Generaci´On Autom´Atica De Malla De Elementos Finitos En Modelos

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Generaci´On Autom´Atica De Malla De Elementos Finitos En Modelos UNIVERSIDAD POLITE´CNICA DE MADRID ESCUELA TECNICA´ SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS DE CAMINOS, CANALES Y PUERTOS GENERACIO´ N AUTOMATICA´ DE MALLA DE ELEMENTOS FINITOS EN MODELOS EVOLUTIVOS DE DINAMICA´ DE GLACIARES Tesis Doctoral por JAIME OTERO GARC´IA Licenciado en Ciencias Matem´aticas Madrid, 2008 Departamento de Mec´anicade Medios Continuos y Teor´ıade Estructuras Escuela T´ecnicaSuperior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos GENERACION´ AUTOMATICA´ DE MALLA DE ELEMENTOS FINITOS EN MODELOS EVOLUTIVOS DE DINAMICA´ DE GLACIARES Autor: JAIME OTERO GARC´IA Licenciado en Ciencias Matem´aticas Directores: FRANCISCO JOSE´ NAVARRO VALERO, Doctor en Ciencias F´ısicas y MAR´IA LUISA CUADRADO EBRERO, Doctora Ingeniera de Telecomunicaci´on Madrid, 2008 ii Tribunal nombrado por el Mgfco. y Excmo. Sr. Rector de la Uni- versidad Polit´ecnicade Madrid, el d´ıa de de 2008. Presidente D. Vocal D. Vocal D. Vocal D. Secretario D. Suplente D. Suplente D. Realizado el acto de defensa y lectura de la Tesis el d´ıa de de 2008, en la E.T.S.I. EL PRESIDENTE LOS VOCALES EL SECRETARIO A mis padres Luis y Tere. A Mar´ıa. A Gabriela y Jara. v Resumen El objetivo final de las investigaciones en las que se encuadra esta tesis doctoral es la predicci´onde la respuesta de los glaciares y mantos de hielo a las variaciones en los par´ametrosclim´aticos,utilizando como herramienta fundamental la simu- laci´onnum´ericade la termomec´anicaglaciar. El Grupo de Simulaci´onNum´erica en Ciencias e Ingenier´ıade la Universidad Polit´ecnicade Madrid, del que forma parte el doctorando, ha desarrollado durante los ultimos a˜nos un modelo com- pleto de termomec´anicaglaciar. El autor de esta tesis ha sido el responsable del desarrollo de una parte importante de este modelo, la relativa a generaci´onau- tom´aticade malla de elementos finitos con criterios glaciol´ogicosy la referente a tratamiento de frentes glaciares con terminaci´onen mar (proceso de generaci´on de icebergs), que constituyen, desde el punto de vista te´orico,las aportaciones esenciales de esta tesis doctoral. Estas se complementan con los resultados de las aplicaciones del modelo a glaciares de variada tipolog´ıa, que ha llevado a conclusiones relevantes en el campo de los procesos subglaciares. Concretamente, el trabajo llevado a cabo en esta tesis doctoral puede desglosarse en tres partes: 1. Desarrollo de una t´ecnicade mallado de elementos finitos, basada en la triangulaci´onde Delaunay-Vorono¨ı,especialmente orientada al mallado de modelos de din´amicaglaciar (cap´ıtulos 2 y 3), que permite generar un mallado con el mayor grado de automatizaci´onposible y adecuado a las caracter´ısticas propias de la geometr´ıa y r´egimende flujo t´ıpicos de los glaciares y mantos de hielo. 2. Desarrollo de un modelo de termomec´anicaglaciar, incluyendo una ley de producci´onde icebergs (cap´ıtulos4 y 5). El modelo consta de submodelos din´amico,t´ermicoy de evoluci´onde la superficie libre. La ley de producci´on de icebergs constituye una extensi´ontridimensional del criterio de pene- traci´onde grietas hasta el nivel del mar, estando definida la penetraci´onen funci´ondel r´egimenextensional en la lengua glaciar m´asel posible relleno parcial de las grietas por agua de fusi´onsuperficial. 3. Aplicaci´ondel modelo, con las t´ecnicasde mallado descritas, a la simulaci´on de la din´amicade varios glaciares con caracter´ısticasbien diferenciadas, in- cluyendo la zona de divisoria de un promontorio de hielo fr´ıo,un glaciar vii polit´ermicocon terminaci´onen tierra emergida y un glaciar mayoritaria- mente templado con terminaci´onen mar (cap´ıtulo6). Los resultados de estas aplicaciones han puesto de manifiesto la idoneidad de la t´ecnica de mallado, la capacidad de la ley de producci´onde icebergs para proporcionar una estimaci´onadecuada de la posici´ondel frente en glaciares con termi- naci´onen mar y la inadecuaci´onde las leyes de deslizamiento basal de tipo Weertman a la representaci´onde los procesos subglaciares para glaciares con geometr´ıacompleja y fuertes pendientes de su superficie. viii Abstract The final aim of the research constituting the framework of this doctoral thesis is the forecasting of the response of glaciers and ice sheets to changes in climate pa- rameters, using as main tool the numerical modelling of glacier thermo-mechanics. The Group of Numerical Simulation in Science and Engineering of Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, of which the PhD candidate is a member, has developed during the recent years a full model of glacier thermo-mechanics. The author has been responsible for several key elements of the model, including the automatic finite element mesh generation routine using glaciological criteria, and the treat- ment of calving fronts. These constitute, from the theoretical point of view, the key contributions of this thesis. They are complemented with applications of the model to various glaciers, which has lead to relevant conclusions in the field of subglacial processes. In particular, the work carried out within this doctoral thesis can be split into: 1. Development of a finite element grid generation technique, based on Delaunay- Vorono¨ıtriangulation, especially designed for glacier dynamics applications (chapters 2 and 3), which allows the generation, as automatic as possible, of a mesh appropriate to the special characteristics of the geometry and flow regime of glaciers and ice sheets. 2. Development of a model of glacier thermo-mechanics, including a calving law (chapters 4 and 5). The model consists of dynamic, thermal and free surface evolution submodels. The calving law is a three-dimensional exten- sion of the crevasse penetration to sea-level criterion, the penetration depth being a function of the tensile stress regime plus possible contributions from the partial filling of the crevasses by surface meltwater. 3. Application of the model, using the grid routines developed, to the mod- elling of various glaciers with well-defined characteristics, including the ice divide of a cold ice rise, a land-terminating polythermal glacier and a mostly temperate tidewater glacier (chapter 6). The results from these applications confirm the suitability of the mesh generation routine, the ability of the calving law to provide a good estimate of the position of the calving front and the failures of Weertman-type sliding laws to adequately represent the ix subglacial processes for glaciers with complex geometry and large surface slopes. x ´Indice general ´Indice general IX Prefacio XIII 1. Motivaci´ony antecedentes 1 1.1. Motivaci´on. 1 1.2. Antecedentes y estado del arte . 3 1.2.1. M´etodos de elementos finitos y t´ecnicasde mallado . 3 1.2.2. Simulaci´onnum´ericade glaciares . 5 1.2.3. Leyes de producci´onde icebergs (calving).......... 7 1.2.4. Procesos basales . 9 1.2.5. Algunos antecedentes de mallado de elementos finitos en glaciolog´ıa . 10 1.3. Objetivos . 12 2. Interpolaci´onespacial 15 2.1. M´etodos de interpolaci´onespacial . 15 2.1.1. Introducci´on. 15 2.1.2. Krigeado . 16 2.1.3. Medias m´ovilesponderadas por la distancia . 19 2.1.4. Funciones de base radial . 20 2.2. Estudio de diferentes m´etodos de interpolaci´onaplicados a la ge- ometr´ıay distribuci´onde datos propia de la glaciolog´ıa . 20 2.2.1. Datos de entrada . 21 2.2.2. Metodolog´ıa,resultados y conclusiones . 22 2.3. Interpolaci´onen zonas sin datos de espesor . 25 2.3.1. Datos de entrada . 26 2.3.2. Metodolog´ıay resultados . 26 3. Mallado Delaunay-Vorono¨ı 29 3.1. T´ecnicasde mallado . 29 3.1.1. Introducci´on. 29 3.1.2. Clases de m´etodos . 29 xi 3.1.3. M´etodos de descomposici´onespacial . 32 3.1.4. M´etodo de frente en avance . 33 3.1.5. M´etodos de Delaunay . 33 3.2. M´etodo de Delaunay-Vorono¨ı . 35 3.2.1. Triangulac´ıonde Delaunay y diagrama de Vorono¨ı. 35 3.2.2. Mallado de Delaunay . 37 3.3. Mallado Delaunay-Vorono¨ıde glaciares . 42 3.3.1. Mallado bidimensional . 42 3.3.2. Mallado tridimensional . 45 3.3.3. Consideraciones glaciol´ogicas. 49 4. Modelo de termomec´anicaglaciar 51 4.1. Ecuaciones b´asicasdel modelo (formulaci´onfuerte) . 51 4.1.1. Ecuaciones del submodelo din´amico. 51 4.1.2. Ecuaciones del submodelo t´ermico. 54 4.1.3. Ecuaciones del submodelo de evoluci´onde la superficie libre 54 4.2. Condiciones de contorno . 55 4.2.1. Submodelo din´amico . 55 4.2.2. Submodelo t´ermico . 59 4.3. Soluci´onnum´erica. 60 4.3.1. Formulaci´ond´ebildel sistema de Stokes, discretizaci´onme- diante elementos finitos y soluci´onnum´erica . 60 4.3.2. Formulaci´ond´ebilde la ecuaci´ont´ermica,discretizaci´on mediante elementos finitos y soluci´onnum´erica. 64 4.3.3. Soluci´onnum´ericade la ecuaci´onde evoluci´onde la super- ficie libre . 68 4.4. Consideraciones computacionales . 69 4.4.1. Elecci´onde los espacios de aproximaci´on . 69 4.4.2. Resoluci´onde los sistemas no lineales resultantes de las discretizaciones de elementos finitos . 70 5. Problema de la producci´onde icebergs (calving) en un glaciar con terminaci´onen el mar 71 5.1. Introducci´on. 71 5.2. Conceptos b´asicos. 72 5.3. Modelos de producci´onde icebergs . 72 5.3.1. Modelo de tensi´onde cizalla de flexi´on . 72 5.3.2. Modelo de profundidad de agua . 73 5.3.3. Modelo de flotaci´on. 74 5.3.4. Modelo inducido por la fusi´on . 75 5.3.5. Modelo de profundidad de grietas . 76 5.3.6. Extensi´ontridimensional del modelo de profundidad de gri- etas . 78 xii 6. Aplicaciones 81 6.1.
Recommended publications
  • Integración De Modelos Numéricos De Glaciares Y Procesado De Datos De Georradar En Un Sistema De Información Geográfica Tesis Doctoral
    Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación Integración de modelos numéricos de glaciares y procesado de datos de georradar en un sistema de información geográfica Tesis Doctoral por Ricardo Rodríguez Cielos Ingeniero de Telecomunicación Ingeniero Técnico en Topografía, Geodesia y Cartografía Año 2014 Departamento de Matemática Aplicada a las Tecnologías de la Información Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación Integración de modelos numéricos de glaciares y procesado de datos de georradar en un sistema de información geográfica Autor: Ricardo Rodríguez Cielos Ingeniero de Telecomunicación Ingeniero Técnico en Topografía, Geodesia y Cartografía Directores: Francisco José Navarro Valero Javier Jesús Lapazaran Izargain Doctor en Ciencias Físicas Doctor Ingeniero de Telecomunicación Año 2014 III IV Tribunal nombrado por el Mgfco. y Excemo. Sr. Rector de la Uni- versidad Politécnica de Madrid, el día ____ de __________ de 2014. Presidente D. Vocal D. Vocal D. Vocal D. Vocal Secretario D. Realizado el acto de defensa y lectura de la Tesis el día ____ de __________ de 2014, en ____________. Calificación: ________________________ EL PRESIDENTE LOS VOCALES EL VOCAL SECRETARIO V A mis hijos, a ella, a mis padres, a mi familia, a mis compañeros, a mis profesores y a mis alumnos. VII Resumen Resumen Los modelos de termomecánica glaciar están definidos mediante sistemas de ecuaciones en derivadas parciales que establecen los principios básicos de conservación de masa, momento lineal y energía, acompañados por una ley constitutiva que define la relación entre las tensiones a las que está sometido el hielo glaciar y las deformaciones resultantes de las mismas. La resolución de estas ecuaciones requiere la definición precisa del dominio (la geometría del glaciar, obtenido a partir de medidas topográficas y de georradar), así como contar con un conjunto de condiciones de contorno, que se obtienen a partir de medidas de campo de las variables implicadas y que constituyen un conjunto de datos geoespaciales.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dynamics and Mass Budget of Aretic Glaciers
    DA NM ARKS OG GRØN L ANDS GEO L OG I SKE UNDERSØGELSE RAP P ORT 2013/3 The Dynamics and Mass Budget of Aretic Glaciers Abstracts, IASC Network of Aretic Glaciology, 9 - 12 January 2012, Zieleniec (Poland) A. P. Ahlstrøm, C. Tijm-Reijmer & M. Sharp (eds) • GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF D EN MARK AND GREENLAND DANISH MINISTAV OF CLIMATE, ENEAGY AND BUILDING ~ G E U S DANMARKS OG GRØNLANDS GEOLOGISKE UNDERSØGELSE RAPPORT 201 3 / 3 The Dynamics and Mass Budget of Arctic Glaciers Abstracts, IASC Network of Arctic Glaciology, 9 - 12 January 2012, Zieleniec (Poland) A. P. Ahlstrøm, C. Tijm-Reijmer & M. Sharp (eds) GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF DENMARK AND GREENLAND DANISH MINISTRY OF CLIMATE, ENERGY AND BUILDING Indhold Preface 5 Programme 6 List of participants 11 Minutes from a special session on tidewater glaciers research in the Arctic 14 Abstracts 17 Seasonal and multi-year fluctuations of tidewater glaciers cliffson Southern Spitsbergen 18 Recent changes in elevation across the Devon Ice Cap, Canada 19 Estimation of iceberg to the Hansbukta (Southern Spitsbergen) based on time-lapse photos 20 Seasonal and interannual velocity variations of two outlet glaciers of Austfonna, Svalbard, inferred by continuous GPS measurements 21 Discharge from the Werenskiold Glacier catchment based upon measurements and surface ablation in summer 2011 22 The mass balance of Austfonna Ice Cap, 2004-2010 23 Overview on radon measurements in glacier meltwater 24 Permafrost distribution in coastal zone in Hornsund (Southern Spitsbergen) 25 Glacial environment of De Long Archipelago
    [Show full text]
  • Worldwide Version-Controlled Database of Glacier Thickness Observations Ethan Welty1,2, Michael Zemp2, Francisco Navarro3, Matthias Huss4,5,6, Johannes J
    Worldwide version-controlled database of glacier thickness observations Ethan Welty1,2, Michael Zemp2, Francisco Navarro3, Matthias Huss4,5,6, Johannes J. Fürst7, Isabelle Gärtner-Roer2, Johannes Landmann2,4,5, Horst Machguth6,2, Kathrin Naegeli8,2, Liss M. Andreassen9, Daniel Farinotti4,5, Huilin Li10, and GlaThiDa Contributors* 1Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado Boulder, United States 2World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS), University of Zürich, Switzerland 3Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain 4Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW), ETH Zürich, Switzerland 5Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Switzerland 6Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Switzerland 7Department of Geography, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Germany 8Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Switzerland 9Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE), Oslo, Norway 10Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China *A list of additional contributors and their affiliations appears at the end of the paper. Correspondence: Ethan Welty ([email protected]) Abstract. Although worldwide inventories of glacier area have been coordinated internationally for several decades, a similar effort for glacier ice thicknesses was only initiated in 2013. Here, we present the third version of the Glacier Thickness Database (GlaThiDa v3), which includes 3 854 279 thickness measurements distributed over roughly 3 000 glaciers worldwide. Over- 5 all, 14 % of global glacier area is now within 1 km of a thickness measurement (located on the same glacier) – a significant improvement over GlaThiDa v2, which covered only 6 % of global glacier area, and only 1 100 glaciers.
    [Show full text]
  • Frontal Ablation of Glaciers on Livingston Island 3 Frontal Ablation of Glaciers on Livingston Island
    EGU Journal Logos (RGB) Open Access Open Access Open Access Advances in Annales Nonlinear Processes Geosciences Geophysicae in Geophysics Open Access Open Access Natural Hazards Natural Hazards and Earth System and Earth System Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Chemistry Chemistry and Physics and Physics Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Measurement Measurement Techniques Techniques Discussions Open Access Open Access Biogeosciences Biogeosciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Climate Climate of the Past of the Past Discussions Open Access Open Access Earth System Earth System Dynamics Dynamics Discussions Open Access Geoscientific Geoscientific Open Access Instrumentation Instrumentation Methods and Methods and Data Systems Data Systems Discussions Open Access Open Access Geoscientific Geoscientific Model Development Model Development Discussions Open Access Open Access Hydrology and Hydrology and Earth System Earth System Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Ocean Science Ocean Science Discussions Open Access Open Access Solid Earth Solid Earth Discussions Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | The Cryosphere Discuss., 7, 4207–4240, 2013 Open Access Open Access www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/7/4207/2013/ The Cryosphere The Cryosphere TCD doi:10.5194/tcd-7-4207-2013 Discussions © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License. 7, 4207–4240, 2013 This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal The Cryosphere (TC). Frontal ablation of Please refer to the corresponding final paper in TC if available. glaciers on Livingston Island Frontal ablation and temporal variations B. Osmanoglu et al. in surface velocity of Livingston Island ice cap, Antarctica Title Page Abstract Introduction B. Osmanoglu1, M.
    [Show full text]
  • Ice Thinning on Nunataks During the Glacial to Interglacial Transition In
    Quaternary Science Reviews 264 (2021) 107029 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quascirev Ice thinning on nunataks during the glacial to interglacial transition in the Antarctic Peninsula region according to Cosmic-Ray Exposure dating: Evidence and uncertainties * Jose M. Fernandez-Fern andez a, , Marc Oliva a, b, David Palacios c, Julia Garcia-Oteyza b, Francisco J. Navarro d, Irene Schimmelpfennig e,Laetitia€ Leanni e, ASTER Team e, f a Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Territorio (IGOT), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal b Departament de Geografia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain c Departament de Geografia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain d Departamento de Matematica Aplicada a las TIC, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain e Aix-Marseille Universite, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll. France, UM 34 CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France f Consortium: Georges Aumaître, Didier Bourles, Karim Keddadouche, France article info abstract Article history: The small ice caps distributed across the Antarctic Peninsula region have undergone large ice volume Received 3 January 2021 changes since the Last Glacial Cycle, in line with most of the Antarctic continent. While the surface extent Received in revised form of glacial shrinking is relatively well known, the timing of glacial oscillations and the magnitude of ice 27 May 2021 thinning remain little investigated. Cosmic-Ray Exposure (CRE) dating applied on ice-free vertical se- Accepted 8 June 2021 quences can provide insights about the temporal framework of glacial oscillations. However, the po- Available online 17 June 2021 tential occurrence of nuclide inheritance may overestimate the real timing of the last glacial retreat.
    [Show full text]
  • 151 3Rd Issue 2009
    ISSN 0019–1043 Ice News Bulletin of the International Glaciological Society Number 151 3rd Issue 2009 Contents 2 From the Editor 40 International Glaciological Society 3 Recent work 40 Journal of Glaciology 3 Italy 41 Annals of Glaciology, Volume 51(54) 3 Alpine glaciers 41 Annals of Glaciology, Volume 51(55) 14 Ice cores 42 Report from the Nordic Branch Meeting 16 Alpine inventories 43 Notes from the production team 17 Apennine glaciers 44 Meetings of other societies: 18 Tropical glaciers 44 Northwestern Glaciologists meeting 18 Himalaya–Karakoram glaciers 2009 20 Polar glaciers and ice sheets 47 Sapporo symposium 2nd circular 23 Glacier hydrology 52 Ohio symposium 2nd circular 24 The Miage Lake project 57 Future meetings of other societies: 25 Applied glaciology 11th International Circumpolar 28 Remote sensing Remote Sensing Symposium 30 Permafrost 57 Books received 33 Ice caves 58 News 33 Ecological studies 58 Obituary: Hans Röthlisberger 37 Snow and avalanches 60 Glaciological diary 66 New members Cover picture: River Skeiðará flowing along the terminus of the outlet glacier Skeiðarárjökull from southern Vatnajökull ice cap. The river changed course in July 2009. Until then the river flowed directly to the south from the outlet on the eastern side of the terminus and under the longest bridge in Iceland, the ~900 m long Skeiðará bridge. The river now flows to the west along the terminus and merges with the river Gígjukvísl near the centre of the glacier and the Skeiðará bridge is more or less on dry land. Photo: Oddur Sigurðsson. Scanning electron micrograph of the ice crystal used in headings by kind permission of William P.
    [Show full text]
  • Determination of Ice Thickness and Volume of Hurd Glacier, Hurd Peninsula, Livingstone Island, Antarctica
    Universidad de Granada MASTER’S DEGREE IN GEOPHYSICS AND METEOROLOGY MASTER’S THESIS DETERMINATION OF ICE THICKNESS AND VOLUME OF HURD GLACIER, HURD PENINSULA, LIVINGSTONE ISLAND, ANTARCTICA ÁNGEL RENTERO VARGAS Abstract.The present work is the result of several radio-echo sounding (RES) surveys carried out on Hurd Glacier, Hurd Peninsula, Livingston Island, Antarctica, during the austral summer season 2001/2002 campaign, which included radar profiling and common-midpoint measurements with low (20-25 MHz) and high (100- 200MHz)frequency using a ground penetrating radar (GPR), allowing to estimate the radio-wave velocities (RWV) and determine the subglacial relief, thickness and volume of the glacier, topographical surface, and to study the global flux of the ice mass. Theprofiles reached a total length of 77.5 km, with 3922 radio-echo sounding measurements and estimating an average ice volume of 0.35 km3 and a maximum ice thickness of 200 m. Keywords: Hurd Glacier, radio- echo sounding (RES), ground penetrating radar (GPR), radio- wave velocities (RWV). INTRODUCCIÓN Hurd Peninsula ice cap (62°39-42'S, 60°19-25'W; Fig. 1) is based in Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, covering an area of nearly 10 km². The main ice cap is drained by several outlet glaciers: Argentina, flowing northwestwards; Las Palmas, flowing westwards; Sally Rocks tongue, flowing southwestwards; an unnamed tongue flowing southwards (where the authors refer to as McGregor glacier); and Johnsons Glacier, flowing northwestwards, which is additionally fed by ice draining not from the main ice cap but from the east and northeast. For the latter reason, Hurd Peninsula ice cap is often subdivided into two main glacier units: Johnsons Glacier, a tidewater glacier; and Hurd Glacier, the remainingice mass, mostly ending on land.
    [Show full text]
  • Deformation of Glacial Materials: Introduction and Overview
    Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 25, 2021 Deformation of glacial materials: introduction and overview ALEX J. MALTMAN, BRYN HUBBARD & MICHAEL J. HAMBREY Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3DB, UK (e-mail. [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]) The flow of glacier ice can produce structures Milnes 1977; Hooke & Hudleston 1978; Lawson that are striking and beautiful. Associated sedi- et al. 1994). However, these concepts remain to be ments, too, can develop spectacular deformation applied to deformation at the scale of ice sheets, structures and examples are remarkably well where analogous structures are at least an order preserved in Quaternary deposits. Although such of magnitude larger. Significantly, these struc- features have long been recognized, they are now tures may well contain information with the the subject of new attention from glaciologists potential for assessing the long-term dynamic and glacial geologists. However, these workers behaviour and stability of their host ice masses. are not always fully aware of the methods for Striking deformation structures are also pro- unravelling deformation structures evolved in duced at a wide variety of scales in the sediments recent years by structural geologists, who them- associated with ice. Fine examples appear, selves may not be fully aware of the opportu- for example, in the works of Brodzikowski (e.g. nities offered by glacial materials. This book, and in Jones & Preston 1989) and in the volumes by the conference from which it stemmed, were Ehlers et al. (1995a, b). In fact, of all the vari- conceived of as a step towards bridging this ous kinds of geological deformation structures, apparent gap between groups of workers with among the very first to be described were fea- potentially overlapping interests.
    [Show full text]
  • Close Range Photogrammetric Methods Applied to the Study of the Fronts of Johnsons and Hurd Glaciers (Livingston Island, Antarctica) from 1957 to 2013
    Discussions Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., doi:10.5194/essd-2016-6, 2016 Earth System Manuscript under review for journal Earth Syst. Sci. Data Science Published: 10 March 2016 c Author(s) 2016. CC-BY 3.0 License. Open Access Open Data Close range photogrammetric methods applied to the study of the fronts of Johnsons and Hurd Glaciers (Livingston Island, Antarctica) from 1957 to 2013. Ricardo Rodríguez1, Julián Aguirre2, Andrés Díez2, Marina Álvarez3, Pedro Rodríguez4. 5 (1) Departamento de Señales, Sistemas y Radiocomunicaciones. ETSI de Telecomunicación. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. (2) Departamento de Ingeniería Topográfica y Cartografía. ETSI en Topografía, Geodesia y Cartografía. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. 10 (3) Departamento de Lenguajes y Sistemas Informáticos e Ingeniería de Software. ETS de Ingenieros Informáticos. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. (4) Departamento de Matemática Aplicada. ETSI de Telecomunicación. Universidad de Málaga. Abstract 15 The study of glacier fronts combines different geomatics measurement techniques as the classic survey using total station or theodolite, technical GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System), using laser-scanner or using photogrammetry (air or ground). The measure by direct methods (classical surveying and GNSS) is useful and fast when accessibility to the glaciers fronts is easy, while it is practically impossible to realize, in the case of glacier fronts that end up in the sea (tide water glaciers). In this paper, a methodology that combines photogrammetric methods and other techniques for lifting the 20 front of the glacier Johnsons, inaccessible is studied. The images obtained from the front, come from a non-metric digital camera; its georeferencing to a global coordinate system is performed by measuring points GNSS support in accessible areas of the glacier front side and applying methods of direct intersection in inaccessible points of the front, taking measurements with theodolite.
    [Show full text]
  • Surface Velocity and Mass Balance of Livingston Island Ice Cap, Antarctica
    The Cryosphere, 8, 1807–1823, 2014 www.the-cryosphere.net/8/1807/2014/ doi:10.5194/tc-8-1807-2014 © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Surface velocity and mass balance of Livingston Island ice cap, Antarctica B. Osmanoglu1,2, F. J. Navarro3, R. Hock1,4, M. Braun5, and M. I. Corcuera3 1Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757320 Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA 2Biospheric Sciences Lab., USRA-NASA GSFC, Mail Stop 618.0, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA 3Dept. Matemática Aplicada, ETSI de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense, 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain 4Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Geocentrum, Villavägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden 5Institute of Geography, University of Erlangen, Kochstrasse 4/4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany Correspondence to: B. Osmanoglu ([email protected]) Received: 30 June 2013 – Published in The Cryosphere Discuss.: 26 August 2013 Revised: 26 July 2014 – Accepted: 8 August 2014 – Published: 8 October 2014 Abstract. The mass budget of the ice caps surrounding of taking into account the seasonality in ice velocities when the Antarctica Peninsula and, in particular, the partition- computing frontal ablation with a flux-gate approach. ing of its main components are poorly known. Here we approximate frontal ablation (i.e. the sum of mass losses by calving and submarine melt) and surface mass balance of the ice cap of Livingston Island, the second largest is- 1 Introduction land in the South Shetland Islands archipelago, and anal- yse variations
    [Show full text]
  • Libro De Resúmenes / Abstracts Volume
    Libro de Resúmenes / Abstracts Volume Libro de Resúmenes / Abstracts Volume Resúmenes/Abstracts IX Simposio de Estudios Polares CN‐SCAR, CSIC, IGME. Madrid, 2018 Referencia: Comité Español del SCAR. 2018. Libro de Résumenes/Abstract volume, IX Simposio de Estudios Polares. CN‐SCAR, CSIC, IGME, Madrid, 162 pp. II Resúmenes/Abstracts IX Simposio de Estudios Polares CN‐SCAR, CSIC, IGME. Madrid, 2018 Índice / Index Prefacio / Foreword pág. V Información general / General Information pág. VII Comités / Committees del Simposio pág. IX Programa resumido / Summarized programme pág. XI Programa detallado / Detailed programme pág XIII Resúmenes /Abstracts de las conferencias invitadas y de los trabajos presentados en el Simposio pág 1 Índice de autores / Authors index pág. 139 III Resúmenes/Abstracts IX Simposio de Estudios Polares CN‐SCAR, CSIC, IGME. Madrid, 2018 IV Resúmenes/Abstracts IX Simposio de Estudios Polares CN‐SCAR, CSIC, IGME. Madrid, 2018 Prefacio / Foreword Este volumen es editado con motivo del IX Simposio de Estudios Polares, celebrado en Madrid del 5 al 7 de septiembre de 2018. Además de información general sobre el Simposio y su programa, se incluyen los reúmenes/abstracts de las tres conferencias invitadas y, a continuación, los de los 126 trabajos presentados en el Simposio (16 como presentación oral y 110 en forma de póster). Dichos resúmenes, están ordenados alfabéticamente según el nombre del primer firmante, y aparece subrayado el autor que inscribió cada abstract. Al final, se incluye un índice alfabético con todos los autores firmantes de los trabajos, e indicación de la página donde se encuentra los resúmenes de los trabajos a los que contribuye.
    [Show full text]
  • Surface Velocity and Mass Balance of Livingston Island Ice Cap, Antarctica
    The Cryosphere, 8, 1807–1823, 2014 www.the-cryosphere.net/8/1807/2014/ doi:10.5194/tc-8-1807-2014 © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Surface velocity and mass balance of Livingston Island ice cap, Antarctica B. Osmanoglu1,2, F. J. Navarro3, R. Hock1,4, M. Braun5, and M. I. Corcuera3 1Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757320 Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775, USA 2Biospheric Sciences Lab., USRA-NASA GSFC, Mail Stop 618.0, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA 3Dept. Matemática Aplicada, ETSI de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense, 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain 4Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Geocentrum, Villavägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden 5Institute of Geography, University of Erlangen, Kochstrasse 4/4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany Correspondence to: B. Osmanoglu ([email protected]) Received: 30 June 2013 – Published in The Cryosphere Discuss.: 26 August 2013 Revised: 26 July 2014 – Accepted: 8 August 2014 – Published: 8 October 2014 Abstract. The mass budget of the ice caps surrounding of taking into account the seasonality in ice velocities when the Antarctica Peninsula and, in particular, the partition- computing frontal ablation with a flux-gate approach. ing of its main components are poorly known. Here we approximate frontal ablation (i.e. the sum of mass losses by calving and submarine melt) and surface mass balance of the ice cap of Livingston Island, the second largest is- 1 Introduction land in the South Shetland Islands archipelago, and anal- yse variations
    [Show full text]