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Periglacial and Glacial Landform Mapping in the Las Veguitas Catchment, Cordillera Frontal of the Andes (Argentina)

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Periglacial and Glacial Landform Mapping in the Las Veguitas Catchment, Cordillera Frontal of the Andes (Argentina) Department of Physical Geography Periglacial and glacial landform mapping in the Las Veguitas catchment, Cordillera Frontal of the Andes (Argentina) Eirini Makopoulou Master’s thesis NKA 211 Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, 60 Credits 2018 Preface This Master’s thesis is Eirini Makopoulou’s degree project in Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology at the Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University. The Master’s thesis comprises 60 credits (two terms of full-time studies). Supervisors have been Peter Kuhry at the Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University and Dario Trombotto at the Geocryology, CONICET, Mendoza (Argentina). Examiner has been Johan Kleman at the Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University. The author is responsible for the contents of this thesis. Stockholm, 12 June 2018 Lars-Ove Westerberg Vice Director of studies Abstract The semi-arid and arid Andes of South America are characterized by large areas with glacial and periglacial environments. This study focusses on the distribution of glacial and periglacial landforms in the Las Veguitas catchment, Cordillera Frontal, Argentina. A detailed geomorphological map of the Las Veguitas catchment is presented, based on high-resolution elevation data (ALOSPALSAR), satellite imagery (Landsat 8, World View 2, Google Earth), and field studies. First, a general topographical analysis is performed for the entire Las Veguitas catchment, including elevation, slope and aspect characteristics. Second, the altitudinal range of glacial features (glaciers, debris covered glaciers and thermokarst ponds on glaciers) and the altitudinal range and predominant aspect of periglacial features (active, inactive and fossil rock glaciers) are analyzed. Currently, glaciers are restricted to ≥ 4300m, but moraines are identified to elevations of c. 3200m. Active rock glaciers extend down to c. 3450m and have a more southern aspect then both inactive and fossil rock glaciers. Third, a temporal analysis has been performed of glacier and rock glacier flow using a time series of remote sensing images. Glacier flow traced by the displacement of thermokarst lake features (2006-2016) had a mean velocity of 6.66m/yr. The mean velocity of rock glaciers (1963-2017) was much lower at 0.63m/yr. Finally, the thesis discusses limitations and uncertainties in study methods and suggestions for further research activities. Keywords: geomorphological map, glaciers, thermokarst lakes, mountain permafrost, rock glaciers, Argentinean Andes, remote sensing images, ArcGIS, spatial and temporal analyses Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 5 2 Background ............................................................................................................................ 7 2.1 The Cordillera de los Andes ........................................................................................... 7 2.2. Glacial history in the Central Andes ............................................................................. 8 2.3 Glacial Processes and landforms .................................................................................... 9 2.4 Periglacial Processes and landforms ............................................................................ 11 3 Study area............................................................................................................................. 15 3.1 Geology ........................................................................................................................ 15 3.2 Climate ......................................................................................................................... 16 3.3 Vegetation cover .......................................................................................................... 17 3.4 Permafrost distribution ................................................................................................. 17 4 Material and Methods .......................................................................................................... 17 4.1 Pre-field preparatory steps .................................................................................................... 19 4.2 Fieldwork ................................................................................................................................ 20 4.3 Final processing ..................................................................................................................... 21 4.4 Temporal analysis .................................................................................................................. 22 5 Results .................................................................................................................................. 23 5.1 Topography Maps ........................................................................................................ 23 5.2 Land cover and SAVI maps ......................................................................................... 25 5.3 The geomorphological map .......................................................................................... 25 6 Spatial and temporal analyses .............................................................................................. 27 6.1 Topographic analysis ................................................................................................... 27 6.1.1 Elevation, slope and aspect........................................................................................... 27 6.1.2 Landform coverage ........................................................................................................ 29 6.1.3 Altitudinal distribution of current glacial features .................................................... 29 6.1.4 Altitudinal distribution and aspect of rock glaciers .................................................. 31 6.2 Temporal Analysis ....................................................................................................... 33 6.2.1 Thermokarst lake displacement in debris covered glacier (2006-2016)................. 33 6.2.2 Stepanek and Franke rock glacier flow (1963-2017) ................................................ 35 7 Discussion ............................................................................................................................ 37 8 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 39 3 9 Limitations and further research .......................................................................................... 40 Acknowledgments................................................................................................................... 41 References ............................................................................................................................... 42 Appendix ................................................................................................................................. 45 4 1 Introduction The Central Andes of South America between Santiago, Chile and Mendoza, Argentina, consists of three major parts: the Cordillera Principal, the Cordillera Frontal, and the Precordillera. The Argentinean Andes have abundant mineral resources that attract mining (Angillieri, 2016). Many deposits are located at higher elevations in periglacial environments. High altitudes in combination with low mean annual air temperature are the main factors for Andean permafrost (Trombotto, 2000). Table 1 includes variable information about the climate, the types of landforms, and the geographic region for every mountain permafrost zone along the Cordillera de los Andes (Garleff and Stingl, 1986). In Argentina, the presence of continuous permafrost depends on topography and a mean annual temperature of -2o C to -4oC. At 33o S, it is found at > 4200m. The discontinuous permafrost zone can be identified by the presence of rock glaciers (Barsch, 1977). Currently, the lower permafrost limit in the Central Andes is generally found at an elevation of 3700-3800m (Trombotto, 2000). The term island permafrost was introduced for landform features found as isolated patches at c. 4000m and relict permafrost is represented by frozen ground at elevations as low as 3400m, predominantly in rock glaciers (Trombotto, 2000). Knowledge about the spatial distribution of rock glaciers and permafrost is important for studies that include the environment and water management, because rock glaciers are stores of frozen water (Brenning, 2008). In the high Andes of Argentina and Chile, glacial and periglacial processes have been studied since the 1970s (Corte, 1976; Wayne, 1984; Lothar, 1996; Trombotto 2000; Trombotto et al., 1999, 2004; Trombotto and Borzotta, 2009; Azocar, 2010; Angillieri, 2016). Knowledge of landforms, surface processes, and material distribution supplies critical information for land practices, especially in dynamic and complex mountainous areas (Barsch et al., 1987). A geomorphological map should contain information about lithology, morphography, structure, hydrography, age, and process or genesis (Gustavsson et al., 2006). This thesis aims to visualize and understand the landscape and its dynamics in the area of Las Veguitas, Central Andes, by mapping glacial and periglacial landforms. The general description of the geomorphology in this region has been presented by Wayne (1984),
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