DOCSLIB.ORG

Ice Thickness, Internal Structure and Subglacial Topography of Bowles

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ice Thickness, Internal Structure and Subglacial Topography of Bowles Ice thickness, internal structure and subglacial topography of Bowles Plateau ice cap and the main ice divides of Livingston Island, Antarctica, by ground-based radio-echo sounding Yu.Ya. MACHERET,1 J. OTERO,2 F.J. NAVARRO,2 E.V. VASILENKO,3 M.I. CORCUERA, M.L. CUADRADO,2 A.F. GLAZOVSKY1 11nstitute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Staromonetny Street, 109017 Moscow, Russia 2Departamento Matematica Aplicada, ETSI de Telecomunicacion, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Avenida Complutense 30, ES-28040 Madrid, Spain E-mail: [email protected] 3 Institute of Industrial Research Akadempribor, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Akademgorodok, St. F. Hujaev28, Tashkent WOT25, Uzbekistan ABSTRACT. We present the results of low-frequency (20 MHz) radio-echo sounding (RES) carried out in December 2000 and December 2006 on the main ice divides of Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands (SSI), Antarctica, and Bowles Plateau, Antarctica, respectively, as well as high-frequency (200 MHz) RES on the latter, aimed at determining the ice thickness, internal structure and subglacial relief. Typical ice thickness along the main ice divides is ~150m, reaching maxima of ~200m. On Bowles Plateau the ice is much thicker, with an average of 265 m and maxima of ~500 m. The bed below the main ice divides is above sea level, while part of the outlet glaciers from Bowles Plateau lies significantly below sea level, down to -120 m. The strong scattering of the radio waves in the areas under study constitutes further evidence that the ice in the accumulation area of the ice masses of the SSI is temperate. Typical thickness of the firn layer in Bowles Plateau is 20-35 m, similar to that found in King George ice cap. A strong internal reflector within the firn layer, interpreted as a tephra layer from the 1970 eruption at Deception Island, has allowed a rough estimate of the specific mass balances for Bowles Plateau within 0.20-0.40 m a"1 w.e., as average values for the period 1970-2006. INTRODUCTION 2002; Travassos and SimSes, 2004) and Livingston Island. At the latter location, until very recently the ice thickness was The South Shetland Islands (SSI) are located at ~115 km to known only at four points in the northeastern part of the the west of the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula and island from airborne radio-echo sounding (RES) performed comprise 18 ice-covered islands, King George and Living­ in 1975 by the British Antarctic Survey at a frequency of ston Islands being the two largest (Fig. 1a). Ice-temperature 35 MHz (personal communication from D. Vaughan, 1995), measurements in shallow boreholes have indicated that the showing ice thickness between 200 and 400m. At ice masses in the accumulation areas of these islands and Livingston Island, ice-thickness measurements by seismic neighbouring Nelson Island (Fig. 1a) are temperate (Orheim refraction and reflection techniques were carried out on and Govorukha, 1982; Ren and others, 1995; Hun and Johnsons Glacier, Hurd Peninsula, in the vicinity of the Kang, 2002; Travassos and Simoes, 2004), in contrast with Spanish Antarctic station Juan Carlos I, in 1996/97 and the prevailing cold thermal regime of the ice masses further 1997/98 (Benjumea and Teixido, 2001; Benjumea and south in Antarctica. However, some evidence has been put others, 2003; Navarro and others, 2005). Detailed ice- forward concerning the polythermal structureof the ablation thickness measurements were also carried out at Johnsons area of certain glaciers such as Hurd Glacier, Livingston and Hurd Glaciers by ground-based RES in 1999/2000, Island (Molina and others, 2007). During the last 40years 2000/01, 2001/02, 2003/04 and 2004/05 (Benjumea and the ice caps in King George and Livingston Islands have others, 2003; Navarro and others, 2005; Molina and others, retreated by 6.6% and 4.3% in area, respectively, reflecting 2007). Larger-scale ground-based RES measurements on higher than average climate warming in this region (Simoes Livingston Island were also performed in December 2000, and Bremer, 1995; Macheret and others, 1997a,b; Calvet along the main ice divides of the ice cap (Fig. 1b), and in and others, 1999; Macheret and Moskalevsky, 1999; Simoes December 2006 on the eastern part of the island, at Bowles and others, 1999; Molina and others, 2007). ice plateau and two neighbouring outlet glaciers, Huron According to estimations by Vinogradov and Psareva Glacier and an unnamed glacier north of Mount Bowles, (1990), based on analysis of large-scale (1 :2 500 000) maps both flowing eastwards (Fig. 1b and c). In this paper, we and available ice-thickness measurements, the total area of present and discuss the RES data collected in these two latter the archipelago is 3728 km2, the average ice thickness is areas, as well as related data on the radio-wave velocity in 140 m and the total ice volume is 469.7 km3. the glacier firn-ice sequence. These data are of interest in order to estimate the total ice volume stored in the SSI, and In the SSI, data on ice thickness have only been collected therefore its potential contribution to sea-level rise, as the at Nelson Island (Ren and others, 1995), King George Island Antarctic Peninsula area is known to be very sensitive to (Govorukha and others, 1974; Macheret and others, climate warming. 1997a,b; Macheret and Moskalevsky, 1999; Hun and Kang, 62°W 58°W i-f Vi 62°S 2-King George *°^N«$ £> ^Nelson ?^v*s Livingston $ {7 ® 0 V e 64°S + + _£2L MMtfH CK«i f.^^^mf JwV Mt Bowles .%,V Radar profiles, 200G 0 C2 :.J D.B 1.2 ]A ti!fl« "JAM Fig. 1. (a) Location map for the South Shetland Islands, relative to Trinity Peninsula, Antarctic Peninsula, showing the location of King George, Nelson and Livingston islands, (b) Location of the radar profiles along the western ice divides of Livingston Island and Bowles Plateau, to the east, geo-referenced with respect to a Systeme Probatoire pour ('Observation de la Terre (SPOT) image taken in 2001. (c) Location of the low-frequency (20 MHz) radar profiles done on Bowles Plateau. METHODS Radar profiling Radar equipment and settings In December 2000, RES measurements with VIRL-2 were For radar measurements the following radar equipment was performed along the main ice divides of the ice cap (Fig. 1b). used: in 2000 the monopulse ice-penetrating radar VIRL-2 The total length of radar profiles was 46.5 km. More detailed with a central frequency of 20 MHz (Vasilenko and others, RES measurements with VIRL-6 were carried out at the 2002), and in 2006 its modification, the radar VIRL-6 Bowles ice plateau in December 2006 (Fig. 1b and c). The (Berikashvili and others, 2006), as well as a ground- total length of radar profiling was 101.5 km. In order to penetrating radar Ramac/GPR with 200MHz antennae. calibrate the stand-alone GPS elevation data, measurements VIRL-2 and VIRL-6 were used to determine the ice thickness, with a differential GPS (DGPS) receiver were also made at while Ramac was mainly intended for studying the structure both end-points of every radar profile. In the northwestern of the snow-firn sequence at Bowles ice plateau. In addition and southeastern parts of Bowles Plateau, measurements to radar data, navigation information from a global pos­ with Ramac 200MHz radar were also made in December itioning system (GPS) was recorded for both VIRL and 2006 (Fig. 2). In fact, the latter profiling covered the same Ramac radars, storing the data in a dedicated digital areas as those for the low-frequency radar (Fig. 1 c); however, recording system and a laptop, respectively. Two systems failures in the GPS receiver implied that only a fraction of of transmitter-receiver synchronization were used: a radio the total profiles (those shown in Fig. 2) were properly geo- link for VIRL-2 and an optic fibre link for VIRL-6 and Ramac. referenced. The total length of geo-referenced Ramac radar An odometer was also used to measure the distance along profiles was 33 km. the radar profiles and for transmitter triggering. VIRL-2 and VIRL-6 radars were installed on two Nansen Radio-wave velocity estimates sledges towed by a snowmobile, while Ramac radar was Radar profiles of 2000 and 2006 correspond to accumu­ placed on a plastic pulka. The distance between the lation areas. In order to calculate the thickness of the transmitting and receiving antennae of VIRL-2 and VIRL-6 snow-firn layer and the total snow-firn-ice column was 9 and 11 m, respectively, while for Ramac 200MHz it thickness we need appropriate radio-wave velocity (RWV) was set to 0.6 m. The antennae were arranged collinearly estimates. We rely on several data sources for such and following the profile direction. Radar and GPS data estimates (most of them our own data), all of them obtained were collected at 2-3 m distance between records for VIRL from Johnsons and Hurd Glaciers, not far from Bowles radars and 1 m for Ramac radar. Plateau. These consist of: Fig. 2. (a) Location of the high-frequency (200 MHz) radar profiles done on the northwestern and southeastern parts of Bowles Plateau, (b, c) Layout of the profiles, together with the corresponding firn-layer thickness maps. 1. RWV estimates from VIRL-2 radar diffraction hyperbolae reported for some areas of Hurd Peninsula ice cap during the measured in 1999/2000 and reported in Benjumea and period 1956-2000, though the average thickness change has others (2003), which provide the average RWV for the been of only -5.5 ± 4.4 m; Molina and others, 2007).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1922 Elizabeth T
    co.rYRIG HT, 192' The Moootainetro !scot1oror,d The MOUNTAINEER VOLUME FIFTEEN Number One D EC E M BER 15, 1 9 2 2 ffiount Adams, ffiount St. Helens and the (!oat Rocks I ncoq)Ora,tecl 1913 Organized 190!i EDITORlAL ST AitF 1922 Elizabeth T. Kirk,vood, Eclttor Margaret W. Hazard, Associate Editor· Fairman B. L�e, Publication Manager Arthur L. Loveless Effie L. Chapman Subsc1·iption Price. $2.00 per year. Annual ·(onl�') Se,·ent�·-Five Cents. Published by The Mountaineers lncorJ,orated Seattle, Washington Enlerecl as second-class matter December 15, 19t0. at the Post Office . at . eattle, "\Yash., under the .-\0t of March 3. 1879. .... I MOUNT ADAMS lllobcl Furrs AND REFLEC'rION POOL .. <§rtttings from Aristibes (. Jhoutribes Author of "ll3ith the <6obs on lltount ®l!!mµus" �. • � J� �·,,. ., .. e,..:,L....._d.L.. F_,,,.... cL.. ��-_, _..__ f.. pt",- 1-� r�._ '-';a_ ..ll.-�· t'� 1- tt.. �ti.. ..._.._....L- -.L.--e-- a';. ��c..L. 41- �. C4v(, � � �·,,-- �JL.,�f w/U. J/,--«---fi:( -A- -tr·�� �, : 'JJ! -, Y .,..._, e� .,...,____,� � � t-..__., ,..._ -u..,·,- .,..,_, ;-:.. � --r J /-e,-i L,J i-.,( '"'; 1..........,.- e..r- ,';z__ /-t.-.--,r� ;.,-.,.....__ � � ..-...,.,-<. ,.,.f--· :tL. ��- ''F.....- ,',L � .,.__ � 'f- f-� --"- ��7 � �. � �;')'... f ><- -a.c__ c/ � r v-f'.fl,'7'71.. I /!,,-e..-,K-// ,l...,"4/YL... t:l,._ c.J.� J..,_-...A 'f ',y-r/� �- lL.. ��•-/IC,/ ,V l j I '/ ;· , CONTENTS i Page Greetings .......................................................................tlristicles }!}, Phoiitricles ........ r The Mount Adams, Mount St. Helens, and the Goat Rocks Outing .......................................... B1/.ith Page Bennett 9 1 Selected References from Preceding Mount Adams and Mount St.
    [Show full text]
  • 1961 Climbers Outing in the Icefield Range of the St
    the Mountaineer 1962 Entered as second-class matter, April 8, 1922, at Post Office in Seattle, Wash., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Published monthly and semi-monthly during March and December by THE MOUNTAINEERS, P. 0. Box 122, Seattle 11, Wash. Clubroom is at 523 Pike Street in Seattle. Subscription price is $3.00 per year. The Mountaineers To explore and study the mountains, forests, and watercourses of the Northwest; To gather into permanent form the history and traditions of this region; To preserve by the encouragement of protective legislation or otherwise the natural beauty of Northwest America; To make expeditions into these regions in fulfillment of the above purposes; To encourage a spirit of good fellowship among all lovers of outdoor Zif e. EDITORIAL STAFF Nancy Miller, Editor, Marjorie Wilson, Betty Manning, Winifred Coleman The Mountaineers OFFICERS AND TRUSTEES Robert N. Latz, President Peggy Lawton, Secretary Arthur Bratsberg, Vice-President Edward H. Murray, Treasurer A. L. Crittenden Frank Fickeisen Peggy Lawton John Klos William Marzolf Nancy Miller Morris Moen Roy A. Snider Ira Spring Leon Uziel E. A. Robinson (Ex-Officio) James Geniesse (Everett) J. D. Cockrell (Tacoma) James Pennington (Jr. Representative) OFFICERS AND TRUSTEES : TACOMA BRANCH Nels Bjarke, Chairman Wilma Shannon, Treasurer Harry Connor, Vice Chairman Miles Johnson John Freeman (Ex-Officio) (Jr. Representative) Jack Gallagher James Henriot Edith Goodman George Munday Helen Sohlberg, Secretary OFFICERS: EVERETT BRANCH Jim Geniesse, Chairman Dorothy Philipp, Secretary Ralph Mackey, Treasurer COPYRIGHT 1962 BY THE MOUNTAINEERS The Mountaineer Climbing Code· A climbing party of three is the minimum, unless adequate support is available who have knowledge that the climb is in progress.
    [Show full text]
  • Calving Processes and the Dynamics of Calving Glaciers ⁎ Douglas I
    Earth-Science Reviews 82 (2007) 143–179 www.elsevier.com/locate/earscirev Calving processes and the dynamics of calving glaciers ⁎ Douglas I. Benn a,b, , Charles R. Warren a, Ruth H. Mottram a a School of Geography and Geosciences, University of St Andrews, KY16 9AL, UK b The University Centre in Svalbard, PO Box 156, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway Received 26 October 2006; accepted 13 February 2007 Available online 27 February 2007 Abstract Calving of icebergs is an important component of mass loss from the polar ice sheets and glaciers in many parts of the world. Calving rates can increase dramatically in response to increases in velocity and/or retreat of the glacier margin, with important implications for sea level change. Despite their importance, calving and related dynamic processes are poorly represented in the current generation of ice sheet models. This is largely because understanding the ‘calving problem’ involves several other long-standing problems in glaciology, combined with the difficulties and dangers of field data collection. In this paper, we systematically review different aspects of the calving problem, and outline a new framework for representing calving processes in ice sheet models. We define a hierarchy of calving processes, to distinguish those that exert a fundamental control on the position of the ice margin from more localised processes responsible for individual calving events. The first-order control on calving is the strain rate arising from spatial variations in velocity (particularly sliding speed), which determines the location and depth of surface crevasses. Superimposed on this first-order process are second-order processes that can further erode the ice margin.
    [Show full text]
  • Ice Flow Impacts the Firn Structure of Greenland's Percolation Zone
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2019 Ice Flow Impacts the Firn Structure of Greenland's Percolation Zone Rosemary C. Leone University of Montana, Missoula Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Part of the Glaciology Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Leone, Rosemary C., "Ice Flow Impacts the Firn Structure of Greenland's Percolation Zone" (2019). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 11474. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/11474 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ICE FLOW IMPACTS THE FIRN STRUCTURE OF GREENLAND’S PERCOLATION ZONE By ROSEMARY CLAIRE LEONE Bachelor of Science, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 2015 Thesis presented in partial fulfillMent of the requireMents for the degree of Master of Science in Geosciences The University of Montana Missoula, MT DeceMber 2019 Approved by: Scott Whittenburg, Dean of The Graduate School Graduate School Dr. Joel T. Harper, Chair DepartMent of Geosciences Dr. Toby W. Meierbachtol DepartMent of Geosciences Dr. Jesse V. Johnson DepartMent of Computer Science i Leone, RoseMary, M.S, Fall 2019 Geosciences Ice Flow Impacts the Firn Structure of Greenland’s Percolation Zone Chairperson: Dr. Joel T. Harper One diMensional siMulations of firn evolution neglect horizontal transport as the firn column Moves down slope during burial.
    [Show full text]
  • High Arctic Holocene Temperature Record from the Agassiz Ice Cap and Greenland Ice Sheet Evolution
    High Arctic Holocene temperature record from the Agassiz ice cap and Greenland ice sheet evolution Benoit S. Lecavaliera,1, David A. Fisherb, Glenn A. Milneb, Bo M. Vintherc, Lev Tarasova, Philippe Huybrechtsd, Denis Lacellee, Brittany Maine, James Zhengf, Jocelyne Bourgeoisg, and Arthur S. Dykeh,i aDepartment of Physics and Physical Oceanography, Memorial University, St. John’s, Canada, A1B 3X7; bDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, K1N 6N5; cCentre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2100; dEarth System Science and Departement Geografie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, 1050; eDepartment of Geography, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, K1N 6N5; fGeological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Canada, K1A 0E8; gConsorminex Inc., Gatineau, Canada, J8R 3Y3; hDepartment of Earth Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada, B3H 4R2; and iDepartment of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, H3A 2T7 Edited by Jeffrey P. Severinghaus, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, and approved April 18, 2017 (received for review October 2, 2016) We present a revised and extended high Arctic air temperature leading the authors to adopt a spatially homogeneous change in reconstruction from a single proxy that spans the past ∼12,000 y air temperature across the region spanned by these two ice caps. 18 (up to 2009 CE). Our reconstruction from the Agassiz ice cap (Elles- By removing the temperature signal from the δ O record of mere Island, Canada) indicates an earlier and warmer Holocene other Greenland ice cores (Fig. 1A), the residual was used to thermal maximum with early Holocene temperatures that are estimate altitude changes of the ice surface through time.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Remote Sensing Extraction Methods for Glacier Firn Line- Considering Urumqi Glacier No.1 As the Experimental Area
    E3S Web of Conferences 218, 04024 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021804024 ISEESE 2020 Comparison of remote sensing extraction methods for glacier firn line- considering Urumqi Glacier No.1 as the experimental area YANJUN ZHAO1, JUN ZHAO1, XIAOYING YUE2and YANQIANG WANG1 1College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China 2State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources/Tien Shan Glaciological Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China Abstract. In mid-latitude glaciers, the altitude of the snowline at the end of the ablating season can be used to indicate the equilibrium line, which can be used as an approximation for it. In this paper, Urumqi Glacier No.1 was selected as the experimental area while Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI images were used to analyze and compare the accuracy as well as applicability of the visual interpretation, Normalized Difference Snow Index, single-band threshold and albedo remote sensing inversion methods for the extraction of the firn lines. The results show that the visual interpretation and the albedo remote sensing inversion methods have strong adaptability, alonger with the high accuracy of the extracted firn line while it is followed by the Normalized Difference Snow Index and the single-band threshold methods. In the year with extremely negative mass balance, the altitude deviation of the firn line extracted by different methods is increased. Except for the years with extremely negative mass balance, the altitude of the firn line at the end of the ablating season has a good indication for the altitude of the balance line.
    [Show full text]
  • Glacier (And Ice Sheet) Mass Balance
    Glacier (and ice sheet) Mass Balance The long-term average position of the highest (late summer) firn line ! is termed the Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA) Firn is old snow How an ice sheet works (roughly): Accumulation zone ablation zone ice land ocean • Net accumulation creates surface slope Why is the NH insolation important for global ice• sheetSurface advance slope causes (Milankovitch ice to flow towards theory)? edges • Accumulation (and mass flow) is balanced by ablation and/or calving Why focus on summertime? Ice sheets are very sensitive to Normal summertime temperatures! • Ice sheet has parabolic shape. • line represents melt zone • small warming increases melt zone (horizontal area) a lot because of shape! Slightly warmer Influence of shape Warmer climate freezing line Normal freezing line ground Furthermore temperature has a powerful influence on melting rate Temperature and Ice Mass Balance Summer Temperature main factor determining ice growth e.g., a warming will Expand ablation area, lengthen melt season, increase the melt rate, and increase proportion of precip falling as rain It may also bring more precip to the region Since ablation rate increases rapidly with increasing temperature – Summer melting controls ice sheet fate* – Orbital timescales - Summer insolation must control ice sheet growth *Not true for Antarctica in near term though, where it ʼs too cold to melt much at surface Temperature and Ice Mass Balance Rule of thumb is that 1C warming causes an additional 1m of melt (see slope of ablation curve at right)
    [Show full text]
  • Alaska Range
    Alaska Range Introduction The heavily glacierized Alaska Range consists of a number of adjacent and discrete mountain ranges that extend in an arc more than 750 km long (figs. 1, 381). From east to west, named ranges include the Nutzotin, Mentas- ta, Amphitheater, Clearwater, Tokosha, Kichatna, Teocalli, Tordrillo, Terra Cotta, and Revelation Mountains. This arcuate mountain massif spans the area from the White River, just east of the Canadian Border, to Merrill Pass on the western side of Cook Inlet southwest of Anchorage. Many of the indi- Figure 381.—Index map of vidual ranges support glaciers. The total glacier area of the Alaska Range is the Alaska Range showing 2 approximately 13,900 km (Post and Meier, 1980, p. 45). Its several thousand the glacierized areas. Index glaciers range in size from tiny unnamed cirque glaciers with areas of less map modified from Field than 1 km2 to very large valley glaciers with lengths up to 76 km (Denton (1975a). Figure 382.—Enlargement of NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) image mosaic of the Alaska Range in summer 1995. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration image mosaic from Mike Fleming, Alaska Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Anchorage, Alaska. The numbers 1–5 indicate the seg- ments of the Alaska Range discussed in the text. K406 SATELLITE IMAGE ATLAS OF GLACIERS OF THE WORLD and Field, 1975a, p. 575) and areas of greater than 500 km2. Alaska Range glaciers extend in elevation from above 6,000 m, near the summit of Mount McKinley, to slightly more than 100 m above sea level at Capps and Triumvi- rate Glaciers in the southwestern part of the range.
    [Show full text]
  • Greenland's Ice Cap Super Melting Is Currently Losing 200 Cubic Kilometres Our Swiss Army Kit for of Ice Each Year — and Accelerating
    MORE GOOD STUFF Speeding up! ADSL DIY We show you how to make Turbocharge your Internet your PC run faster. without having to call in the geeks. Communities: Mon, 21 Aug 2006 You are in: Cooltech > Science & Nature BLOGS CLASSIFIEDS ENVIRONMENT CONVERTERS Greenland's ice cap super DOWNLOADS melting FEATURES Fri, 11 Aug 2006 GAMES MOBILE MAGIC The vast ice cap that covers most of NEW IDEAS Greenland is melting at a spectacular rate, and three times faster than five NEWSLETTER years ago, reports National Geographic SCIENCE & NATURE News. Swiss Army Kit SPACE SWISS ARMY KIT This is according to a new study, Frustrated published online by the journal Science, More Science & Nature TECH NEWS with your PC? which further indicates that Greenland Check out THE GADGET CORNER Greenland's ice cap super melting is currently losing 200 cubic kilometres our Swiss Army Kit for of ice each year — and accelerating. 'Warrior' gene 'linked' to Maori violence the answer! eMail the Ads by Goooooogle Where there's muck, there's Monet Cooltech Editor if you The study also finds that the melting Electric Snow Melt have a problem, and polar ice is raising sea levels around the Elephants show capacity for compassion we'll do our best to Cables globe. This could have a serious impact First koala born in Africa help! Waterproof Electric as global sea levels will rise by 6.5 Heating Cable Thick metres if all the ice on Greenland were China promises smog-free Olympics means durability.Since The Tech Set to melt, which could result in many Adventurer finishes 327km Thames swim 1930 islands being wiped out and even low- www.WarmYourFloor.com lying countries such as the Netherlands.
    [Show full text]
  • Dear Editor and Reviewers
    Dear Editor and Reviewers, We are grateful for your constructive review of our manuscript. We made our best to address all the suggestions and provide an improved and fully revised manuscript. A response to each of the reviewers’ comments is given below but we would like to highlight the most important updates of manuscript: - We now present a research article with improved visuals and more in-depth discussion. - We compare our FAC dataset and maps to three regional climate models. - The construction of empirical functions is slightly updated, simplified and presented in the main text. We thank the reviewers for improving significantly the study. Sincerely, Baptiste Vandecrux on behalf of the co-authors Review #1 by Sergey Marchenko Reviewer’s comment Authors’ response General comments Physical geography. Authors use the mean annual air temperature and net surface accumulation as arguments in functions describing the spatial distribution of FAC10. The functions are fitted to minimize the misfit with empirical estimates of FAC10 from cores. One important thing that is missing in the text is a detailed description of the physical (or may be practical) motivation for the choice of the above mentioned arguments. Both characteristics (net annual surface accumulation and mean annual air temperature) integrate the effects of processes occurring during the cold and warm parts of a year. Net annual surface accumulation is the result of mass accumulation in winter and surface melt in In our study 풃̅̇ is defined as “net snow summer. While the first one can be expected to be positively linked with FAC (more accumulation in accumulation” (snowfall + deposition – sublimation) and is not “Net annual surface winter -> more pores), the second one can be expected to be negatively linked with FAC (more melt accumulation”.
    [Show full text]
  • Integración De Modelos Numéricos De Glaciares Y Procesado De Datos De Georradar En Un Sistema De Información Geográfica Tesis Doctoral
    Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación Integración de modelos numéricos de glaciares y procesado de datos de georradar en un sistema de información geográfica Tesis Doctoral por Ricardo Rodríguez Cielos Ingeniero de Telecomunicación Ingeniero Técnico en Topografía, Geodesia y Cartografía Año 2014 Departamento de Matemática Aplicada a las Tecnologías de la Información Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación Integración de modelos numéricos de glaciares y procesado de datos de georradar en un sistema de información geográfica Autor: Ricardo Rodríguez Cielos Ingeniero de Telecomunicación Ingeniero Técnico en Topografía, Geodesia y Cartografía Directores: Francisco José Navarro Valero Javier Jesús Lapazaran Izargain Doctor en Ciencias Físicas Doctor Ingeniero de Telecomunicación Año 2014 III IV Tribunal nombrado por el Mgfco. y Excemo. Sr. Rector de la Uni- versidad Politécnica de Madrid, el día ____ de __________ de 2014. Presidente D. Vocal D. Vocal D. Vocal D. Vocal Secretario D. Realizado el acto de defensa y lectura de la Tesis el día ____ de __________ de 2014, en ____________. Calificación: ________________________ EL PRESIDENTE LOS VOCALES EL VOCAL SECRETARIO V A mis hijos, a ella, a mis padres, a mi familia, a mis compañeros, a mis profesores y a mis alumnos. VII Resumen Resumen Los modelos de termomecánica glaciar están definidos mediante sistemas de ecuaciones en derivadas parciales que establecen los principios básicos de conservación de masa, momento lineal y energía, acompañados por una ley constitutiva que define la relación entre las tensiones a las que está sometido el hielo glaciar y las deformaciones resultantes de las mismas. La resolución de estas ecuaciones requiere la definición precisa del dominio (la geometría del glaciar, obtenido a partir de medidas topográficas y de georradar), así como contar con un conjunto de condiciones de contorno, que se obtienen a partir de medidas de campo de las variables implicadas y que constituyen un conjunto de datos geoespaciales.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 7 Seasonal Snow Cover, Ice and Permafrost
    I Chapter 7 Seasonal snow cover, ice and permafrost Co-Chairmen: R.B. Street, Canada P.I. Melnikov, USSR Expert contributors: D. Riseborough (Canada); O. Anisimov (USSR); Cheng Guodong (China); V.J. Lunardini (USA); M. Gavrilova (USSR); E.A. Köster (The Netherlands); R.M. Koerner (Canada); M.F. Meier (USA); M. Smith (Canada); H. Baker (Canada); N.A. Grave (USSR); CM. Clapperton (UK); M. Brugman (Canada); S.M. Hodge (USA); L. Menchaca (Mexico); A.S. Judge (Canada); P.G. Quilty (Australia); R.Hansson (Norway); J.A. Heginbottom (Canada); H. Keys (New Zealand); D.A. Etkin (Canada); F.E. Nelson (USA); D.M. Barnett (Canada); B. Fitzharris (New Zealand); I.M. Whillans (USA); A.A. Velichko (USSR); R. Haugen (USA); F. Sayles (USA); Contents 1 Introduction 7-1 2 Environmental impacts 7-2 2.1 Seasonal snow cover 7-2 2.2 Ice sheets and glaciers 7-4 2.3 Permafrost 7-7 2.3.1 Nature, extent and stability of permafrost 7-7 2.3.2 Responses of permafrost to climatic changes 7-10 2.3.2.1 Changes in permafrost distribution 7-12 2.3.2.2 Implications of permafrost degradation 7-14 2.3.3 Gas hydrates and methane 7-15 2.4 Seasonally frozen ground 7-16 3 Socioeconomic consequences 7-16 3.1 Seasonal snow cover 7-16 3.2 Glaciers and ice sheets 7-17 3.3 Permafrost 7-18 3.4 Seasonally frozen ground 7-22 4 Future deliberations 7-22 Tables Table 7.1 Relative extent of terrestrial areas of seasonal snow cover, ice and permafrost (after Washburn, 1980a and Rott, 1983) 7-2 Table 7.2 Characteristics of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets (based on Oerlemans and van der Veen, 1984) 7-5 Table 7.3 Effect of terrestrial ice sheets on sea-level, adapted from Workshop on Glaciers, Ice Sheets and Sea Level: Effect of a COylnduced Climatic Change.
    [Show full text]