman. Essex 324 p. Fluvial Geomorphology

Volcanic Geomorphology Charlton R (2009) Fundamentals of Fluvial Geomorphology. Routledge. London 234 p. Knighton D (1998) Fluvial Forms and Processes. A New Perspective. Schmincke H-U (2004) Volcanism. Springer. Berlin 324 p. Arnold. London 383 p. Sigurdsson H (ed) (2000) Encyclopedia of Volcanoes. Academic Press. Schumm SA (1977) The Fluvial System. John Wiley & Sons. Chichester San Diego 1417 p. 338 p.

Coastal Geomorphology Periglacial Geomorphology

Bird E (2008) Coastal Geomorphology. An Introduction. John Wiley & French HM (2007) The Periglacial Environment. John Wiley & Sons. Sons. Chichester 411 p. Chichester 458 p. Schwartz ML (ed) (2005) Encyclopedia of Coastal Science. Springer, Washburn A (1979) Geocryology. A survey of Periglacial Processes Dordrecht 1211 p. and Environments. Arnold. London 406 p. Trenhaile AS (1987) The Geomorphology of Rock Coasts. Clarendon Press. Oxford 384 p.

Desert and Eolian Landforms Glacial Geomorphology Parsons AJ, Abrahams AD (eds) (2009) Geomorphology of Desert Bennet MR, Glasser NF (1996) Glacial Geology. Ice Sheets and Environments. Springer. Dordrecht 831 p. Landforms. John Wiley & Sons. Chichester 364 p. Lancaster N (1995) Geomorphology of Desert Dunes. Routledge. Benn DI, Evans DJA (1998) Glacier & Glaciation. Arnold. London London 290 p. 734 p. Livingstone I, Warren A (1996) Aeolian Geomorphology. An Introduction. Longman. Essex 210 p. Thomas DSG (ed) (2011) Arid Zone Geomorphology. Process, Form and Change in Drylands. Wiley-Blackwell. Chichester 624 p. Index

A Backwearing , 65 Aa fl ow , 42 Badlands , 167 Ablation , 205 Bankfull discharge , 158 Ablation moraine , 210 Bare karst , 59 Abrasion , 158 , 180 , 205 , 207 , 208 , 243 , 250 Barkhan dune , 251–258 Abrasion platform , 180 Barkhanoid , 258 Accommodation ramp , 22 Barrier island , 182 Accommodation space , 22 Barrier , 88 , 182 Accretionary lava ball , 42 Bar , 158 Active fault , 61 Base level , 75 Active layer , 128 , 132 , 133 , 227 , 236 Base-level fall , 158 Active volcano, 35 Batholith , 103 Aeolian defl ation , 244 Bay , 180 Alas , 240 Beach , 181–182 Alas valley , 240 Beach ridge , 181 Alcove , 15 Bedload , 157 , 158 Alkali fl at , 244 Bedrock , 59 Allochthonous river , 243 channel , 67 , 157 , 158 Allogenic drainage , 67 threshold , 206 Alluvial channel , 157–160 Beheaded stream , 26 , 30 , 31 , 65 , 68 Alluvial fan , 162–166 Bergschrund , 206 Alluvium , 157 , 158 Biochemical weathering , 111 Alteration , 111 Biophysical weathering , 111 Anabranching river , 158 Block , 35 Anastomosing river , 158 fi eld , 228–229 Anchored dune , 244 slope , 228–229 Antecedence , 11 , 26 , 67 stream , 228–229 Anthropocene , 1 Blowout , 243 , 258 , 264 Anticlinal ridge , 6 , 9–13 Bomb , 35 , 38 Antislope scarp , 32 , 132 Bornhardt , 104 Antithetic , 21 Boulder inselberg , 104 Apex , 24 , 228 Bowen’s crystallisation series , 103 Applied geomorphology , 1 Braided channel , 158 Arch , 112 Breccia pipe , 60 Arenization , 122 Buoyant support , 86 Arête , 207 Butte , 3–6 , 248 Aridity index , 243 Armoured mud ball , 177 Arroyo , 160 C Artesian aquifer , 76 Calcite , 59 Artesian spring , 88 Calcrete , 247–248 Ash , 35 Caldera , 48–50 Ash fall , 35 Caliche , 247 Atoll , 188 Calving , 206 Avulsion , 158 Canopy , 82 Canyon , 158 Capillary fringe , 244 B Capillary rise , 125 Backlimb , 11 Caprock , 3 , 59 , 248 Backshore , 179 , 181 Carbonate crust , 247 Backtilting , 128 Cascade , 88 , 89 , 158 Backwash , 179 Case-hardened , 65 , 112 , 113

Castellated inselberg , 104 Cover , 59 Castle koppie , 104 Covered karren , 60 , 68 Cataract , 158 Cove , 181 Catastrophism , 2 Crag and tail , 50 Catchment , 157 Crater , 35 , 36 Cave cloud , 81 Creep , 133 Cave coral , 85 Creeping fault , 22 Cave pearl , 81 Crescentic fracture , 208 Cave popcorn , 85 Crevasse , 206 Cavernous weathering , 112 Cryptodome , 50 Ceiling channel , 78 Cuesta , 6–7 , 248 Ceiling pocket , 78 Cusp , 181 Central eruption , 35 Cutter , 74 Channel ridge , 89 Cut off , 158 Chemical alteration , 112 Cut terrace , 162 Chemical weathering , 111 , 230 Chevron , 7 Chott , 244 D Circular karren , 69–74 Dead ice , 210 Cirque , 206–207 Debris cone , 85–86 Cirque glacier , 206 Debris-covered glacier , 231 Clay dune , 251 Debris fl ow , 128 , 166 , 228 , 230 Climbing dune , 260 Debris slope , 3 , 22 Clint , 74 Debuttressing , 128 Cluse , 11 Defeated , 28 , 65 Coastal cliff , 180 Defeated stream , 26 Coastal lake , 182 Defi le , 122–125 Cockpit , 60 Defl ation , 243 , 250 , 264 Cohesionless fl ow , 128 Defl ation hollow , 244 Cohesive fl ow , 128 Defl ected drainage , 28 Collapse , 59 Delta , 185–186 breccia , 85–86 front , 185 chimney , 85 plain , 185 sinkhole , 60–63 , 68 , 86 Desert pavement , 243 , 249–250 Colluvial wedge , 22 Desert varnish , 247 Column , 81 Desiccation crack , 244–247 Combe , 11 Desiccation cracking , 236 Comminution , 128 , 130 , 132 Diamicton , 205 Complex movement , 127 Diapirism , 17 Complex sinkhole , 60 Differential erosion , 3 Composite landslide , 127 Diffl uence , 205 Compound dune , 260 Dilation , 26 Compound volcano , 38 Dip-slip fault , 21 Compressional , 21 Dip slope , 9 , 130 Concordant topography , 9 Discordant drainage , 26 Cone , 38–40 Discordant relief , 3 , 13 Cone karst , 65 Discordant topography , 11 Congelifraction , 120 , 227 , 228 Dispersive clay , 175 Conglomerate pinnacle , 13–15 Dispersive force , 128 Consequent , 7 Dissolution , 111 Contact karst , 60 Distributary channel , 185 , 213 Continental rift , 35 Divergent plate margin , 35 Convergent , 35 Doline , 59 Coppice dune , 260 Dolomite , 59 Coral reef , 186–188 Domed inselberg , 104 Coralloid , 85 Dome , 51 Corestone , 103 , 104 , 120 Double ridge , 133 Corridor , 74 Downhill-facing scarp , 32 Corrosion plain , 65–67 Downstream-facing scarp , 26 Corrosion planation , 65 Downwearing , 67 Corrosion surface , 60 Draa , 260 Coseismic surface rupture , 21 Drainage basin , 157 Coulée , 41 , 51 Drainage divide , 157 Couloir , 228 Drainage network , 157 Index 265

Drapery , 81 Flank-margin cave , 78 Dreikanter , 250 Flared slope , 113 Dripstone , 76 , 81–82 Flash fl oods , 160 , 243 , 244 Drumlin , 211–212 Flatiron , 7 Dump moraine , 210 Flexural slip , 32 Dune encroachment , 244 Flexural toppling , 130 Dune fi eld , 243 Floodplain , 157 , 158 Duricrust , 167 , 243 Flow , 127–129 Dust storm , 244 Flowstone , 76 , 82 , 89 Dyke , 7 , 50 Fluvioglacial , 205 Dyking , 26 Fluviokarstic canyon , 67–68 Fold , 26 Fore reef , 187 E Forelimb , 11 Earth fi ssure , 244 Foreshore , 179 Earth fl ow , 129 Fossil cave , 75 Effusive , 35 Free karren , 60 , 68 Einkanter , 250 Freeze–thaw cycle , 120 , 205 , 227 , 229 En echelon , 22 Freshwater–saltwater interface , 78 Endorheic basin , 243 Fringing reef , 188 Englacial , 205 , 209 Frontal moraine , 210 Entrenchment , 160 Frost action , 112 , 227 Environmental geomorphology , 1 Frost heaving , 229 , 230 , 236 Ephemeral channel , 157 , 160 Frost shattering , 111 , 120–122 , 227 , 228 , 230 Epigenic cave , 60 , 75 Frost sorting , 229 , 236 Epikarst , 59 , 60 , 65 , 68 , 77 Frozen ground , 227 Equifi nality , 2 , 21 , 60 , 104 , 236 Fumarole , 52 Erg , 243 Erosional plain , 103 Erratic , 210 G Eruption , 48 Gelifl uction , 133 Eruptive column , 35 Gelifraction , 120 Esker , 212–213 Geochronological methods , 2 Estuary , 183–185 Geomorphic anomaly , 21 Evaporite collapse valley , 65 Geyserite , 52 Evaporite , 244 Geyser , 52 Explosion pit , 41 Ghourds , 260 Explosive , 35 , 48 Gigantic landslide , 50 Extensional , 21 Glacial budget , 205 Glacial valley , 207–208 Glacier , 206 F Glaciofl uvial , 212 , 213 Faceted spur , 23 Glacioisostatic rebound , 205 Fall , 127 , 130–132 Glaciolacustrine , 205 , 212–213 Falling dune , 260 Glaciomarine , 205 Fan delta , 166 Glacis , 166 Fault escarpment , 22 Global warming , 1 , 112 , 179 , 205 , 227 Fault facet , 22–24 Gnamma , 112–113 Fault-line , 22 Goldich’s weathering series , 103 Fault scarp , 21–22 Gorge , 67 , 158 Fault tip , 22 , 28 Gour , 81 , 82 Feeder conduit , 78 Gradualism , 2 Felsenmeer , 228 Granite , 103 Felsic lava , 42 Granite boulder , 104 Fengcong , 65 Granitoid , 103 Fenglin , 65 Granodiorite , 103 Fill-cut terrace , 162 Granular disintegration , 112 Fill terrace , 162 Grike , 74 Fins , 15 Groove , 208 Firn , 205 Ground moraine , 210 Fissure eruption , 35 Growing anticline , 28 Fjord , 183 , 207–208 Grus , 103 , 104 Flachkarren , 74 Gully , 167–175 Flaking , 112–120 Gypsum , 59 Flank collapse , 35 , 50 , 127 Gypsum tumuli , 125–126 266 Index

H J Halite , 59 Jameo , 42 Halocline , 78 Joint , 122 Halokinesis , 15 Jökulhlaup , 205 , 213 Hanging valley , 68 , 208 Hardpan , 248 Headcut , 158 K Headland , 180 Kamenitza , 69 Headwall , 206 Karren , 60 , 68 Heave , 24 Karrenfi eld , 68–69 Heelprint , 69 Karstifi cation , 111 Helictite , 82 , 88 Kettle hole , 17 , 210 , 213 Hillslope–channel coupling , 173 Keystone graben , 128 Historical geomorphology , 1 Kluftkarren , 74 Hogback , 6–7 Knickpoint , 26 , 65 , 158 , 208 Homoclinal , 6 Honeycomb weathering , 112 Hoodoo , 173 L Hornito , 42 Laccolith , 103 Horn , 207 Lagoon , 182–183 , 187 Hot mud pool , 52 Lahar , 129 , 142 Hot spot , 35 Landform , 2 Hot water pool , 52 Land reclamation , 179 Hummock , 236 Landslide-dammed lakes , 127 Hummocky moraine , 210 Landslide dam , 127 Hum , 60 Landslide , 127 Hydration , 111 Lapilli , 38 Hydrofracturing , 227 Last Glacial Maximum , 205 Hydrolaccolith , 240 Lateral moraine , 210 Hydrolysis , 103 , 111 Lateral spread , 127 , 128 Hydromagmatic eruption , 35 Laterite , 112 Hyperconcentrated fl ow , 129 Lava , 35 Hypogenic , 76 dome , 41–42 Hypogenic cave , 60 fl ow , 42 lake , 36 , 42 , 50 stalactite and stalagmites , 48 I tube , 42–48 Ice avalanche , 205 Ledge , 15 , 82 Ice cap , 206 Levee , 42 , 129 , 166 , 185 Ice-dammed lake , 205 Linear dune , 258 Ice fi eld , 206 Linear karren , 74 Ice lense , 227 Linear valley , 28 Ice marginal , 209 Listric failure plane , 128 Ice segregation , 227 Listric fault , 26 Ice sheet , 206 Lithic clast , 38 Ice shelf , 206 Lithic , 40 Ice thawing , 227 Lithospheric plate , 21 Ice wedge , 227 Lixiviation , 112 , 244 Iceberg , 205 , 206 Loess , 243 Impulse-water wave , 50 , 127 , 129 Longitudinal dune , 258–260 Incised bedrock meander , 158 Long-shore current , 179 , 181 Incision wave , 68 Low-tide cliff , 180 Infi ltration capacity , 157 Lunette , 250–251 Infl uent , 67 Infl uent stream , 160 Inselberg , 103–104 M Insolation weathering , 111 Maar , 27 , 40–41 Interglacial period , 180 Macrotidal , 179 Internal drainage , 60 Mafi c lava , 42 Internal erosion , 63 Magma , 35 Inter-rill area , 167 Magma chamber , 48 Intersection point , 166 Mammillary crust , 81 Interstratal dissolution , 59 Mangrove , 184 Interstratal karst , 59 Mantled karst , 59 Intraclast , 88 Mantled pediment , 65 , 166–167 Isostatic adjustment , 205 Marine terrace , 180–181 Index 267

Mass movement , 127 Palsa , 227 , 240 Master fault , 21 Pan , 243 , 250–251 , 258 Meander , 158 Parabolic dune , 264 Meandering channel , 158 Parasitic cone , 38 Medial moraine , 210 Patterned ground , 236–240 , 247 Mega-exfoliation , 104 Pavement , 74 Megageomorphology , 1 Peat bog , 208 Mesa , 3–6 , 248 Pedestal , 173 Mesotidal , 179 Pediment , 248–249 Microkarren , 68 Pedimentation , 249 Micropediment , 172 Pediplain , 10 , 249 Microtidal , 179 Pediplanation , 104 Mid-ocean ridge , 35 Pedogenesis , 111 Mogote , 65 Peloid , 251 Monoclinal , 26 Perched syncline , 13 Monoclinal scarp , 9 Perennial river , 157 Monocline , 9 Periclinal structure , 11 Monogenic , 38 Periglacial , 227 Moraine-dammed lake , 210 Permafrost , 227 , 231 , 236 Morphologic convergence , 2 , 21 , 60 , 104 , 236 Persistence time , 2 Morphometry , 1 Petrocalcic horizon , 247 Mountain front , 24 Phreatic , 60 , 65 Mountain–piedmont junction , 24 Phreatic cave , 75 Mud curl , 244 Phreatomagmatic eruption , 35 , 40 Mud fl at , 244 Physical weathering , 111 Mud fl ow , 129 , 173 Phytoclast , 88 Multilevel cave , 67 , 75 Phytoherm , 88 Piedmont glacier , 206 Piedmont , 22 , 162 N Pillar , 173 Namakier , 17 Pingo , 227 , 240 Natural arch , 180 Pinnacle , 74 , 175 Nearshore , 179 Pipe , 69 Nebkha dune , 260–264 Piping , 173 , 175–177 Neotectonic , 21 , 180 Piton , 50 Nivation , 227 , 230 Planation , 60 Nivation hollow , 230–231 Plate tectonics , 21 , 35 Non-saturated zone , 157 Playa lake , 243 , 244 , 250 Non-tectonic deformation , 21 Playa , 244 Nose , 28 Plucking , 158 , 205 , 207 , 208 Notch , 65 , 158 , 180 , 213 Plunge pool , 158 Nubbin , 104 Pluton , 103 Nunatak , 206 Pocket beache , 181 Pocket valley , 68 Point bar , 158 O Polished surface , 208 Obsequent , 7 Polje , 59 , 60 Offset , 28 Polygenetic landform , 249 Offset drainage , 28 Polygenetic volcanoe , 36 Offshore , 179 Polygonal crack , 227 , 244 Ogive , 41 , 42 Polygonal karst , 60 , 65 Oncoid , 81 , 88 Ponor , 60 , 68 Open polje , 60 Pool , 158 Outlet glacier , 206 Pool speleothem , 78–81 Outlier , 3 Pothole , 158 Overdeepened basin , 206 , 208 Pressure ridge , 22 , 28 Overland fl ow , 157 Prodelta , 185 Oxbow lake , 158 Proglacial , 205 Oxidation , 111 Proglacial lake , 207 Progradation , 179 Protalus rampart , 230–231 P Pseudobedding , 103 , 104 Pahoehoe basaltic fl ow , 42 Pseudokarst , 175 Pahoehoe fl ow , 42 Puka , 42 Paleoseismic evidence , 133 Pull-apart basin , 28 Paleoseismology , 22 Push moraine , 210 268 Index

Pyramidal peak , 207 Sagging sinkhole , 63–65 Pyroclastic , 35 Salada , 244 Pyroclastic fl o w , 3 5 , 4 1 Salar , 244 Salina , 244 Saline effl orescence , 112 Q Salinisation , 244 Quantitative geomorphology , 1 Salt blister , 247 Quarrying , 158 , 205 Salt crust , 247 Quick clay , 128 Salt fl at , 244 Salt marsh , 184 Salt pinnacle , 17 R Salt polygon , 247 Radial dyke , 103 Salt weathering , 111 , 112 , 244 Rain shadow , 243 Sand ramp , 260 Raindrop impression , 244 Sand sea , 243 Rainsplash erosion , 167 Sandur , 213 Raised platform , 180 Sapping , 15 Range front , 22 Sapping erosion , 158 , 173 Rasa , 180 Saturated zone , 157 Ravine , 158 Scallop , 87 , 158 Reef crest , 187 Scoria cone , 38 Reef fl at , 187 , 188 Scree , 227 Regolith , 112 , 113 Sea-level rise , 179 Reg , 249 Seamount , 35 Relative chronology , 2 Secondary fault , 21 Relict , 2 Segregated ice , 240 Relict slope ring , 248 Seif dune , 258 Relict slope , 248 Seismogenic fault , 21 , 22 Relief inversion , 167 , 168 , 248 Seismogenic potential , 21 Residual , 3 , 13 , 104 Shadow dune , 260 Response time , 2 Shaft , 76 Resurgence , 48 Shallow slide , 173 Rheology , 127 Sheetfl ooding , 249 Ria , 185 Sheetfl ood , 166 Ridge and runnel complex , 181 Sheetfl ow , 82 Ridge , 7–9 Sheeting , 103 , 104 , 111 , 122 Ridge-top depression , 133 Sheetwash , 157 , 167 Rift shoulder , 23 Shelfstone , 81 Rillenkarren , 74 Shield , 85 Rill , 167 Shield volcanoe , 38 Rimstone , 81 , 82 , 89 Shingle , 183 Ring , 103 Shoaling zone , 181 Ring fault , 48 Shore , 179 Rinnenkarren , 74 Shore platform , 180 Rip-up clast , 177 Shrub dune , 260 Riser , 162 Shutter ridge , 28 Roche moutonnée , 208–209 Sill , 103 Rock avalanche , 127 , 132 Sinkhole , 17 , 59 , 175 Rock-cut terrace , 162 Slide , 127 Rock disintegration , 111 Slip rate , 24 Rock glacier , 54 , 227 , 231–236 Slope movement , 127 Rock slide , 122 Slope wash , 230 Rock step , 208 Snow avalanche , 228 , 230 Rock wall , 7–9 Snow patche , 230 Rogen/ribbed moraines , 210 Soil arche , 175 Root wedging , 111 Soil slide , 128 , 129 , 131 Rosette , 42 Solfatara , 52 Rotational slide , 128 Solifl uction , 133 , 230 Run out , 130 lobe , 133 Rundkarren , 74 sheet , 133 Runout , 129 , 132 Solubility , 59 Solution fl ute , 74 Solution notch , 86–87 S Solution pan , 69 Sabkha , 183 , 247 Solution pit , 69 Sackung , 132–133 Solution runnel , 74 Sagging , 59 Solution shaft , 69 Index 269

Solution sinkhole , 59 , 60 Terminal moraine , 210 Spalling , 113–120 , 173 Terra rossa , 60 Spatter , 38 Terrace , 160–162 Speleogen , 60 , 86 Terracette , 133 Speleothem , 60 Thaw settlement , 236 Spheroidal weathering , 104 , 120 Thermal contraction , 227 Spit , 179 , 182 Thermal contraction cracking , 236 Spitzkarren , 74 Thermal equilibrium , 227 Spongework , 76 , 78 Thermal expansion , 113 Spring sapping , 68 Thermal spring , 88 Spring tide , 179 Thermokarst , 210 , 227 , 231 , 240 Stack , 180 Thermokarst depression , 240 Stalactite , 81 Throughfl ow , 157 Stalagmite , 81 Throw , 24 Star dune , 260 Tidal fl at , 184 Steephead , 68 Tide , 179 Step-over , 22 , 28 Tie bar , 183 Step , 158 Till , 209 Stone decay , 112 Tombolo , 183 Stone pavement , 249 Topple , 127 , 129–130 Stoping , 60 , 85 Toppling , 128 Straight channel , 158 Tor , 104 Strath terrace , 162 Tower karst , 183 Stratovolcano , 26 , 35 , 36 Tower , 74 Straw stalactite , 81 Translational slide , 127–128 Stream power , 157 Transverse , 26 Stream , 67 drainage , 11 , 24 , 69 Stress release , 122 dune , 258 Striation , 208 Trapezoidal fault facet , 24 Strike-slip , 21 Travertine deposit , 88–89 Strike-slip fault , 21 , 28–32 Tread , 160 Stromatolite , 88 Tremor , 27 Structural bench , 3 Trenching , 21 Structural collapse , 50 Triangular , 24 Structural geomorphology , 2 facet , 29 Structural karren , 74–75 slope facet , 248 Sturzstrom , 128 , 132 Trimline , 17 , 208 Subglacial , 205 , 209 Tripartite slope , 248 Subglacial eruption , 38 Trittkarren , 69 Subsequent , 7 Trough , 28 Subsidence sinkhole , 59 Tsunami , 35 , 50 , 127 Suffosion , 59 Tufa deposit , 87–88 Suffosion sinkhole , 63 , 86 Tufa mound , 88 , 89 Superimposed river , 65 T u f f , 3 8 Superimposition , 11 cone , 38 Supraglacial , 205 , 209 ring , 40 Surf zone , 179 , 181 Tumuli , 42 Suspended load , 157 , 158 Tunnel erosion , 175 Swallow hole , 60 , 68 Tuya , 38 Swash , 179 Swash zone , 179 , 181 Swelling clay , 175 U Synthetic , 21 Unconfi ned aquifer , 75 Unloading , 111 , 122 Unloading joint , 104 T Uphill-facing scarp, 32 , 132 Table mountain , 38 Upstream-facing fault scarp , 28 Talik , 227 , 240 Upstream-facing scarp, 26 Talus cone , 54 , 130 , 227–228 Uvala , 59 Talus fl atiron , 248 Talus slope , 130 , 227–228 Tectonic fi ssure , 24–26 V Tectonic landform , 21 Vadose , 60 Tectonic rejuvenation , 24 Valley-centred anticline , 11 Tectonic subsidence , 22 Valley fi ll , 160 Temperate glacier , 205 Valley glacier , 206 Tepee , 247 Ventifact , 243 , 250 270 Index

Vent , 35 Weathering , 111 Volcanic plug , 50 cortex , 120 Volcanic rift , 26 crust , 125 Volcanic vent , 50 front , 103 , 112 pit , 112 proﬁ le , 103 W Wedge failure , 128 , 133 Wadi , 160 Wetting and drying , 111 , 112 Wash , 160 Wind gap , 28 Wash-over fan , 182 , 183 Wind regime , 258 Waterfall , 158 , 208 Water gap , 11 Watershed , 157 Y Wave-cut platform , 180 Yardang , 243 , 245 , 250 Wave , 179 Yield strength , 205