Integración De Modelos Numéricos De Glaciares Y Procesado De Datos De Georradar En Un Sistema De Información Geográfica Tesis Doctoral

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Integración De Modelos Numéricos De Glaciares Y Procesado De Datos De Georradar En Un Sistema De Información Geográfica Tesis Doctoral Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación Integración de modelos numéricos de glaciares y procesado de datos de georradar en un sistema de información geográfica Tesis Doctoral por Ricardo Rodríguez Cielos Ingeniero de Telecomunicación Ingeniero Técnico en Topografía, Geodesia y Cartografía Año 2014 Departamento de Matemática Aplicada a las Tecnologías de la Información Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación Integración de modelos numéricos de glaciares y procesado de datos de georradar en un sistema de información geográfica Autor: Ricardo Rodríguez Cielos Ingeniero de Telecomunicación Ingeniero Técnico en Topografía, Geodesia y Cartografía Directores: Francisco José Navarro Valero Javier Jesús Lapazaran Izargain Doctor en Ciencias Físicas Doctor Ingeniero de Telecomunicación Año 2014 III IV Tribunal nombrado por el Mgfco. y Excemo. Sr. Rector de la Uni- versidad Politécnica de Madrid, el día ____ de __________ de 2014. Presidente D. Vocal D. Vocal D. Vocal D. Vocal Secretario D. Realizado el acto de defensa y lectura de la Tesis el día ____ de __________ de 2014, en ____________. Calificación: ________________________ EL PRESIDENTE LOS VOCALES EL VOCAL SECRETARIO V A mis hijos, a ella, a mis padres, a mi familia, a mis compañeros, a mis profesores y a mis alumnos. VII Resumen Resumen Los modelos de termomecánica glaciar están definidos mediante sistemas de ecuaciones en derivadas parciales que establecen los principios básicos de conservación de masa, momento lineal y energía, acompañados por una ley constitutiva que define la relación entre las tensiones a las que está sometido el hielo glaciar y las deformaciones resultantes de las mismas. La resolución de estas ecuaciones requiere la definición precisa del dominio (la geometría del glaciar, obtenido a partir de medidas topográficas y de georradar), así como contar con un conjunto de condiciones de contorno, que se obtienen a partir de medidas de campo de las variables implicadas y que constituyen un conjunto de datos geoespaciales. El objetivo fundamental de esta tesis es desarrollar una serie de herramientas que nos permitan definir con precisión la geometría del glaciar y disponer de un conjunto adecuado de valores de las variables a utilizar como condiciones de contorno del problema. Para ello, en esta tesis se aborda la recopilación, la integración y el estudio de los datos geoespaciales existentes para la Península Hurd, en la Isla Livingston (Antártida), generados desde el año 1957 hasta la actualidad, en un sistema de información geográfica. Del correcto tratamiento y procesamiento de estos datos se obtienen otra serie de elementos que nos permiten realizar la simulación numérica del régimen termomecánico presente de los glaciares de Península Hurd, así como su evolución futura. Con este objetivo se desarrolla en primer lugar un inventario completo de datos geoespaciales y se realiza un procesado de los datos capturados en campo, para establecer un sistema de referencia común a todos ellos. Se unifican además todos los datos bajo un mismo formato estándar de almacenamiento e intercambio de información, generándose los metadatos correspondientes. Se desarrollan asimismo técnicas para la mejora de los procedimientos de captura y procesado de los datos, de forma que se minimicen los errores y se disponga de estimaciones fiables de los mismos. XI Resumen El hecho de que toda la información se integre en un sistema de información geográfica (una vez producida la normalización e inventariado de la misma) permite su consulta rápida y ágil por terceros. Además, hace posible efectuar sobre ella una serie de operaciones conducentes a la obtención de nuevas capas de información. El análisis de estos nuevos datos permite explicar el comportamiento pasado de los glaciares objeto de estudio y proporciona elementos esenciales para la simulación de su comportamiento futuro. XII Abstract Abstract Glacier thermo-mechanical models are defined by systems of partial differential equations stating the basic principles of conservation of mass, momentum and energy, accompanied by a constitutive principle that defines the relationship between the stresses acting on the ice and the resulting deformations. The solution of these equations requires an accurate definition of the model domain (the geometry of the glacier, obtained from topographical and ground penetrating radar measurements), as well as a set of boundary conditions, which are obtained from measurements of the variables involved and define a set of geospatial data. The main objective of this thesis is to develop tools able to provide an accurate definition of the glacier geometry and getting a proper set of values for the variables to be used as boundary conditions of our problem. With the above aim, this thesis focuses on the collection, compilation and study of the geospatial data existing for the Hurd Peninsula on Livingston Island, Antarctica, generated since 1957 to present, into a geographic information system. The correct handling and processing of these data results on a new collection of elements that allow us to numerically model the present state and the future evolution of Hurd Peninsula glaciers. First, a complete inventory of geospatial data is developed and the captured data are processed, with the aim of establishing a reference system common to all collections of data. All data are stored under a common standard format, and the corresponding metadata are generated to facilitate the information exchange. We also develop techniques for the improvement of the procedures used for capturing and processing the data, such that the errors are minimized and better estimated. All information is integrated into a geographic information system (once produced the standardization and inventory of it). This allows easy and fast viewing and consulting of the data by third parties. Also, it is possible to carry out a series of operations leading to the production of new layers of information. The analysis of these new data allows to explain past glacier behavior, and provides essential elements for explaining its future evolution. XV Índice Índice Resumen IX Abstract XIII Índice XVII Prefacio XXV Antecedentes y motivación XXVII El modelo de termomecánica glaciar y sus datos de entrada XXIX Objetivos de la tesis XXXII Breve descripción del contenido de la tesis XXXV 1. Marco teórico 1 1.1. Modelos y estructuras de datos 3 1.1.1. Bases de datos 3 1.1.2. Estructura de datos ráster y vectorial 7 1.2. Geodesia y Cartografía 12 1.2.1. Sistemas de referencia globales 12 1.2.2. Geometría elemental del elipsoide de revolución 12 1.2.3. Sistema de referencia terrestre geocéntrico 15 1.2.4. Problema directo: cálculo de las coordenadas cartesianas de un punto a partir de sus 17 coordenadas geodésicas 1.2.5. Problema inversa: cálculo de las coordenadas geodésicas de un punto a partir de sus 18 coordenadas cartesianas 1.2.6. Orientación 19 1.2.7. Transformación general entre dos sistemas de 20 coordenadas cartesianos 1.2.8. Proyecciones cartográficas 24 1.2.9. Teoría general de deformaciones 26 1.2.10. La proyección UTM 32 XIX Índice 1.2.11. La proyección UPS 45 1.2.12. El campo de gravedad terrestre 48 1.3. Ajuste de observaciones, curvas y superficies 53 1.3.1. Ajuste de observaciones por mínimos cuadrados 53 1.3.2. Representación del relieve 56 1.4. Sistemas de captura de datos geoespaciales 63 1.4.1. Sistemas globales de navegación por satélite 63 1.4.2. Método de intersección directa en topografía 73 clásica 1.4.3. Técnicas de georradar 76 1.4.4. Geometría de la cámara fotográfica 80 1.4.5. Fotogrametría 83 2. Normalización de la información geoespacial 89 2.1. Introducción 91 2.2. Los sistemas de información geográfica 92 2.3. Normalizaciones internacionales 95 2.3.1. ISO 95 2.3.2. DIF 97 2.3.3. CEN/TR 15449 98 2.4. IDE 98 2.5. Los GIS y las IDE en el entorno antártico 103 2.5.1. Quantarctica 103 2.5.2. ADD 104 2.5.3. EE 105 2.5.4. AADC 106 XX Índice 2.5.5. NSIDC 107 2.6. CNDP 109 2.7. Selección del software GIS para el almacenamiento de la 111 base de datos geoespacial 2.7.1. Descripción del software ArcGIS 112 3. Inventario de datos geoespaciales 119 3.1. Zona de estudio 121 3.2. Puntos notables 124 3.2.1. Puntos fundamentales 124 3.2.2. Puntos de control 127 3.2.3. Puntos para georreferenciación 132 3.3. Cartografía disponible 135 3.3.1. Mapas a escala 1:200000 de la United Kindom Hydrographic Office, el Directorate of Overseas 135 Surveys y el British Antarctic Survey 3.3.2. Mapas del Servicio Geográfico del Ejército (SGE) de 137 España 3.4. Imágenes aéreas 142 3.4.1. Fotografías aéreas Digitalglobe 142 3.4.2. Fotografía aérea Geoeye 146 3.4.3. Vuelo de 1956-1957 del British Antarctic Survey 148 (BAS) 3.4.4. Vuelo de 1990 de la United Kindom Hydrographic 153 Office (UKHO) 3.5. Inventario de la Universitat de Barcelona (UB) 156 3.6. Inventario del Grupo de Simulación Numérica en Ciencias e 158 Ingeniería (GSNCI) de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid 3.7. Otros datos de interés 185 3.7.1. Modelo Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM08) 185 para la ondulación del geoide 3.8. Mejoras en las metodologías de observación 187 XXI Índice 3.8.1. Metodología de observación de estacas inclinadas 187 4. Estructuración y almacenamiento de la base de datos 209 geoespacial de isla Livingston en ARCGIS 4.1. Introducción 211 4.2. Organización de la información geoespacial 213 4.3. Catálogo de datos para descarga directa 215 4.4. Acceso mediante aplicaciones de escritorio 216 4.5. Acceso mediante servicios WEB y cliente ligero 220 5. Análisis espacio-temporal de datos de Península Hurd 221 5.1.
Recommended publications
  • The Dynamics and Mass Budget of Aretic Glaciers
    DA NM ARKS OG GRØN L ANDS GEO L OG I SKE UNDERSØGELSE RAP P ORT 2013/3 The Dynamics and Mass Budget of Aretic Glaciers Abstracts, IASC Network of Aretic Glaciology, 9 - 12 January 2012, Zieleniec (Poland) A. P. Ahlstrøm, C. Tijm-Reijmer & M. Sharp (eds) • GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF D EN MARK AND GREENLAND DANISH MINISTAV OF CLIMATE, ENEAGY AND BUILDING ~ G E U S DANMARKS OG GRØNLANDS GEOLOGISKE UNDERSØGELSE RAPPORT 201 3 / 3 The Dynamics and Mass Budget of Arctic Glaciers Abstracts, IASC Network of Arctic Glaciology, 9 - 12 January 2012, Zieleniec (Poland) A. P. Ahlstrøm, C. Tijm-Reijmer & M. Sharp (eds) GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF DENMARK AND GREENLAND DANISH MINISTRY OF CLIMATE, ENERGY AND BUILDING Indhold Preface 5 Programme 6 List of participants 11 Minutes from a special session on tidewater glaciers research in the Arctic 14 Abstracts 17 Seasonal and multi-year fluctuations of tidewater glaciers cliffson Southern Spitsbergen 18 Recent changes in elevation across the Devon Ice Cap, Canada 19 Estimation of iceberg to the Hansbukta (Southern Spitsbergen) based on time-lapse photos 20 Seasonal and interannual velocity variations of two outlet glaciers of Austfonna, Svalbard, inferred by continuous GPS measurements 21 Discharge from the Werenskiold Glacier catchment based upon measurements and surface ablation in summer 2011 22 The mass balance of Austfonna Ice Cap, 2004-2010 23 Overview on radon measurements in glacier meltwater 24 Permafrost distribution in coastal zone in Hornsund (Southern Spitsbergen) 25 Glacial environment of De Long Archipelago
    [Show full text]
  • Worldwide Version-Controlled Database of Glacier Thickness Observations Ethan Welty1,2, Michael Zemp2, Francisco Navarro3, Matthias Huss4,5,6, Johannes J
    Worldwide version-controlled database of glacier thickness observations Ethan Welty1,2, Michael Zemp2, Francisco Navarro3, Matthias Huss4,5,6, Johannes J. Fürst7, Isabelle Gärtner-Roer2, Johannes Landmann2,4,5, Horst Machguth6,2, Kathrin Naegeli8,2, Liss M. Andreassen9, Daniel Farinotti4,5, Huilin Li10, and GlaThiDa Contributors* 1Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado Boulder, United States 2World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS), University of Zürich, Switzerland 3Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain 4Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW), ETH Zürich, Switzerland 5Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Switzerland 6Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Switzerland 7Department of Geography, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Germany 8Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Switzerland 9Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE), Oslo, Norway 10Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China *A list of additional contributors and their affiliations appears at the end of the paper. Correspondence: Ethan Welty ([email protected]) Abstract. Although worldwide inventories of glacier area have been coordinated internationally for several decades, a similar effort for glacier ice thicknesses was only initiated in 2013. Here, we present the third version of the Glacier Thickness Database (GlaThiDa v3), which includes 3 854 279 thickness measurements distributed over roughly 3 000 glaciers worldwide. Over- 5 all, 14 % of global glacier area is now within 1 km of a thickness measurement (located on the same glacier) – a significant improvement over GlaThiDa v2, which covered only 6 % of global glacier area, and only 1 100 glaciers.
    [Show full text]
  • Frontal Ablation of Glaciers on Livingston Island 3 Frontal Ablation of Glaciers on Livingston Island
    EGU Journal Logos (RGB) Open Access Open Access Open Access Advances in Annales Nonlinear Processes Geosciences Geophysicae in Geophysics Open Access Open Access Natural Hazards Natural Hazards and Earth System and Earth System Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Chemistry Chemistry and Physics and Physics Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Measurement Measurement Techniques Techniques Discussions Open Access Open Access Biogeosciences Biogeosciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Climate Climate of the Past of the Past Discussions Open Access Open Access Earth System Earth System Dynamics Dynamics Discussions Open Access Geoscientific Geoscientific Open Access Instrumentation Instrumentation Methods and Methods and Data Systems Data Systems Discussions Open Access Open Access Geoscientific Geoscientific Model Development Model Development Discussions Open Access Open Access Hydrology and Hydrology and Earth System Earth System Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Ocean Science Ocean Science Discussions Open Access Open Access Solid Earth Solid Earth Discussions Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | The Cryosphere Discuss., 7, 4207–4240, 2013 Open Access Open Access www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/7/4207/2013/ The Cryosphere The Cryosphere TCD doi:10.5194/tcd-7-4207-2013 Discussions © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License. 7, 4207–4240, 2013 This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal The Cryosphere (TC). Frontal ablation of Please refer to the corresponding final paper in TC if available. glaciers on Livingston Island Frontal ablation and temporal variations B. Osmanoglu et al. in surface velocity of Livingston Island ice cap, Antarctica Title Page Abstract Introduction B. Osmanoglu1, M.
    [Show full text]
  • Ice Thinning on Nunataks During the Glacial to Interglacial Transition In
    Quaternary Science Reviews 264 (2021) 107029 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quascirev Ice thinning on nunataks during the glacial to interglacial transition in the Antarctic Peninsula region according to Cosmic-Ray Exposure dating: Evidence and uncertainties * Jose M. Fernandez-Fern andez a, , Marc Oliva a, b, David Palacios c, Julia Garcia-Oteyza b, Francisco J. Navarro d, Irene Schimmelpfennig e,Laetitia€ Leanni e, ASTER Team e, f a Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Territorio (IGOT), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal b Departament de Geografia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain c Departament de Geografia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain d Departamento de Matematica Aplicada a las TIC, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain e Aix-Marseille Universite, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll. France, UM 34 CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France f Consortium: Georges Aumaître, Didier Bourles, Karim Keddadouche, France article info abstract Article history: The small ice caps distributed across the Antarctic Peninsula region have undergone large ice volume Received 3 January 2021 changes since the Last Glacial Cycle, in line with most of the Antarctic continent. While the surface extent Received in revised form of glacial shrinking is relatively well known, the timing of glacial oscillations and the magnitude of ice 27 May 2021 thinning remain little investigated. Cosmic-Ray Exposure (CRE) dating applied on ice-free vertical se- Accepted 8 June 2021 quences can provide insights about the temporal framework of glacial oscillations. However, the po- Available online 17 June 2021 tential occurrence of nuclide inheritance may overestimate the real timing of the last glacial retreat.
    [Show full text]
  • 151 3Rd Issue 2009
    ISSN 0019–1043 Ice News Bulletin of the International Glaciological Society Number 151 3rd Issue 2009 Contents 2 From the Editor 40 International Glaciological Society 3 Recent work 40 Journal of Glaciology 3 Italy 41 Annals of Glaciology, Volume 51(54) 3 Alpine glaciers 41 Annals of Glaciology, Volume 51(55) 14 Ice cores 42 Report from the Nordic Branch Meeting 16 Alpine inventories 43 Notes from the production team 17 Apennine glaciers 44 Meetings of other societies: 18 Tropical glaciers 44 Northwestern Glaciologists meeting 18 Himalaya–Karakoram glaciers 2009 20 Polar glaciers and ice sheets 47 Sapporo symposium 2nd circular 23 Glacier hydrology 52 Ohio symposium 2nd circular 24 The Miage Lake project 57 Future meetings of other societies: 25 Applied glaciology 11th International Circumpolar 28 Remote sensing Remote Sensing Symposium 30 Permafrost 57 Books received 33 Ice caves 58 News 33 Ecological studies 58 Obituary: Hans Röthlisberger 37 Snow and avalanches 60 Glaciological diary 66 New members Cover picture: River Skeiðará flowing along the terminus of the outlet glacier Skeiðarárjökull from southern Vatnajökull ice cap. The river changed course in July 2009. Until then the river flowed directly to the south from the outlet on the eastern side of the terminus and under the longest bridge in Iceland, the ~900 m long Skeiðará bridge. The river now flows to the west along the terminus and merges with the river Gígjukvísl near the centre of the glacier and the Skeiðará bridge is more or less on dry land. Photo: Oddur Sigurðsson. Scanning electron micrograph of the ice crystal used in headings by kind permission of William P.
    [Show full text]
  • Determination of Ice Thickness and Volume of Hurd Glacier, Hurd Peninsula, Livingstone Island, Antarctica
    Universidad de Granada MASTER’S DEGREE IN GEOPHYSICS AND METEOROLOGY MASTER’S THESIS DETERMINATION OF ICE THICKNESS AND VOLUME OF HURD GLACIER, HURD PENINSULA, LIVINGSTONE ISLAND, ANTARCTICA ÁNGEL RENTERO VARGAS Abstract.The present work is the result of several radio-echo sounding (RES) surveys carried out on Hurd Glacier, Hurd Peninsula, Livingston Island, Antarctica, during the austral summer season 2001/2002 campaign, which included radar profiling and common-midpoint measurements with low (20-25 MHz) and high (100- 200MHz)frequency using a ground penetrating radar (GPR), allowing to estimate the radio-wave velocities (RWV) and determine the subglacial relief, thickness and volume of the glacier, topographical surface, and to study the global flux of the ice mass. Theprofiles reached a total length of 77.5 km, with 3922 radio-echo sounding measurements and estimating an average ice volume of 0.35 km3 and a maximum ice thickness of 200 m. Keywords: Hurd Glacier, radio- echo sounding (RES), ground penetrating radar (GPR), radio- wave velocities (RWV). INTRODUCCIÓN Hurd Peninsula ice cap (62°39-42'S, 60°19-25'W; Fig. 1) is based in Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, covering an area of nearly 10 km². The main ice cap is drained by several outlet glaciers: Argentina, flowing northwestwards; Las Palmas, flowing westwards; Sally Rocks tongue, flowing southwestwards; an unnamed tongue flowing southwards (where the authors refer to as McGregor glacier); and Johnsons Glacier, flowing northwestwards, which is additionally fed by ice draining not from the main ice cap but from the east and northeast. For the latter reason, Hurd Peninsula ice cap is often subdivided into two main glacier units: Johnsons Glacier, a tidewater glacier; and Hurd Glacier, the remainingice mass, mostly ending on land.
    [Show full text]
  • Generaci´On Autom´Atica De Malla De Elementos Finitos En Modelos
    UNIVERSIDAD POLITE´CNICA DE MADRID ESCUELA TECNICA´ SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS DE CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS GENERACIO´ N AUTOMATICA´ DE MALLA DE ELEMENTOS FINITOS EN MODELOS EVOLUTIVOS DE DINAMICA´ DE GLACIARES Tesis Doctoral por JAIME OTERO GARC´IA Licenciado en Ciencias Matem´aticas Madrid, 2008 Departamento de Mec´anicade Medios Continuos y Teor´ıade Estructuras Escuela T´ecnicaSuperior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos GENERACION´ AUTOMATICA´ DE MALLA DE ELEMENTOS FINITOS EN MODELOS EVOLUTIVOS DE DINAMICA´ DE GLACIARES Autor: JAIME OTERO GARC´IA Licenciado en Ciencias Matem´aticas Directores: FRANCISCO JOSE´ NAVARRO VALERO, Doctor en Ciencias F´ısicas y MAR´IA LUISA CUADRADO EBRERO, Doctora Ingeniera de Telecomunicaci´on Madrid, 2008 ii Tribunal nombrado por el Mgfco. y Excmo. Sr. Rector de la Uni- versidad Polit´ecnicade Madrid, el d´ıa de de 2008. Presidente D. Vocal D. Vocal D. Vocal D. Secretario D. Suplente D. Suplente D. Realizado el acto de defensa y lectura de la Tesis el d´ıa de de 2008, en la E.T.S.I. EL PRESIDENTE LOS VOCALES EL SECRETARIO A mis padres Luis y Tere. A Mar´ıa. A Gabriela y Jara. v Resumen El objetivo final de las investigaciones en las que se encuadra esta tesis doctoral es la predicci´onde la respuesta de los glaciares y mantos de hielo a las variaciones en los par´ametrosclim´aticos,utilizando como herramienta fundamental la simu- laci´onnum´ericade la termomec´anicaglaciar. El Grupo de Simulaci´onNum´erica en Ciencias e Ingenier´ıade la Universidad Polit´ecnicade Madrid, del que forma parte el doctorando, ha desarrollado durante los ultimos a˜nos un modelo com- pleto de termomec´anicaglaciar.
    [Show full text]
  • Deformation of Glacial Materials: Introduction and Overview
    Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 25, 2021 Deformation of glacial materials: introduction and overview ALEX J. MALTMAN, BRYN HUBBARD & MICHAEL J. HAMBREY Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3DB, UK (e-mail. [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]) The flow of glacier ice can produce structures Milnes 1977; Hooke & Hudleston 1978; Lawson that are striking and beautiful. Associated sedi- et al. 1994). However, these concepts remain to be ments, too, can develop spectacular deformation applied to deformation at the scale of ice sheets, structures and examples are remarkably well where analogous structures are at least an order preserved in Quaternary deposits. Although such of magnitude larger. Significantly, these struc- features have long been recognized, they are now tures may well contain information with the the subject of new attention from glaciologists potential for assessing the long-term dynamic and glacial geologists. However, these workers behaviour and stability of their host ice masses. are not always fully aware of the methods for Striking deformation structures are also pro- unravelling deformation structures evolved in duced at a wide variety of scales in the sediments recent years by structural geologists, who them- associated with ice. Fine examples appear, selves may not be fully aware of the opportu- for example, in the works of Brodzikowski (e.g. nities offered by glacial materials. This book, and in Jones & Preston 1989) and in the volumes by the conference from which it stemmed, were Ehlers et al. (1995a, b). In fact, of all the vari- conceived of as a step towards bridging this ous kinds of geological deformation structures, apparent gap between groups of workers with among the very first to be described were fea- potentially overlapping interests.
    [Show full text]
  • Close Range Photogrammetric Methods Applied to the Study of the Fronts of Johnsons and Hurd Glaciers (Livingston Island, Antarctica) from 1957 to 2013
    Discussions Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., doi:10.5194/essd-2016-6, 2016 Earth System Manuscript under review for journal Earth Syst. Sci. Data Science Published: 10 March 2016 c Author(s) 2016. CC-BY 3.0 License. Open Access Open Data Close range photogrammetric methods applied to the study of the fronts of Johnsons and Hurd Glaciers (Livingston Island, Antarctica) from 1957 to 2013. Ricardo Rodríguez1, Julián Aguirre2, Andrés Díez2, Marina Álvarez3, Pedro Rodríguez4. 5 (1) Departamento de Señales, Sistemas y Radiocomunicaciones. ETSI de Telecomunicación. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. (2) Departamento de Ingeniería Topográfica y Cartografía. ETSI en Topografía, Geodesia y Cartografía. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. 10 (3) Departamento de Lenguajes y Sistemas Informáticos e Ingeniería de Software. ETS de Ingenieros Informáticos. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. (4) Departamento de Matemática Aplicada. ETSI de Telecomunicación. Universidad de Málaga. Abstract 15 The study of glacier fronts combines different geomatics measurement techniques as the classic survey using total station or theodolite, technical GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System), using laser-scanner or using photogrammetry (air or ground). The measure by direct methods (classical surveying and GNSS) is useful and fast when accessibility to the glaciers fronts is easy, while it is practically impossible to realize, in the case of glacier fronts that end up in the sea (tide water glaciers). In this paper, a methodology that combines photogrammetric methods and other techniques for lifting the 20 front of the glacier Johnsons, inaccessible is studied. The images obtained from the front, come from a non-metric digital camera; its georeferencing to a global coordinate system is performed by measuring points GNSS support in accessible areas of the glacier front side and applying methods of direct intersection in inaccessible points of the front, taking measurements with theodolite.
    [Show full text]
  • Surface Velocity and Mass Balance of Livingston Island Ice Cap, Antarctica
    The Cryosphere, 8, 1807–1823, 2014 www.the-cryosphere.net/8/1807/2014/ doi:10.5194/tc-8-1807-2014 © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Surface velocity and mass balance of Livingston Island ice cap, Antarctica B. Osmanoglu1,2, F. J. Navarro3, R. Hock1,4, M. Braun5, and M. I. Corcuera3 1Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757320 Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA 2Biospheric Sciences Lab., USRA-NASA GSFC, Mail Stop 618.0, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA 3Dept. Matemática Aplicada, ETSI de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense, 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain 4Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Geocentrum, Villavägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden 5Institute of Geography, University of Erlangen, Kochstrasse 4/4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany Correspondence to: B. Osmanoglu ([email protected]) Received: 30 June 2013 – Published in The Cryosphere Discuss.: 26 August 2013 Revised: 26 July 2014 – Accepted: 8 August 2014 – Published: 8 October 2014 Abstract. The mass budget of the ice caps surrounding of taking into account the seasonality in ice velocities when the Antarctica Peninsula and, in particular, the partition- computing frontal ablation with a flux-gate approach. ing of its main components are poorly known. Here we approximate frontal ablation (i.e. the sum of mass losses by calving and submarine melt) and surface mass balance of the ice cap of Livingston Island, the second largest is- 1 Introduction land in the South Shetland Islands archipelago, and anal- yse variations
    [Show full text]
  • Libro De Resúmenes / Abstracts Volume
    Libro de Resúmenes / Abstracts Volume Libro de Resúmenes / Abstracts Volume Resúmenes/Abstracts IX Simposio de Estudios Polares CN‐SCAR, CSIC, IGME. Madrid, 2018 Referencia: Comité Español del SCAR. 2018. Libro de Résumenes/Abstract volume, IX Simposio de Estudios Polares. CN‐SCAR, CSIC, IGME, Madrid, 162 pp. II Resúmenes/Abstracts IX Simposio de Estudios Polares CN‐SCAR, CSIC, IGME. Madrid, 2018 Índice / Index Prefacio / Foreword pág. V Información general / General Information pág. VII Comités / Committees del Simposio pág. IX Programa resumido / Summarized programme pág. XI Programa detallado / Detailed programme pág XIII Resúmenes /Abstracts de las conferencias invitadas y de los trabajos presentados en el Simposio pág 1 Índice de autores / Authors index pág. 139 III Resúmenes/Abstracts IX Simposio de Estudios Polares CN‐SCAR, CSIC, IGME. Madrid, 2018 IV Resúmenes/Abstracts IX Simposio de Estudios Polares CN‐SCAR, CSIC, IGME. Madrid, 2018 Prefacio / Foreword Este volumen es editado con motivo del IX Simposio de Estudios Polares, celebrado en Madrid del 5 al 7 de septiembre de 2018. Además de información general sobre el Simposio y su programa, se incluyen los reúmenes/abstracts de las tres conferencias invitadas y, a continuación, los de los 126 trabajos presentados en el Simposio (16 como presentación oral y 110 en forma de póster). Dichos resúmenes, están ordenados alfabéticamente según el nombre del primer firmante, y aparece subrayado el autor que inscribió cada abstract. Al final, se incluye un índice alfabético con todos los autores firmantes de los trabajos, e indicación de la página donde se encuentra los resúmenes de los trabajos a los que contribuye.
    [Show full text]
  • Surface Velocity and Mass Balance of Livingston Island Ice Cap, Antarctica
    The Cryosphere, 8, 1807–1823, 2014 www.the-cryosphere.net/8/1807/2014/ doi:10.5194/tc-8-1807-2014 © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Surface velocity and mass balance of Livingston Island ice cap, Antarctica B. Osmanoglu1,2, F. J. Navarro3, R. Hock1,4, M. Braun5, and M. I. Corcuera3 1Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757320 Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA 2Biospheric Sciences Lab., USRA-NASA GSFC, Mail Stop 618.0, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA 3Dept. Matemática Aplicada, ETSI de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense, 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain 4Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Geocentrum, Villavägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden 5Institute of Geography, University of Erlangen, Kochstrasse 4/4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany Correspondence to: B. Osmanoglu ([email protected]) Received: 30 June 2013 – Published in The Cryosphere Discuss.: 26 August 2013 Revised: 26 July 2014 – Accepted: 8 August 2014 – Published: 8 October 2014 Abstract. The mass budget of the ice caps surrounding of taking into account the seasonality in ice velocities when the Antarctica Peninsula and, in particular, the partition- computing frontal ablation with a flux-gate approach. ing of its main components are poorly known. Here we approximate frontal ablation (i.e. the sum of mass losses by calving and submarine melt) and surface mass balance of the ice cap of Livingston Island, the second largest is- 1 Introduction land in the South Shetland Islands archipelago, and anal- yse variations
    [Show full text]